SpaceMiningData
Multilateral principlesInternationalNon-binding, in effect

Artemis Accords (2020)

Non-binding political commitments among signatory states on civil exploration of the Moon, Mars, comets and asteroids. Section 10 affirms that space resource extraction does not inherently constitute national appropriation under OST Art. II and commits signatories to inform the UN Secretary-General of extraction activities.

Facts

Level
Multilateral principles
Scope
Multilateral
Citation
The Artemis Accords: Principles for Cooperation in the Civil Exploration and Use of the Moon, Mars, Comets, and Asteroids for Peaceful Purposes (13 October 2020)
Adopted
2020-10-13
Status
Non-binding, in effectSigned text states the Accords 'represent a political commitment'; NASA reports 78 signatory nations, the latest Vietnam on 28 October 2026; the State Department page, read the same day, has not yet updated its overview text and signatory list (Uzbekistan, 19 October, the 77th), although its news feed already lists a 28 October 2026 item welcoming Vietnam's signing.
Parties or signatories
78 signatories as of 2026-10-28

Dated steps

Treaty actions, signings, notices and drafts recorded as events, newest first.

  1. 2026-10-28

    Vietnam signs the Artemis Accords, the 78th signatory

    Treaty or Accords actionArtemis Accords (2020)

    Vietnam's Minister of Science and Technology signed the Artemis Accords in Ha Long on 28 October 2026, making Vietnam the 78th signatory. The Accords are a non-binding political commitment; Section 10 addresses space resource extraction.

    Sources (5)
    1. [1]NASA Welcomes Vietnam as Newest Artemis Accords Signatory
      NASAGovernment recordPublished 2026-10-28Accessed 2026-10-29Supports: summary
      The Socialist Republic of Vietnam became the 78th nation to sign the Artemis Accords
      Quote matched the source text when accessed.
    2. [2]NASA Welcomes Vietnam as Newest Artemis Accords Signatory
      NASAGovernment recordPublished 2026-10-28Accessed 2026-10-29Supports: summary
      Vietnam’s Minister of Science and Technology Vũ Hải Quân signed the Artemis Accords on behalf of the country during the Vietnam International Digital Week in Ha Long.
      Quote matched the source text when accessed.
    3. [3]Artemis Accords - List of the Signatories by Date
      NASAGovernment recordAccessed 2026-10-29Supports: datepage 5
      78 Vietnam 10/28/2026
      Quote matched the source text when accessed.
    4. [4]The Artemis Accords (signed text, 13 October 2020)
      NASAGovernment recordPublished 2020-10-13Accessed 2026-10-29Supports: summaryarticle Section 10(2), page 6
      The Signatories affirm that the extraction of space resources does not inherently constitute national appropriation under Article II of the Outer Space Treaty, and that contracts and other legal instruments relating to space resources should be consistent with that Treaty.
      Quote matched the source text when accessed.
    5. [5]The Artemis Accords - Section 1 (nature)
      NASAGovernment recordPublished 2020-10-13Accessed 2026-10-29Supports: summaryarticle Section 1, page 4
      The Accords represent a political commitment to the principles described herein
      Quote matched the source text when accessed.
  2. 2026-10-19

    Uzbekistan signs the Artemis Accords, the 77th signatory

    Treaty or Accords actionArtemis Accords (2020)

    Uzbekistan signed the Artemis Accords at a ceremony in Samarkand on 19 October 2026, becoming the 77th signatory. The Accords are a non-binding political commitment; Section 10 addresses space resource extraction.

    Sources (4)
    1. [1]NASA Welcomes Uzbekistan as Newest Artemis Accords Signatory
      NASAGovernment recordPublished 2026-10-20Accessed 2026-10-29Supports: summary
      The Republic of Uzbekistan became the 77th signatory of the Artemis Accords during a ceremony in Samarkand on Monday
      Quote matched the source text when accessed.
    2. [2]Artemis Accords - List of the Signatories by Date
      NASAGovernment recordAccessed 2026-10-29Supports: datepage 5
      77 Uzbekistan 10/19/2026
      Quote matched the source text when accessed.
    3. [3]The Artemis Accords (signed text, 13 October 2020)
      NASAGovernment recordPublished 2020-10-13Accessed 2026-10-29Supports: summaryarticle Section 10(2), page 6
      The Signatories affirm that the extraction of space resources does not inherently constitute national appropriation under Article II of the Outer Space Treaty, and that contracts and other legal instruments relating to space resources should be consistent with that Treaty.
      Quote matched the source text when accessed.
    4. [4]The Artemis Accords - Section 1 (nature)
      NASAGovernment recordPublished 2020-10-13Accessed 2026-10-29Supports: summaryarticle Section 1, page 4
      The Accords represent a political commitment to the principles described herein
      Quote matched the source text when accessed.
  3. 2026-09-25

    Artemis Accords reach 76 signatories after five signings in September 2026

    Treaty or Accords actionArtemis Accords (2020)

    Djibouti (14 September), Albania (21 September), Croatia (23 September), Côte d'Ivoire (24 September) and San Marino (25 September) signed the Artemis Accords, according to NASA's dated list of signatories. Section 10 of the Accords affirms that extracting space resources does not in itself count as national appropriation. The Accords are a non-binding political commitment, not a treaty.

    Sources (4)
    1. [1]Artemis Accords - List of the Signatories by Date
      NASAGovernment recordAccessed 2026-10-29Supports: summarypage 4
      72 Djibouti 09/14/2026 73 Albania 09/21/2026 74 Croatia 09/23/2026
      Quote matched the source text when accessed.
    2. [2]Artemis Accords - List of the Signatories by Date
      NASAGovernment recordAccessed 2026-10-29Supports: summary, datepage 5
      75 Côte d’Ivoire 09/24/2026 76 San Marino 09/25/2026
      Quote matched the source text when accessed.
    3. [3]The Artemis Accords (signed text, 13 October 2020)
      NASAGovernment recordPublished 2020-10-13Accessed 2026-10-29Supports: summaryarticle Section 10(2), page 6
      The Signatories affirm that the extraction of space resources does not inherently constitute national appropriation under Article II of the Outer Space Treaty, and that contracts and other legal instruments relating to space resources should be consistent with that Treaty.
      Quote matched the source text when accessed.
    4. [4]The Artemis Accords - Section 1 (nature)
      NASAGovernment recordPublished 2020-10-13Accessed 2026-10-29Supports: summaryarticle Section 1, page 4
      The Accords represent a political commitment to the principles described herein
      Quote matched the source text when accessed.
  4. 2023-01-05

    Saudi Arabia notifies withdrawal from the Moon Agreement

    Treaty or Accords actionMoon Agreement (1979)With Artemis Accords (2020)

    On 5 January 2023 Saudi Arabia notified the UN Secretary-General of its withdrawal from the Moon Agreement under Art. 20, effective 5 January 2024; party count fell from 18 to 17. It is the only withdrawal recorded by the depositary as of 25 September 2026.

    Sources (2)
    1. [1]UN Treaty Collection XXIV-2, note 3
      United Nations Office of Legal Affairs, Treaty SectionGovernment recordPublished 2026-09-25Accessed 2026-09-25Supports: date, summary
      On 5 January 2023, the Government of Saudi Arabia notified the Secretary-General of its decision to withdraw from the Agreement with effect from 5 January 2024 in accordance with article 20 of the Agreement.
      Quote matched the source text when accessed.
    2. [2]Artemis Accords signatory list (Saudi Arabia signed 07/14/2022)
      NASAGovernment recordPublished 2026-09-25Accessed 2026-09-25Supports: related recordspage 2
      21 Saudi Arabia 07/14/2022
      Quote matched the source text when accessed.

Resource provisions

A paraphrase followed by the source wording.

Section 10: utilization of space resources can benefit humankind; extraction and utilization should comply with the OST; signatories affirm that extraction does not inherently constitute national appropriation under OST Art. II; signatories commit to inform the UN Secretary-General, the public and the scientific community of their extraction activities; and intend to contribute to multilateral efforts including at COPUOS.

The Signatories affirm that the extraction of space resources does not inherently constitute national appropriation under Article II of the Outer Space Treaty, and that contracts and other legal instruments relating to space resources should be consistent with that Treaty. [1]

Open evidence gaps

  • Signatory count changes frequently; re-check NASA and U.S. State Department lists before publication.

Record history

changes to this record's facts, newest first

ChangedFieldWasNowReasonSource
2026-10-28party count7778Source update[6]
2026-10-19party count7677Source update[6]
2026-09-25party count7576Source update[8]

Sources

8 sources
  1. [1]The Artemis Accords (signed text, 13 October 2020)
    NASAGovernment recordPublished 2020-10-13Accessed 2026-09-25Supports: resource provisionsarticle Section 10(2), page 6
    The Signatories affirm that the extraction of space resources does not inherently constitute national appropriation under Article II of the Outer Space Treaty, and that contracts and other legal instruments relating to space resources should be consistent with that Treaty.
    Quote matched the source text when accessed.
  2. [2]The Artemis Accords - Section 10(3)
    NASAGovernment recordPublished 2020-10-13Accessed 2026-09-25Supports: resource provisionsarticle Section 10(3), page 6
    The Signatories commit to informing the Secretary-General of the United Nations as well as the public and the international scientific community of their space resource extraction activities in accordance with the Outer Space Treaty.
    Quote matched the source text when accessed.
  3. [3]The Artemis Accords - Section 1 (nature)
    NASAGovernment recordPublished 2020-10-13Accessed 2026-09-25Supports: level, statusarticle Section 1, page 4
    The Accords represent a political commitment to the principles described herein
    Quote matched the source text when accessed.
  4. [4]The Artemis Accords - Section 13 (adoption)
    NASAGovernment recordPublished 2020-10-13Accessed 2026-09-25Supports: adoption datearticle Section 13, page 9
    Adopted on October 13, 2020, in the English language.
    Quote matched the source text when accessed.
  5. [5]Artemis Accords - NASA
    NASAGovernment recordPublished 2026-10-28Accessed 2026-10-29Supports: party count
    On October 28, 2026, Vietnam became the 78th nation to sign the accords.
    Quote matched the source text when accessed.
  6. [6]Artemis Accords - List of the Signatories by Date
    NASAGovernment recordPublished 2026-10-28Accessed 2026-10-29Supports: party count, record historypage 5
    77 Uzbekistan 10/19/2026 78 Vietnam 10/28/2026
    Quote matched the source text when accessed.
  7. [7]Artemis Accords
    U.S. Department of StateGovernment recordAccessed 2026-10-29Supports: status explanation
    On October 19, 2026, Uzbekistan became the 77th nation to sign the accords.
    Quote matched the source text when accessed.
  8. [8]Artemis Accords - List of the Signatories by Date
    NASAGovernment recordPublished 2026-09-25Accessed 2026-10-29Supports: record historypage 5
    75 Côte d’Ivoire 09/24/2026 76 San Marino 09/25/2026
    Quote matched the source text when accessed.

Cite this record

SpaceMiningData, “Artemis Accords (2020)”, dataset version a00fa2c68a45, built 2026-11-11, https://spaceminingdata.com/laws/artemis-accords.html. Record checked 2026-10-29.