{ "name": "SpaceMiningData space resources dataset", "version": "d8d22e0172a91cff013fc82dc7f9176b8db75656fa45b2c188079c2b83841fd3", "built": "2026-09-27", "license": "https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0/", "url": "https://spaceminingdata.com/data.html", "collections": { "entities": [ { "entity_type": "company", "parent_id": null, "aliases": [ "Asteroid Mining Corporation Limited", "AMC" ], "last_checked": "2026-09-25", "review_state": "verified", "history": [], "missing_evidence": [ "Any company statement on current operations after early 2025.", "Whether the founder's current 'AMC Robotics' profile title reflects a rename or a separate entity (seen only in a search-result snippet, not verified).", "Specific resources AMC intends to target were not stated in the sources retrieved." ], "stable_id": "org-asteroid-mining-corporation", "name": "Asteroid Mining Corporation", "summary": "UK company incorporated in March 2016 that developed the SCAR-E six-legged robot prototype for asteroid and lunar surface work and signed a 2024 memorandum with ispace for a possible future lunar demonstration; it has flown no hardware. As of September 2026 Companies House shows its accounts and confirmation statement overdue and a compulsory strike-off notice (18 August 2026, action suspended 20 August 2026), and its former website domain shows a registrar placeholder.", "headquarters_country": "GB", "founded_year": 2016, "role": [ "rover_mobility" ], "target_bodies": [ "near_earth_asteroid", "moon" ], "resources": [], "status": "dormant", "status_as_of": "2026-09-25", "status_basis": "Companies House record (overdue accounts, overdue confirmation statement, first Gazette notice for compulsory strike-off on 18 Aug 2026 later suspended) and a registrar placeholder on the company's former domain; inference of inactivity, not a formal dissolution.", "website": null, "confidence": "low", "sources": [ { "url": "https://find-and-update.company-information.service.gov.uk/company/10085157", "title": "ASTEROID MINING CORPORATION LIMITED overview", "publisher": "Companies House (UK)", "source_class": "court_or_filing", "published": null, "accessed": "2026-09-25", "quote": "Active proposal to strike off", "quote_confirmed_raw": true, "supports": [ "status" ], "language": "en", "translation": "none" }, { "url": "https://find-and-update.company-information.service.gov.uk/company/10085157", "title": "ASTEROID MINING CORPORATION LIMITED overview", "publisher": "Companies House (UK)", "source_class": "court_or_filing", "published": null, "accessed": "2026-09-25", "quote": "Next accounts made up to 31 March 2024 due by 31 March 2025", "quote_confirmed_raw": true, "supports": [ "status" ], "language": "en", "translation": "none" }, { "url": "https://find-and-update.company-information.service.gov.uk/company/10085157", "title": "ASTEROID MINING CORPORATION LIMITED overview", "publisher": "Companies House (UK)", "source_class": "court_or_filing", "published": null, "accessed": "2026-09-25", "quote": "Incorporated on 25 March 2016", "quote_confirmed_raw": true, "supports": [ "founded_year" ], "language": "en", "translation": "none" }, { "url": "https://find-and-update.company-information.service.gov.uk/company/10085157/filing-history", "title": "ASTEROID MINING CORPORATION LIMITED filing history", "publisher": "Companies House (UK)", "source_class": "court_or_filing", "published": null, "accessed": "2026-09-25", "quote": "First Gazette notice for compulsory strike-off", "quote_confirmed_raw": true, "supports": [ "status" ], "language": "en", "translation": "none" }, { "url": "https://find-and-update.company-information.service.gov.uk/company/10085157/filing-history", "title": "ASTEROID MINING CORPORATION LIMITED filing history", "publisher": "Companies House (UK)", "source_class": "court_or_filing", "published": null, "accessed": "2026-09-25", "quote": "Compulsory strike-off action has been suspended", "quote_confirmed_raw": true, "supports": [ "status" ], "language": "en", "translation": "none" }, { "url": "https://payloadspace.com/boo-ispace-partners-with-amc-on-scar-e-lunar-mission/", "title": "Boo! ispace Partners With AMC on SCAR-E Lunar Mission", "publisher": "Payload", "source_class": "reputable_press", "published": "2024-10-10", "accessed": "2026-09-25", "quote": "The mission to put AMC's Space Capable Asteroid Robotic-Explorer (SCAR-E) on the lunar surface is intended to prove out the company's ability to extract resources in deep-space.", "quote_confirmed_raw": true, "supports": [ "summary", "role" ], "language": "en", "translation": "none" }, { "url": "http://asteroidminingcorporation.co.uk/", "title": "asteroidminingcorporation.co.uk (registrar placeholder page)", "publisher": "IONOS (domain placeholder)", "source_class": "directory_or_aggregator", "published": null, "accessed": "2026-09-25", "quote": "This domain has been registered via IONOS and is not yet connected to a website.", "quote_confirmed_raw": true, "supports": [ "status" ], "language": "en", "translation": "none", "note": "IONOS serves this parking page in the visitor's language; the German variant reads 'Diese Domain ist bereits bei IONOS registriert.'" } ], "review": { "author_model": "claude-opus-5-5", "reviewer_model": "claude-sonnet-5", "reviewer_run": "research/review/entities.json", "date": "2026-09-26", "sources_reopened": true, "edits_applied": 0 } }, { "stable_id": "org-astrobotic", "name": "Astrobotic Technology", "summary": "Pittsburgh lunar lander company whose Peregrine Mission One (January 2024) carried NASA hydrogen- and volatile-measuring instruments but never reached the Moon after a propulsion failure; NASA removed VIPER from Griffin following its July 2024 decision to discontinue the rover project, while stating that Griffin Mission One would continue within Astrobotic's NASA contract. Voyager Technologies completed its acquisition of Astrobotic in July 2026 and states the business now operates as Voyager Lunar Systems.", "entity_type": "company", "parent_id": "org-voyager-technologies", "aliases": [ "Astrobotic", "Astrobotic Technology, Inc.", "Voyager Lunar Systems" ], "headquarters_country": "US", "founded_year": 2007, "role": [ "lander_transport" ], "target_bodies": [ "moon" ], "resources": [ { "resource": "water_ice", "evidence_level": "targeted" }, { "resource": "volatiles", "evidence_level": "targeted" } ], "status": "active_subsidiary", "status_as_of": "2026-07-10", "status_basis": "Voyager's SEC filing says the acquisition closed on 2026-07-10; Voyager's 2026-07-13 release says Astrobotic now operates as Voyager Lunar Systems, while NASA and astrobotic.com continue to identify the operating business by the Astrobotic name.", "website": "https://www.astrobotic.com", "resource_activity": { "demonstrated": "Launched Peregrine Mission One on 2024-01-08 carrying NASA's Neutron Spectrometer System, Near-Infrared Volatile Spectrometer System and Peregrine Ion-Trap Mass Spectrometer; the instruments collected in-flight data only because a propellant-system failure prevented a landing and the spacecraft re-entered Earth's atmosphere on 2024-01-18. No lunar resource measurement was made. Acquired Masten Space Systems' assets in 2022.", "claimed": "Astrobotic's manifest describes NIRVSS as measuring resources that could potentially be mined from the Moon. NASA lists the Ames/Interlune METAL investigation on Griffin-1, planned for late 2026, to study helium-3 abundance in lunar regolith. Voyager states that Peregrine-2 and Peregrine-3 are scheduled for 2028 with NASA-directed payloads; that delivery plan is not an achieved resource result." }, "sources": [ { "url": "https://voyagertechnologies.com/press-releases/voyager-awarded-298m-nasa-contract-under-completed-astrobotic-acquisition/", "title": "Voyager Awarded $298M NASA Contract Under Completed Astrobotic Acquisition", "publisher": "Voyager Technologies", "source_class": "company_primary", "published": "2026-07-13", "accessed": "2026-09-25", "quote": "Voyager Technologies (NYSE: VOYG) has completed its acquisition of Astrobotic Technology, Inc.", "quote_confirmed_raw": true, "supports": [ "status", "parent_id" ], "language": "en", "translation": "none" }, { "url": "https://voyagertechnologies.com/press-releases/voyager-awarded-298m-nasa-contract-under-completed-astrobotic-acquisition/", "title": "Voyager Awarded $298M NASA Contract Under Completed Astrobotic Acquisition", "publisher": "Voyager Technologies", "source_class": "company_primary", "published": "2026-07-13", "accessed": "2026-09-25", "quote": "Astrobotic now operates as Voyager Lunar Systems", "quote_confirmed_raw": true, "supports": [ "status", "aliases" ], "language": "en", "translation": "none" }, { "url": "https://voyagertechnologies.com/press-releases/voyager-to-acquire-astrobotic-technology-accelerating-americas-path-to-the-moon/", "title": "Voyager to Acquire Astrobotic Technology, Accelerating America's Path to the Moon", "publisher": "Voyager Technologies", "source_class": "company_primary", "published": "2026-06-02", "accessed": "2026-09-25", "quote": "Founded in 2007 as a Carnegie Mellon University spinout, Astrobotic has secured more than $600 million in NASA and DoD contracts", "quote_confirmed_raw": true, "supports": [ "founded_year" ], "language": "en", "translation": "none" }, { "url": "https://www.nasa.gov/news-release/nasa-science-astrobotic-peregrine-mission-one-concludes/", "title": "NASA Science, Astrobotic Peregrine Mission One Concludes (release 24-012)", "publisher": "NASA", "source_class": "government_primary", "published": "2024-01-19", "accessed": "2026-09-25", "quote": "the spacecraft experienced a propulsion issue preventing Peregrine from softly landing on the Moon", "quote_confirmed_raw": true, "supports": [ "resource_activity.demonstrated" ], "language": "en", "translation": "none" }, { "url": "https://www.astrobotic.com/lunar-delivery/manifest/", "title": "Moon Manifest", "publisher": "Astrobotic", "source_class": "company_primary", "published": null, "accessed": "2026-09-25", "quote": "NIRVSS will measure surface and subsurface hydration, carbon dioxide and methane - all resources that could potentially be mined from the Moon", "quote_confirmed_raw": true, "supports": [ "resource_activity.claimed", "resources" ], "language": "en", "translation": "none" }, { "url": "https://www.nasa.gov/news-release/nasa-ends-viper-project-continues-moon-exploration/", "title": "NASA Ends VIPER Project, Continues Moon Exploration (release 24-094)", "publisher": "NASA", "source_class": "government_primary", "published": "2024-07-17", "accessed": "2026-09-25", "quote": "Astrobotic will continue its Griffin Mission One within its contract with NASA, working toward a launch scheduled for no earlier than fall 2025. The landing without VIPER will provide a flight demonstration of the Griffin lander and its engines.", "quote_confirmed_raw": true, "supports": [ "resource_activity.demonstrated", "related_mission_ids", "summary" ], "language": "en", "translation": "none" }, { "url": "https://www.nasa.gov/news-release/nasa-provides-update-on-moon-base-rovers-landers-missions/", "title": "NASA Provides Update on Moon Base Rovers, Landers, Missions (release 26-046)", "publisher": "NASA", "source_class": "government_primary", "published": "2026-05-26", "accessed": "2026-09-25", "quote": "Planned for launch later this year, this mission will deliver more than 1,100 pounds of cargo on Astrobotic's Griffin lander, including Astrolab's FLIP rover", "quote_confirmed_raw": true, "supports": [ "resource_activity.claimed" ], "language": "en", "translation": "none" }, { "url": "https://voyagertechnologies.com/press-releases/voyager-awarded-298m-nasa-contract-under-completed-astrobotic-acquisition/", "title": "Voyager Awarded $298M NASA Contract Under Completed Astrobotic Acquisition", "publisher": "Voyager Technologies", "source_class": "company_primary", "published": "2026-07-13", "accessed": "2026-09-25", "quote": "Under this NASA award, Voyager's Peregrine-2 is scheduled to launch in 2028 and delivers a suite of three NASA-directed payloads to a landing site near the Gruithuisen Domes", "quote_confirmed_raw": true, "supports": [ "resource_activity.claimed" ], "language": "en", "translation": "none" }, { "url": "https://www.sec.gov/Archives/edgar/data/1788060/000162828026052292/voyg-20260630.htm", "title": "Voyager Technologies, Inc. Form 10-Q for quarter ended June 30, 2026", "publisher": "U.S. Securities and Exchange Commission (EDGAR)", "source_class": "court_or_filing", "published": "2026-08-04", "accessed": "2026-09-26", "quote": "On July 10, 2026, the Company closed the acquisition", "quote_confirmed_raw": false, "manual_quote_verification": { "by": "gpt-5.6-sol", "date": "2026-09-26", "method": "Opened the full SEC filing text via the web renderer and read the acquisition-closing sentence in context." }, "supports": [ "status", "status_as_of", "parent_id" ], "language": "en", "translation": "none" }, { "url": "https://www.nasa.gov/moonbase-phases/", "title": "Moon Base Phases — Griffin-1 and METAL", "publisher": "NASA", "source_class": "government_primary", "published": null, "accessed": "2026-09-26", "quote": "METAL will study the abundance of helium-3 in the lunar regolith", "quote_confirmed_raw": true, "supports": [ "resource_activity.claimed" ], "language": "en", "translation": "none" } ], "confidence": "medium", "missing_evidence": [ "Whether Astrobotic Technology, Inc. continues as a separately named legal subsidiary is not expressly stated; Voyager reports acquiring 100% of its equity and operating the business as Voyager Lunar Systems." ], "history": [ { "field": "status", "old": "active", "new": "absorbed", "changed_on": "2026-07", "reason": "source_update", "source_index": 0 }, { "field": "status", "old": "absorbed", "new": "active_subsidiary", "changed_on": "2026-09-26", "reason": "reclassification" } ], "last_checked": "2026-09-26", "review_state": "verified", "review": { "author_model": "claude-opus-5-5", "reviewer_model": "gpt-6-astra", "reviewer_run": "research/review/astra-hard-area-corrections-20260926.json", "date": "2026-09-26", "sources_reopened": [ 5, 9 ], "edits_applied": 3, "base_record_sha256": "820ad25bdfdba2c9b8ec2666c2af84bfd41b79f5adf6c9f4d9f4a4b1aee937ef" } }, { "entity_type": "company", "parent_id": null, "aliases": [ "Astroforge" ], "last_checked": "2026-09-25", "review_state": "verified", "history": [], "missing_evidence": [ "Registry record (state of incorporation, legal name) not retrieved.", "Funding totals are company announcements reported by press; no filing located.", "Autonomy-1 (announced 21 Sept 2026, launch 2027 on Stoke Space Nova) carries a NASA heliophysics payload and has no stated resource objective, so it is not recorded as a mission here." ], "stable_id": "org-astroforge", "name": "AstroForge", "summary": "US company that states its goal is to extract platinum group metals from near-Earth asteroids. It has flown a low-Earth-orbit refinery demonstrator (Brokkr-1, 2023) whose refinery was never activated and a deep-space flyby spacecraft (Odin, 2025) that was lost within days of launch; its second deep-space spacecraft, DeepSpace-2, was in testing in September 2026 and it has not yet reached, prospected, or sampled any asteroid.", "headquarters_country": "US", "founded_year": 2022, "role": [ "prospecting", "processing_isru" ], "target_bodies": [ "near_earth_asteroid" ], "resources": [ { "resource": "platinum_group_metals", "evidence_level": "claimed" } ], "status": "active", "status_as_of": "2026-09-21", "status_basis": "Company posts dated 3 June 2026 and 21 September 2026 on astroforge.com report DeepSpace-2 flight hardware assembly and an announced 2027 Autonomy-1 mission.", "website": "https://www.astroforge.com/", "confidence": "high", "sources": [ { "url": "https://www.astroforge.com/about", "title": "About - AstroForge", "publisher": "AstroForge", "source_class": "company_primary", "published": null, "accessed": "2026-09-25", "quote": "AstroForge is a deep-space mining company on a mission to extract valuable metals from asteroids", "quote_confirmed_raw": true, "supports": [ "summary", "resources", "role" ], "language": "en", "translation": "none" }, { "url": "https://www.astroforge.com/updates-collection/we-built-the-spacecraft", "title": "We Built the Spacecraft", "publisher": "AstroForge", "source_class": "company_primary", "published": "2026-06-03", "accessed": "2026-09-25", "quote": "Last month, we assembled the major flight hardware of DeepSpace-2 on our integration floor for the first time.", "quote_confirmed_raw": true, "supports": [ "status", "status_as_of" ], "language": "en", "translation": "none" }, { "url": "https://www.astroforge.com/updates-collection/introducing-autonomy-1-the-first-autonomous-space-mission-powered-by-solo", "title": "Introducing Autonomy-1: The First Autonomous Space Mission, Powered by Solo", "publisher": "AstroForge", "source_class": "company_primary", "published": "2026-09-21", "accessed": "2026-09-25", "quote": "Our next mission, DeepSpace-2, will fly Solo in shadow mode.", "quote_confirmed_raw": true, "supports": [ "status", "status_as_of" ], "language": "en", "translation": "none" }, { "url": "https://aerospaceamerica.aiaa.org/astroforge-preps-for-second-attempt-at-reaching-an-asteroid/", "title": "AstroForge preps for second attempt at reaching an asteroid", "publisher": "Aerospace America (AIAA)", "source_class": "reputable_press", "published": "2026-06-15", "accessed": "2026-09-25", "quote": "This is the company's second asteroid rendezvous attempt since its founding in 2022.", "quote_confirmed_raw": true, "supports": [ "founded_year" ], "language": "en", "translation": "none" } ], "review": { "author_model": "claude-opus-5-5", "reviewer_model": "claude-sonnet-5", "reviewer_run": "research/review/entities.json", "date": "2026-09-26", "sources_reopened": true, "edits_applied": 0 } }, { "stable_id": "org-blue-origin", "name": "Blue Origin", "summary": "Kent, Washington launch and lunar-lander company. Its resource work consists of Blue Alchemist, a molten-regolith-electrolysis process tested on regolith simulant with NASA Tipping Point funding, and a NASA CLPS task order to deliver the VIPER water-ice prospecting rover on a Blue Moon Mark 1 lander; it owns Honeybee Robotics.", "entity_type": "company", "parent_id": null, "aliases": [], "headquarters_country": "US", "founded_year": null, "role": [ "processing_isru", "lander_transport" ], "target_bodies": [ "moon" ], "resources": [ { "resource": "oxygen", "evidence_level": "claimed" }, { "resource": "metals_general", "evidence_level": "claimed" }, { "resource": "regolith", "evidence_level": "claimed" }, { "resource": "other", "evidence_level": "claimed" }, { "resource": "water_ice", "evidence_level": "claimed" } ], "status": "active", "status_as_of": "2026-08-24", "website": "https://www.blueorigin.com", "resource_activity": { "demonstrated": "Blue Origin states it has made solar cells and transmission wire from regolith simulants since 2021, and that Blue Alchemist passed its critical design review in September 2025. All of this work is terrestrial and on simulant; no Blue Origin resource hardware has flown.", "claimed": "Blue Origin states Blue Alchemist will turn lunar regolith into solar arrays, metals, silicon and oxygen, with an autonomous demonstration in a simulated lunar environment planned for 2026 (the NASA Tipping Point milestone), and that it is developing systems to identify South Pole water ice for hydrogen extraction. NASA has contracted it to deliver VIPER to the lunar South Pole on a second Blue Moon MK1 lander (late 2027)." }, "status_basis": "Active: NASA's Moon Base Phases page (last updated 2026-08-24) lists Blue Moon Mark 1 missions and VIPER delivery on a Blue Origin lander in production.", "sources": [ { "url": "https://www.nasa.gov/general/2023-nasa-tipping-point-selections/", "title": "2023 NASA Tipping Point Selections", "publisher": "NASA", "source_class": "government_primary", "published": "2023-07-24", "accessed": "2026-09-25", "quote": "Blue Origin of Kent, Washington, $34.7 million The company will advance an end-to-end in-situ resource utilization (ISRU) system that can extract oxygen, iron, silicon, and aluminum from lunar regolith simulant and use the extracted materials to produce solar cells and wire.", "quote_confirmed_raw": true, "supports": [ "headquarters_country", "role", "resources", "summary" ], "language": "en", "translation": "none" }, { "url": "https://web.archive.org/web/20251116183323/https://www.blueorigin.com/news/blue-alchemist-powers-our-lunar-future", "title": "Blue Alchemist Technology Powers Our Lunar Future (Wayback Machine copy of blueorigin.com news page)", "publisher": "Blue Origin", "source_class": "company_primary", "published": "2023-02-10", "accessed": "2026-09-25", "quote": "Since 2021, Blue Origin has been making solar cells and transmission wire from regolith simulants.", "quote_confirmed_raw": true, "supports": [ "resource_activity" ], "language": "en", "translation": "none" }, { "url": "https://web.archive.org/web/20260317054919/https://www.blueorigin.com/news/blue-alchemist-hits-major-milestone-toward-permanent-sustainable-lunar-infrastructure", "title": "Blue Alchemist Hits Major Milestone Toward Permanent and Sustainable Lunar Infrastructure (Wayback Machine copy)", "publisher": "Blue Origin", "source_class": "company_primary", "published": "2025-09-10", "accessed": "2026-09-25", "quote": "The CDR success confirms Blue Alchemist is ready for its next phase: autonomous demonstration in a simulated lunar environment in 2026.", "quote_confirmed_raw": true, "supports": [ "resource_activity" ], "language": "en", "translation": "none" }, { "url": "https://web.archive.org/web/20260608053616/https://www.blueorigin.com/about-blue", "title": "About Blue Origin (Wayback Machine copy, captured 2026-06-08)", "publisher": "Blue Origin", "source_class": "company_primary", "published": null, "accessed": "2026-09-25", "quote": "developing systems to identify water ice on the Moon's south pole for extraction of hydrogen to refuel our landers", "quote_confirmed_raw": true, "supports": [ "resources", "resource_activity" ], "language": "en", "translation": "none" }, { "url": "https://www.nasa.gov/news-release/nasa-selects-blue-origin-to-deliver-viper-rover-to-moons-south-pole/", "title": "NASA Selects Blue Origin to Deliver VIPER Rover to Moon's South Pole (Release 25-064)", "publisher": "NASA", "source_class": "government_primary", "published": "2025-09-19", "accessed": "2026-09-25", "quote": "With this new award, Blue Origin will deliver VIPER to the lunar surface in late 2027, using a second Blue Moon MK1 lander, which is in production.", "quote_confirmed_raw": true, "supports": [ "role", "related_mission_ids" ], "language": "en", "translation": "none" }, { "url": "https://www.nasa.gov/moonbase-phases/", "title": "Moon Base Phases (living page; last updated 2026-08-24)", "publisher": "NASA", "source_class": "government_primary", "published": null, "accessed": "2026-09-25", "quote": "VIPER will ride to the Moon aboard Blue Origin's second Blue Moon MK1 lander currently in production", "quote_confirmed_raw": true, "supports": [ "status", "status_as_of" ], "language": "en", "translation": "none" } ], "confidence": "high", "missing_evidence": [ "No public evidence (as of 2026-09-25) that the 2026 Blue Alchemist autonomous demonstration has taken place", "blueorigin.com returned HTTP 429 to raw fetches; Blue Origin quotes were confirmed against Wayback Machine copies of the same pages", "Founding year was not found in the sources reviewed for this record", "No NASA or Blue Origin statement found on how the 2026-05-28 New Glenn static-fire explosion at Launch Complex 36 affects the VIPER delivery date" ], "last_checked": "2026-09-25", "review_state": "verified", "history": [], "review": { "author_model": "claude-opus-5-5", "reviewer_model": "claude-sonnet-5", "reviewer_run": "research/review/entities.json", "date": "2026-09-26", "sources_reopened": true, "edits_applied": 0 } }, { "stable_id": "org-bradford-space", "name": "Bradford Space", "summary": "Spacecraft propulsion and components company that acquired Deep Space Industries in January 2019.", "entity_type": "company", "context_only": true, "parent_id": null, "aliases": [], "headquarters_country": "US", "founded_year": null, "role": [], "target_bodies": [], "status": "active", "status_as_of": "2026-09-26", "status_basis": "Context entity: referenced as a parent, acquirer, counterparty or launch provider; its own status is not researched.", "website": null, "sources": [ { "url": "http://web.archive.org/web/20190107132957/http://deepspaceindustries.com/", "title": "Deep Space Industries home page with acquisition release (archived)", "publisher": "Deep Space Industries / Bradford Space (Internet Archive capture)", "source_class": "company_primary", "published": "2019-01-02", "accessed": "2026-09-25", "quote": "announced today that it has acquired control over Deep Space Industries, Inc., often known as DSI", "quote_confirmed_raw": true, "supports": [ "summary" ], "language": "en", "translation": "none" } ], "confidence": "medium", "missing_evidence": [ "Own status not researched; included only for reference resolution." ], "last_checked": "2026-09-26", "history": [], "review_state": "verified", "review": { "author_model": "claude-opus-5-5", "reviewer_model": "claude-sonnet-5", "reviewer_run": "research/review/entities.json", "date": "2026-09-26", "sources_reopened": true, "edits_applied": 0 } }, { "stable_id": "org-cnsa", "name": "China National Space Administration", "summary": "China's national space agency. It returned lunar samples with Chang'e-5 (2020) and Chang'e-6 (2024), is preparing the Chang'e-7 south-pole mission to survey water ice and other resources (launch postponed out of its August 2026 window), and plans Chang'e-8 around 2029 for in-situ resource utilization experiments toward the International Lunar Research Station.", "status_basis": "Operating national agency; CNSA English pages accessed 2026-09-25.", "sources": [ { "url": "https://www.cnsa.gov.cn/english/n6465652/n6465653/c10670293/content.html", "title": "China to launch Chang'e-8 lunar mission around 2029, collaborating with int'l partners", "publisher": "CNSA (Xinhua)", "source_class": "government_primary", "published": "2025-04-25", "accessed": "2026-09-25", "quote": "The Chang'e-8 mission will target the Leibnitz-Beta Plateau near the lunar south pole region, working with the earlier Chang'e-7 mission to conduct scientific exploration and in-situ resource utilization experiments.", "quote_confirmed_raw": true, "supports": [ "objective", "inclusion_basis", "target_site" ], "language": "en", "translation": "none" }, { "url": "https://www.cnsa.gov.cn/english/n6465652/n6465653/c10517200/content.html", "title": "China's Chang'e-7 lunar mission to carry instruments developed through int'l cooperation", "publisher": "CNSA (Xinhua)", "source_class": "government_primary", "published": "2024-04-26", "accessed": "2026-09-25", "quote": "The Chang'e-7 mission, scheduled for launch around 2026, aims to survey the lunar surface environment, water, ice and volatile elements of lunar soil in the lunar south pole.", "quote_confirmed_raw": true, "supports": [ "objective", "inclusion_basis", "history" ], "language": "en", "translation": "none" }, { "url": "https://www.cnsa.gov.cn/english/n6465652/n6465653/c10573149/content.html", "title": "China's Chang'e-6 collects 1,935.3 grams of samples from moon's far side", "publisher": "CNSA (Xinhua)", "source_class": "government_primary", "published": "2024-06-28", "accessed": "2026-09-25", "quote": "China's Chang'e-6 mission collected 1,935.3 grams of samples from the far side of the moon, preliminary measurement by the China National Space Administration (CNSA) showed Friday.", "quote_confirmed_raw": true, "supports": [ "outcome", "resources" ], "language": "en", "translation": "none" }, { "url": "https://news.cgtn.com/news/2026-08-23/China-s-Chang-e-7-launch-will-not-proceed-in-planned-window-this-year-1PQD1RsGs5a/p.html", "title": "China's Chang'e-7 launch will not proceed in planned window this year", "publisher": "CGTN (Xinhua)", "source_class": "reputable_press", "published": "2026-08-23", "accessed": "2026-09-25", "quote": "China's Chang'e-7 lunar probe does not meet launch conditions, and its launch therefore cannot take place during the planned window this year, the China Manned Space Agency said Sunday.", "quote_confirmed_raw": true, "supports": [ "summary" ], "language": "en", "translation": "none" } ], "confidence": "high", "missing_evidence": [ "Founding year not confirmed from a CNSA page (the English About page did not load)." ], "last_checked": "2026-09-25", "history": [], "review_state": "verified", "entity_type": "government_agency", "parent_id": null, "aliases": [ "CNSA" ], "headquarters_country": "CN", "founded_year": null, "role": [ "prospecting", "processing_isru" ], "target_bodies": [ "moon", "near_earth_asteroid" ], "status": "active", "status_as_of": "2026-09-25", "website": "https://www.cnsa.gov.cn/english/", "review": { "author_model": "claude-opus-5-5", "reviewer_model": "claude-sonnet-5", "reviewer_run": "research/review/entities.json", "date": "2026-09-26", "sources_reopened": true, "edits_applied": 0 } }, { "stable_id": "org-consensys", "name": "ConsenSys", "summary": "Blockchain software company that acquired Planetary Resources in 2018.", "entity_type": "company", "context_only": true, "parent_id": null, "aliases": [], "headquarters_country": "US", "founded_year": null, "role": [], "target_bodies": [], "status": "active", "status_as_of": "2026-09-26", "status_basis": "Context entity: referenced as a parent, acquirer, counterparty or launch provider; its own status is not researched.", "website": null, "sources": [ { "url": "https://web.archive.org/web/20201111220047/https://www.planetaryresources.com/2018/10/consensys-acquires-planetary-resources/", "title": "ConsenSys Acquires Planetary Resources (archived)", "publisher": "Planetary Resources (Internet Archive capture)", "source_class": "company_primary", "published": "2018-10-31", "accessed": "2026-09-25", "quote": "has acquired the pioneering space company Planetary Resources, Inc. through an asset-purchase transaction", "quote_confirmed_raw": true, "supports": [ "summary" ], "language": "en", "translation": "none" } ], "confidence": "medium", "missing_evidence": [ "Own status not researched; included only for reference resolution." ], "last_checked": "2026-09-26", "history": [], "review_state": "verified", "review": { "author_model": "claude-opus-5-5", "reviewer_model": "claude-sonnet-5", "reviewer_run": "research/review/entities.json", "date": "2026-09-26", "sources_reopened": true, "edits_applied": 0 } }, { "entity_type": "company", "parent_id": "org-bradford-space", "aliases": [ "Deep Space Industries, Inc.", "DSI" ], "last_checked": "2026-09-25", "review_state": "verified", "history": [], "missing_evidence": [ "The deepspaceindustries.com domain now hosts unrelated gambling content (checked 2026-09-25); DSI pages are cited from Internet Archive captures.", "Current existence of Bradford Space, Inc. in the US: the bradford-space.com contact page (2026) lists only Netherlands and Luxembourg addresses.", "Specific resources DSI targeted were not stated in the sources retrieved." ], "stable_id": "org-deep-space-industries", "name": "Deep Space Industries", "summary": "US company founded in 2012 to pursue asteroid mining that later concentrated on the Comet water-based electrothermal thruster and the Xplorer small deep-space spacecraft bus. Bradford Space announced on 2 January 2019 that it had acquired control of DSI and would rebrand it Bradford Space, Inc.; DSI never flew an asteroid or resource-prospecting mission.", "headquarters_country": "US", "founded_year": 2012, "role": [ "prospecting" ], "target_bodies": [ "near_earth_asteroid" ], "resources": [], "status": "absorbed", "status_as_of": "2019-01-02", "status_basis": "Acquisition release posted on DSI's own website (Internet Archive capture of 7 Jan 2019), corroborated by GeekWire.", "website": null, "confidence": "high", "sources": [ { "url": "http://web.archive.org/web/20190107132957/http://deepspaceindustries.com/", "title": "Deep Space Industries home page with acquisition release (archived)", "publisher": "Deep Space Industries / Bradford Space (Internet Archive capture)", "source_class": "company_primary", "published": "2019-01-02", "accessed": "2026-09-25", "quote": "Deep Space Industries, Inc. is now Bradford Space, Inc.", "quote_confirmed_raw": true, "supports": [ "status", "parent_id", "aliases" ], "language": "en", "translation": "none" }, { "url": "http://web.archive.org/web/20190107132957/http://deepspaceindustries.com/", "title": "Deep Space Industries home page with acquisition release (archived)", "publisher": "Deep Space Industries / Bradford Space (Internet Archive capture)", "source_class": "company_primary", "published": "2019-01-02", "accessed": "2026-09-25", "quote": "Founded in 2012 as an ambitious venture to mine the resources of the asteroids", "quote_confirmed_raw": true, "supports": [ "founded_year", "summary" ], "language": "en", "translation": "none" }, { "url": "https://www.geekwire.com/2019/bradford-buys-deep-space-industries-shifting-focus-asteroid-mining-green-propulsion/", "title": "Bradford Space Group buys Deep Space Industries, shifting focus from asteroid mining to propulsion", "publisher": "GeekWire", "source_class": "reputable_press", "published": "2019-01-02", "accessed": "2026-09-25", "quote": "DSI will continue to operate in San Jose, Calif., as Bradford Space Inc.", "quote_confirmed_raw": true, "supports": [ "status" ], "language": "en", "translation": "none" } ], "review": { "author_model": "claude-opus-5-5", "reviewer_model": "claude-sonnet-5", "reviewer_run": "research/review/entities.json", "date": "2026-09-26", "sources_reopened": true, "edits_applied": 0 } }, { "stable_id": "org-esa", "name": "European Space Agency", "summary": "Intergovernmental European space agency. Its 2019 Space Resources Strategy covers 2020-2030 with the Moon as the first target; it develops the PROSPECT drill and mini-laboratory now assigned to Intuitive Machines' IM-4 flight, is ESRIC's strategic partner, and (per the Luxembourg Space Agency) awarded ispace-EUROPE a EUR 65 million contract for the MAGPIE lunar polar rover.", "status_basis": "Operating intergovernmental agency; ESA pages accessed 2026-09-25.", "sources": [ { "url": "https://sci.esa.int/documents/34161/35992/1567260390250-ESA_Space_Resources_Strategy.pdf", "title": "ESA Space Resources Strategy", "publisher": "European Space Agency", "source_class": "government_primary", "published": "2019-05", "accessed": "2026-09-25", "quote": "The first utilisation of space resources will be on the Moon; a source of water, oxygen, metals and other materials.", "quote_confirmed_raw": true, "supports": [ "summary" ], "language": "en", "translation": "none" }, { "url": "https://sci.esa.int/documents/34161/35992/1567260390250-ESA_Space_Resources_Strategy.pdf", "title": "ESA Space Resources Strategy", "publisher": "European Space Agency", "source_class": "government_primary", "published": "2019-05", "accessed": "2026-09-25", "quote": "Confirm whether space resources can enable sustainable space exploration and which resources are of primary interest for this purpose.", "quote_confirmed_raw": true, "supports": [ "summary" ], "language": "en", "translation": "none" }, { "url": "https://www.esa.int/About_Us/Corporate_news/ESA_facts", "title": "ESA facts", "publisher": "European Space Agency", "source_class": "government_primary", "published": null, "accessed": "2026-09-25", "quote": "Since our creation as an intergovernmental organisation in 1975", "quote_confirmed_raw": true, "supports": [ "founded_year", "entity_type" ], "language": "en", "translation": "none" }, { "url": "https://www.esa.int/ESA_Multimedia/Videos/2026/06/Prospect_mission_animation", "title": "Prospect mission animation", "publisher": "European Space Agency", "source_class": "government_primary", "published": "2026-06", "accessed": "2026-09-25", "quote": "Prospect will reach the lunar surface with the Intuitive Machines' Nova-C lunar lander on the IM-4 mission", "quote_confirmed_raw": true, "supports": [ "phase", "host_mission_id", "participants" ], "language": "en", "translation": "none" }, { "url": "https://space-agency.public.lu/en/news-events/news/2026/ispace-europe-secures-65m-esa-contract-for-magpie-lunar-rover.html", "title": "ispace-EUROPE Secures €65M ESA Contract for MAGPIE Lunar Rover", "publisher": "Luxembourg Space Agency", "source_class": "government_primary", "published": "2026", "accessed": "2026-09-25", "quote": "ispace-EUROPE has been awarded a €65 million contract by the European Space Agency (ESA) to lead the development and execution of the MAGPIE mission.", "quote_confirmed_raw": true, "supports": [ "amount", "participants", "phase" ], "language": "en", "translation": "none" } ], "confidence": "high", "missing_evidence": [ "Most www.esa.int article pages returned HTTP 403 to scripted fetches; ESA's own MAGPIE announcement not retrieved.", "No ESA space-resources budget figure sourced." ], "last_checked": "2026-09-25", "history": [], "review_state": "verified", "entity_type": "intergovernmental", "parent_id": null, "aliases": [ "ESA" ], "headquarters_country": "FR", "founded_year": 1975, "role": [ "prospecting", "instrument_drill", "processing_isru" ], "target_bodies": [ "moon" ], "status": "active", "status_as_of": "2026-09-25", "website": "https://www.esa.int", "review": { "author_model": "claude-opus-5-5", "reviewer_model": "claude-sonnet-5", "reviewer_run": "research/review/entities.json", "date": "2026-09-26", "sources_reopened": false, "edits_applied": 0 } }, { "stable_id": "org-esric", "name": "European Space Resources Innovation Centre", "summary": "Space-resources research and business-incubation centre in Luxembourg, established in August 2020 by the Luxembourg Space Agency and the Luxembourg Institute of Science and Technology (LIST), which operates and hosts it; ESA joined as strategic partner in November 2020. The Luxembourg government reported in November 2025 that ESRIC had supported 32 companies through its incubator and accelerator programmes; it also plays a role in the annual Space Resources Week conference.", "status_basis": "Luxembourg government press release of 2025-11-19 reports ongoing activity.", "sources": [ { "url": "https://space-agency.public.lu/en/support/industry-portal/spaceresourceslu/european-space-resources-innovation-centre.html", "title": "European Space Resources Innovation Centre", "publisher": "Luxembourg Space Agency", "source_class": "government_primary", "published": null, "accessed": "2026-09-25", "quote": "was established in August 2020 by the Luxembourg Space Agency (LSA) and the Luxembourg Institute of Science and Technology (LIST) as a national innovation centre in the field of space resources", "quote_confirmed_raw": true, "supports": [ "founded_year", "summary", "date" ], "language": "en", "translation": "none" }, { "url": "https://gouvernement.lu/en/actualites/toutes_actualites/communiques/2020/11-novembre/18-luxembourg-spaceresources.html", "title": "Luxembourg teams up with ESA to create a unique \"European Space Resources Innovation Centre\" to be established in the Grand Duchy", "publisher": "The Luxembourg Government", "source_class": "government_primary", "published": "2020-11-18", "accessed": "2026-09-25", "quote": "ESRIC is operated and hosted by LIST.", "quote_confirmed_raw": true, "supports": [ "summary", "parent_id" ], "language": "en", "translation": "none" }, { "url": "https://gouvernement.lu/en/actualites/toutes_actualites/communiques/2025/11-novembre/19-delles-obertin-esric.html", "title": "ESRIC celebrates five years of research and innovation in space resources", "publisher": "The Luxembourg Government", "source_class": "government_primary", "published": "2025-11-19", "accessed": "2026-09-25", "quote": "ESRIC has so far supported 32 companies through these programmes", "quote_confirmed_raw": true, "supports": [ "summary", "status" ], "language": "en", "translation": "none" } ], "confidence": "high", "missing_evidence": [ "esric.lu returned a JavaScript bot wall; no ESRIC-authored page retrieved.", "The host organization (LIST) is not recorded here, so no parent organization is linked." ], "last_checked": "2026-09-25", "history": [], "review_state": "verified", "entity_type": "research_institution", "parent_id": null, "aliases": [ "ESRIC" ], "headquarters_country": "LU", "founded_year": 2020, "role": [ "processing_isru" ], "target_bodies": [ "moon" ], "status": "active", "status_as_of": "2026-09-25", "website": "https://www.esric.lu/", "review": { "author_model": "claude-opus-5-5", "reviewer_model": "claude-sonnet-5", "reviewer_run": "research/review/entities.json", "date": "2026-09-26", "sources_reopened": true, "edits_applied": 0 } }, { "stable_id": "org-firefly-aerospace", "name": "Firefly Aerospace", "summary": "Texas launch and spacecraft company (Nasdaq: FLY since August 2025) whose Blue Ghost Mission 1 landed in Mare Crisium on 2 March 2025 and hosted Honeybee Robotics' Lunar PlanetVac, which collected, transferred and sorted lunar soil (sample collection, not extraction). Its second lunar mission, now set for no earlier than 2027, is to carry Fleet Space's SPIDER seismic payload, which Firefly says will detect water ice deposits.", "entity_type": "company", "parent_id": null, "aliases": [ "Firefly Aerospace Inc.", "Firefly", "FLY" ], "headquarters_country": "US", "founded_year": 2017, "role": [ "lander_transport" ], "target_bodies": [ "moon" ], "resources": [ { "resource": "regolith", "evidence_level": "targeted" }, { "resource": "water_ice", "evidence_level": "targeted" } ], "status": "active", "status_as_of": "2026-05-26", "status_basis": "NASA's 2026-05-26 release states NASA selected Firefly to build the MoonFall drone transport spacecraft; Firefly's mission page lists Blue Ghost Mission 2 as upcoming.", "website": "https://fireflyspace.com", "resource_activity": { "demonstrated": "Carried Honeybee Robotics' Lunar PlanetVac on Blue Ghost Mission 1 (landed 2025-03-02); the payload collected, transferred and sorted lunar soil using pressurized nitrogen. The sampling hardware was Honeybee's; the material was not returned to Earth or processed.", "claimed": "Blue Ghost Mission 2 (far side, NET 2027) will deploy Fleet Space's SPIDER seismic payload, which Firefly says will 'detect water ice deposits'." }, "sources": [ { "url": "https://fireflyspace.com/news/blue-ghost-mission-1-live-updates/", "title": "Blue Ghost Mission 1: Live Updates", "publisher": "Firefly Aerospace", "source_class": "company_primary", "published": "2025-03", "accessed": "2026-09-25", "quote": "Lunar PlanetVac for example successfully collected, transferred, and sorted lunar soil from the Moon using pressurized nitrogen gas.", "quote_confirmed_raw": true, "supports": [ "resource_activity.demonstrated", "resources" ], "language": "en", "translation": "none" }, { "url": "https://fireflyspace.com/news/firefly-announces-agreement-with-fleet-space-to-deliver-payload-to-the-moon/", "title": "Firefly Aerospace Announces Agreement with Fleet Space to Deliver Seismic Payload to Far Side of the Moon", "publisher": "Firefly Aerospace", "source_class": "company_primary", "published": "2023-11-08", "accessed": "2026-09-25", "quote": "Firefly's Blue Ghost lunar lander will deploy Fleet Space's SPIDER payload to detect water ice deposits and examine the mineral profile of the lunar subsurface", "quote_confirmed_raw": true, "supports": [ "resource_activity.claimed", "resources" ], "language": "en", "translation": "none" }, { "url": "https://fireflyspace.com/missions/blue-ghost-mission-2/", "title": "Blue Ghost + Elytra: Lunar Far Side (mission page)", "publisher": "Firefly Aerospace", "source_class": "company_primary", "published": null, "accessed": "2026-09-25", "quote": "Set to launch no earlier than 2027, the mission will deliver six international payloads", "quote_confirmed_raw": true, "supports": [ "resource_activity.claimed", "status" ], "language": "en", "translation": "none" }, { "url": "https://fireflyspace.com/news/firefly-aerospace-announces-pricing-of-upsized-initial-public-offering/", "title": "Firefly Aerospace Announces Pricing of Upsized Initial Public Offering", "publisher": "Firefly Aerospace", "source_class": "company_primary", "published": "2025-08-06", "accessed": "2026-09-25", "quote": "The shares are expected to begin trading on Nasdaq Global Market on August 7, 2025 under the ticker symbol \"FLY,\"", "quote_confirmed_raw": true, "supports": [ "aliases" ], "language": "en", "translation": "none" }, { "url": "https://fireflyspace.com/news/firefly-aerospace-announces-pricing-of-upsized-initial-public-offering/", "title": "Firefly Aerospace Announces Pricing of Upsized Initial Public Offering", "publisher": "Firefly Aerospace", "source_class": "company_primary", "published": "2025-08-06", "accessed": "2026-09-25", "quote": "Established in 2017, Firefly's engineering, manufacturing, and test facilities are co-located in central Texas", "quote_confirmed_raw": true, "supports": [ "founded_year", "headquarters_country" ], "language": "en", "translation": "none" }, { "url": "https://www.nasa.gov/news-release/nasa-provides-update-on-moon-base-rovers-landers-missions/", "title": "NASA Provides Update on Moon Base Rovers, Landers, Missions (release 26-046)", "publisher": "NASA", "source_class": "government_primary", "published": "2026-05-26", "accessed": "2026-09-25", "quote": "has selected Firefly Aerospace to build the spacecraft that will transport the drones from Earth orbit to the Moon", "quote_confirmed_raw": true, "supports": [ "status" ], "language": "en", "translation": "none" } ], "confidence": "high", "missing_evidence": [ "IPO final proceeds (including any over-allotment exercise) not confirmed from an SEC filing (EDGAR refused raw fetches)." ], "history": [], "last_checked": "2026-09-25", "review_state": "verified", "review": { "author_model": "claude-opus-5-5", "reviewer_model": "claude-sonnet-5", "reviewer_run": "research/review/entities.json", "date": "2026-09-26", "sources_reopened": true, "edits_applied": 0 } }, { "stable_id": "org-fleet-space", "name": "Fleet Space Technologies", "summary": "Australian geophysical exploration and satellite company whose SPIDER seismic payload is listed on Firefly's Blue Ghost Mission 2 (no earlier than 2027); Fleet Space states SPIDER will search the lunar subsurface for water ice.", "entity_type": "company", "parent_id": null, "aliases": [ "Fleet Space", "Fleet Space Technologies Pty Ltd" ], "headquarters_country": "AU", "founded_year": 2015, "role": [ "prospecting", "instrument_drill" ], "target_bodies": [ "moon" ], "resources": [ { "resource": "water_ice", "evidence_level": "targeted" } ], "status": "active", "status_as_of": "2026-06-24", "website": "https://www.fleetspace.com", "resource_activity": { "demonstrated": "No lunar hardware has flown. Fleet Space operates its ExoSphere passive-seismic (ambient noise tomography) system for terrestrial mineral exploration; SPIDER is described as its lunar variant.", "claimed": "Fleet Space states SPIDER will record natural seismic waves in the Moon's subsurface for up to 14 days, tethered to Firefly's Blue Ghost lander on its second (far-side) lunar mission, to search for water ice deposits. This is a remote seismic survey, not sampling or extraction. Fleet's December 2024 release gave 2026 for deployment; Firefly's mission page now says no earlier than 2027." }, "status_basis": "Company newsroom shows a 2026-06-24 press release (BRGM MoU) and 2026 blog posts; operating business, not a lunar-only company.", "sources": [ { "url": "https://www.fleetspace.com/space-exploration", "title": "Space Exploration", "publisher": "Fleet Space Technologies", "source_class": "company_primary", "published": null, "accessed": "2026-09-25", "quote": "The Seismic Payload for Interplanetary Discovery, Exploration and Research (SPIDER), will record the natural seismic waves in the Moon's subsurface to search for water ice deposits", "quote_confirmed_raw": true, "supports": [ "role", "resources", "resource_activity" ], "language": "en", "translation": "none" }, { "url": "https://fireflyspace.com/news/firefly-announces-agreement-with-fleet-space-to-deliver-payload-to-the-moon/", "title": "Firefly Aerospace Announces Agreement with Fleet Space to Deliver Seismic Payload to Far Side of the Moon", "publisher": "Firefly Aerospace", "source_class": "company_primary", "published": "2023-11-08", "accessed": "2026-09-25", "quote": "Firefly's Blue Ghost lunar lander will deploy Fleet Space's SPIDER payload to detect water ice deposits and examine the mineral profile of the lunar subsurface", "quote_confirmed_raw": true, "supports": [ "resources", "related_mission_ids", "resource_activity" ], "language": "en", "translation": "none" }, { "url": "https://www.fleetspace.com/newsroom/fleet-space-closes-a-150m-series-d-with-a-800m-valuation", "title": "Fleet Space Closes A$150M Series D with A$800M+ Valuation", "publisher": "Fleet Space Technologies", "source_class": "company_primary", "published": "2024-12-12", "accessed": "2026-09-25", "quote": "SPIDER - which will be deployed on the Moon in 2026 to enhance humanity's understanding of the lunar subsurface", "quote_confirmed_raw": true, "supports": [ "resource_activity" ], "language": "en", "translation": "none" }, { "url": "https://fireflyspace.com/missions/blue-ghost-mission-2/", "title": "Blue Ghost Mission 2", "publisher": "Firefly Aerospace", "source_class": "company_primary", "published": null, "accessed": "2026-09-25", "quote": "Set to launch no earlier than 2027, the mission will deliver six international payloads", "quote_confirmed_raw": true, "supports": [ "related_mission_ids", "resource_activity", "missing_evidence" ], "language": "en", "translation": "none" }, { "url": "https://www.fleetspace.com/newsroom", "title": "Newsroom", "publisher": "Fleet Space Technologies", "source_class": "company_primary", "published": "2026-06-24", "accessed": "2026-09-25", "quote": "BRGM, France's national geological survey, has selected Fleet Space to help map critical minerals in French Guiana.", "quote_confirmed_raw": true, "supports": [ "status", "status_as_of" ], "language": "en", "translation": "none" }, { "url": "https://www.fleetspace.com/about", "title": "About", "publisher": "Fleet Space Technologies", "source_class": "company_primary", "published": null, "accessed": "2026-09-25", "quote": "2015 Recognising the potential to unlock global discovery, Fleet Space Technologies was born.", "quote_confirmed_raw": true, "supports": [ "founded_year" ], "language": "en", "translation": "none" }, { "url": "https://www.fleetspace.com/newsroom", "title": "Newsroom", "publisher": "Fleet Space Technologies", "source_class": "company_primary", "published": null, "accessed": "2026-09-25", "quote": "28 Butler Boulevard Adelaide Airport SA 5950 AUSTRALIA", "quote_confirmed_raw": true, "supports": [ "headquarters_country" ], "language": "en", "translation": "none" } ], "confidence": "high", "missing_evidence": [ "Agency (non-company) confirmation of the SPIDER manifest; the launch date conflict (Fleet: 2026 in its Dec 2024 release; Firefly mission page: no earlier than 2027) is resolved in favour of the carrier's current page.", "Australian Space Agency record of the A$4M Moon to Mars Demonstrator grant (space.gov.au refused the raw fetch)." ], "last_checked": "2026-09-25", "history": [], "review_state": "verified", "review": { "author_model": "claude-opus-5-5", "reviewer_model": "claude-sonnet-5", "reviewer_run": "research/review/entities.json", "date": "2026-09-26", "sources_reopened": true, "edits_applied": 0 } }, { "stable_id": "org-helios", "name": "Helios", "summary": "Israeli company, set up in 2018 out of an Israel Space Agency innovation workshop, developing molten regolith electrolysis to extract oxygen and metals from lunar regolith; it announced lunar demonstration agreements with ispace (2021, for ispace's second and third missions) and OHB's LSAS lander (2021), none of which has flown. Its website now leads with terrestrial green-iron production (the 'Helios cycle') while keeping lunar oxygen as a product line.", "entity_type": "company", "parent_id": null, "aliases": [ "Helios Project", "HELIOS" ], "headquarters_country": "IL", "founded_year": 2018, "role": [ "processing_isru" ], "target_bodies": [ "moon" ], "resources": [ { "resource": "oxygen", "evidence_level": "claimed" }, { "resource": "metals_general", "evidence_level": "claimed" }, { "resource": "regolith", "evidence_level": "claimed" } ], "status": "active", "status_as_of": "2026-09-25", "status_basis": "Company website live on 2026-09-25 listing 2026 industry events; no 2025-2026 lunar-specific announcement was found. A dedicated search for later lunar news was not completed.", "website": "https://heliosmatters.com", "resource_activity": { "demonstrated": "Ground development only: company and press state it tested its reactor concept with lunar simulant developed at the University of Central Florida. No lunar flight: the ispace Mission 2 lander (launched January 2025) payload list does not include Helios.", "claimed": "Helios states it is 'developing technologies to extract oxygen from lunar regolith' via a molten regolith electrolysis reactor that separates oxides 'into oxygen and essential metals'. Announced flight plans (not realized as of 2026-09-25): Lunar Extractor-1 on ispace landers by end-2023 and mid-2024; technology on the first three OHB LSAS missions 'starting in 2025'. Selected by DARPA for the LunA-10 lunar architecture study (2023)." }, "sources": [ { "url": "https://heliosmatters.com/our-solutions/lunar-oxygen/", "title": "Lunar Oxygen", "publisher": "Helios", "source_class": "company_primary", "published": null, "accessed": "2026-09-25", "quote": "Helios is developing technologies to extract oxygen from lunar regolith", "quote_confirmed_raw": true, "supports": [ "resource_activity.claimed", "resources" ], "language": "en", "translation": "none" }, { "url": "https://heliosmatters.com/our-solutions/lunar-oxygen/", "title": "Lunar Oxygen", "publisher": "Helios", "source_class": "company_primary", "published": null, "accessed": "2026-09-25", "quote": "By melting and electrolyzing the abundant oxides scattered across the lunar surface, the reactor efficiently separates them into oxygen and essential metals such as iron, aluminum, titanium, and others.", "quote_confirmed_raw": true, "supports": [ "resource_activity.claimed", "resources", "role" ], "language": "en", "translation": "none" }, { "url": "https://heliosmatters.com/our-story/", "title": "Our Story", "publisher": "Helios", "source_class": "company_primary", "published": null, "accessed": "2026-09-25", "quote": "Helios began as a space technology company with the bold mission to extract oxygen from the moon.", "quote_confirmed_raw": true, "supports": [ "summary" ], "language": "en", "translation": "none" }, { "url": "https://heliosmatters.com/our-story/", "title": "Our Story", "publisher": "Helios", "source_class": "company_primary", "published": null, "accessed": "2026-09-25", "quote": "produces iron from iron ore, using mostly thermal energy, while emitting only oxygen", "quote_confirmed_raw": true, "supports": [ "summary" ], "language": "en", "translation": "none" }, { "url": "https://heliosmatters.com/our-story/", "title": "Our Story", "publisher": "Helios", "source_class": "company_primary", "published": null, "accessed": "2026-09-25", "quote": "Scrap Supplements and Alternative Ironmaking March 9-11, 2026 Orlando, Florida, USA", "quote_confirmed_raw": true, "supports": [ "status" ], "language": "en", "translation": "none" }, { "url": "https://madan.org.il/en/news/israeli-space-tech-startup-helios-make-oxygen-moon", "title": "Israeli space tech startup Helios to make oxygen on Moon (republication of a Times of Israel article by Ricky Ben-David)", "publisher": "Madan (source: The Times of Israel)", "source_class": "reputable_press", "published": "2022-08-28", "accessed": "2026-09-25", "quote": "Helios was set up in 2018 in an innovation workshop held by the Israeli Space Agency during Israel's Space Week that year.", "quote_confirmed_raw": true, "supports": [ "founded_year" ], "language": "en", "translation": "none" }, { "url": "https://www.space.gov.il/en/research-and-development/133818", "title": "Israeli Startup to Produce Oxygen from Lunar Soil (page marked updated 12.07.2023)", "publisher": "Israel Space Agency", "source_class": "government_primary", "published": null, "accessed": "2026-09-25", "quote": "has been awarded funding from the Israeli Space Agency and the Israeli Ministry of Energy to develop a system that will be launched in two space missions over the next three years", "quote_confirmed_raw": true, "supports": [ "resource_activity.claimed" ], "language": "en", "translation": "none" }, { "url": "https://www.space.gov.il/en/research-and-development/133818", "title": "Israeli Startup to Produce Oxygen from Lunar Soil (page marked updated 12.07.2023)", "publisher": "Israel Space Agency", "source_class": "government_primary", "published": null, "accessed": "2026-09-25", "quote": "Helios has offices in Israel and in Florida, USA.", "quote_confirmed_raw": true, "supports": [ "headquarters_country" ], "language": "en", "translation": "none" }, { "url": "https://room.eu.com/news/israels-helios-to-ride-on-ispace-lunar-lander-to-make-oxygen-on-the-moon", "title": "Israel's Helios to ride on ispace lunar lander to make oxygen on the Moon", "publisher": "ROOM, The Space Journal", "source_class": "reputable_press", "published": "2021-07-26", "accessed": "2026-09-25", "quote": "the company has simulated most of the conditions on the Moon using Moon-like sand developed by the University of Central Florida", "quote_confirmed_raw": true, "supports": [ "resource_activity.demonstrated" ], "language": "en", "translation": "none" }, { "url": "https://room.eu.com/news/israels-helios-to-ride-on-ispace-lunar-lander-to-make-oxygen-on-the-moon", "title": "Israel's Helios to ride on ispace lunar lander to make oxygen on the Moon", "publisher": "ROOM, The Space Journal", "source_class": "reputable_press", "published": "2021-07-26", "accessed": "2026-09-25", "quote": "deliver Helios' Lunar Extractor-1 reactor to the lunar surface onboard ispace's lander by the end of 2023 and mid 2024", "quote_confirmed_raw": true, "supports": [ "resource_activity.claimed" ], "language": "en", "translation": "none" }, { "url": "https://madan.org.il/en/news/israeli-space-tech-startup-helios-make-oxygen-moon", "title": "Israeli space tech startup Helios to make oxygen on Moon (republication of a Times of Israel article by Ricky Ben-David)", "publisher": "Madan (source: The Times of Israel)", "source_class": "reputable_press", "published": "2022-08-28", "accessed": "2026-09-25", "quote": "Helios signed a deal last year with European multinational tech corporation OHB SE to deliver its technology to produce oxygen and metals on the Moon aboard the lunar landing system LSAS (Lunar Surface Access Service).", "quote_confirmed_raw": true, "supports": [ "resource_activity.claimed" ], "language": "en", "translation": "none" }, { "url": "https://www.ispace-inc.com/mission-2/", "title": "HAKUTO-R Mission 2 (mission page)", "publisher": "ispace", "source_class": "company_primary", "published": null, "accessed": "2026-09-25", "quote": "Takasago Thermal Engineering Payload: Water electrolyzer equipment National Central University, Taiwan Payload: Deep space radiation probe", "quote_confirmed_raw": true, "supports": [ "resource_activity.demonstrated" ], "language": "en", "translation": "none" }, { "url": "https://www.darpa.mil/news/2023/commercial-lunar-infrastructure", "title": "DARPA selects companies for LunA-10 Capability Study (integrated lunar infrastructure framework)", "publisher": "DARPA", "source_class": "government_primary", "published": "2023-12-05", "accessed": "2026-09-25", "quote": "DARPA has selected the following companies for LunA-10: Blue Origin CisLunar Industries Crescent Space Services LLC Fibertek, Inc. Firefly Aerospace GITAI Helios Honeybee Robotics ICON", "quote_confirmed_raw": true, "supports": [ "resource_activity.claimed" ], "language": "en", "translation": "none" } ], "confidence": "medium", "missing_evidence": [ "Registered legal name not confirmed on a primary record (directories use 'Helios Project').", "No 2025-2026 primary statement on the status of the ispace or OHB LSAS flight plans.", "Current headquarters address not stated on the company site; ISA page cites offices in Israel and Florida; press gives Tzur Yigal, Israel (summarizer-read only)." ], "history": [], "last_checked": "2026-09-25", "review_state": "verified", "review": { "author_model": "claude-opus-5-5", "reviewer_model": "claude-sonnet-5", "reviewer_run": "research/review/entities.json", "date": "2026-09-26", "sources_reopened": true, "edits_applied": 0 } }, { "stable_id": "org-honeybee-robotics", "name": "Honeybee Robotics", "summary": "Space robotics and mechanisms company (Altadena, California and Longmont, Colorado) that builds sampling and drilling hardware, including NASA's TRIDENT drill (flown in PRIME-1 on IM-2 and integrated on VIPER) and Lunar PlanetVac (operated on Blue Ghost Mission 1). It has been a wholly owned subsidiary of Blue Origin since 2022.", "entity_type": "company", "parent_id": "org-blue-origin", "aliases": [ "Honeybee Robotics, Ltd.", "Honeybee Robotics, Inc.", "Honeybee Robotics, a Blue Origin company" ], "headquarters_country": "US", "founded_year": 1983, "role": [ "instrument_drill" ], "target_bodies": [ "moon" ], "resources": [ { "resource": "regolith", "evidence_level": "sampled" }, { "resource": "water_ice", "evidence_level": "targeted" }, { "resource": "volatiles", "evidence_level": "targeted" } ], "status": "active_subsidiary", "status_as_of": "2025-03-24", "website": "https://www.honeybeerobotics.com", "resource_activity": { "demonstrated": "Lunar PlanetVac, a NASA CLPS payload, collected, transferred and sorted lunar soil at Mare Crisium on Firefly's Blue Ghost Mission 1 (March 2025), per NASA. The TRIDENT drill in NASA's PRIME-1 suite on Intuitive Machines' IM-2 (March 2025) completed its range-of-motion checks, but NASA says the lander came to rest on its side, preventing full drill operation; the gases MSOLO detected were judged anthropogenic, so no lunar ice measurement was made. Honeybee also built the P-Sampler pneumatic sampler for JAXA's Phobos sample-return mission (shipped 2023).", "claimed": "TRIDENT is integrated on NASA's VIPER rover, which NASA plans to deliver to the lunar South Pole in late 2027 on Blue Origin's Blue Moon MK1. NASA describes PlanetVac-type sampling as technology that 'could benefit the search for water, helium, and other resources'. None of this is resource extraction." }, "status_basis": "Operating under its own name as a Blue Origin subsidiary: Firefly release of 2025-03-24 announces a contract with 'Honeybee Robotics, a Blue Origin company'; NASA pages through 2025 use the same wording. The acquisition was announced 2022-01-24 (Blue Origin page).", "sources": [ { "url": "https://web.archive.org/web/20260420130239/https://www.blueorigin.com/news/honeybee-robotics-to-join-blue-origin", "title": "Honeybee Robotics to Join Blue Origin (Wayback Machine copy of blueorigin.com news page)", "publisher": "Blue Origin", "source_class": "company_primary", "published": "2022-01-24", "accessed": "2026-09-25", "quote": "Honeybee Robotics (Honeybee) today announced that it will be acquired by Blue Origin.", "quote_confirmed_raw": true, "supports": [ "parent_id", "status", "history" ], "language": "en", "translation": "none" }, { "url": "https://web.archive.org/web/20260420130239/https://www.blueorigin.com/news/honeybee-robotics-to-join-blue-origin", "title": "Honeybee Robotics to Join Blue Origin (Wayback Machine copy of blueorigin.com news page)", "publisher": "Blue Origin", "source_class": "company_primary", "published": "2022-01-24", "accessed": "2026-09-25", "quote": "With major operations in Longmont, Colorado and Altadena, California, Honeybee will become a wholly owned subsidiary of Blue Origin", "quote_confirmed_raw": true, "supports": [ "headquarters_country", "parent_id" ], "language": "en", "translation": "none" }, { "url": "https://web.archive.org/web/20260420130239/https://www.blueorigin.com/news/honeybee-robotics-to-join-blue-origin", "title": "Honeybee Robotics to Join Blue Origin (Wayback Machine copy of blueorigin.com news page)", "publisher": "Blue Origin", "source_class": "company_primary", "published": "2022-01-24", "accessed": "2026-09-25", "quote": "Since 1983, Honeybee Robotics has delivered more than 1,000 advanced projects", "quote_confirmed_raw": true, "supports": [ "founded_year" ], "language": "en", "translation": "none" }, { "url": "https://www.nasa.gov/centers-and-facilities/kennedy/nasas-polar-ice-experiment-paves-way-for-future-moon-missions/", "title": "NASA's Polar Ice Experiment Paves Way for Future Moon Missions", "publisher": "NASA", "source_class": "government_primary", "published": "2025-02-12", "accessed": "2026-09-25", "quote": "Developed by Honeybee Robotics, a Blue Origin Company, TRIDENT is a rotary percussive drill designed to excavate lunar regolith and subsurface material up to 3.3 feet (1 meter) deep.", "quote_confirmed_raw": true, "supports": [ "role", "resources", "related_mission_ids" ], "language": "en", "translation": "none" }, { "url": "https://www.nasa.gov/news-release/nasa-receives-some-data-before-intuitive-machines-ends-lunar-mission/", "title": "NASA Receives Some Data Before Intuitive Machines Ends Lunar Mission (Release 25-025)", "publisher": "NASA", "source_class": "government_primary", "published": "2025-03-07", "accessed": "2026-09-25", "quote": "Intuitive Machines said images collected later confirmed the lander was on its side, preventing it from fully operating the drill and other instruments before its batteries were depleted.", "quote_confirmed_raw": true, "supports": [ "resource_activity" ], "language": "en", "translation": "none" }, { "url": "https://www.nasa.gov/missions/artemis/nasas-lunar-drill-technology-passes-tests-on-the-moon/", "title": "NASA's Lunar Drill Technology Passes Tests on the Moon", "publisher": "NASA", "source_class": "government_primary", "published": "2025-04-29", "accessed": "2026-09-25", "quote": "While MSOLO was able to perform several scans to detect gases, researchers believe from the initial data that the gases detected were all anthropogenic, or human in origin", "quote_confirmed_raw": true, "supports": [ "resource_activity" ], "language": "en", "translation": "none" }, { "url": "https://www.nasa.gov/stmd-flight-opportunities/from-flight-test-to-the-moon-three-payloads/", "title": "From Flight Test to the Moon: A Tale of Three Payloads", "publisher": "NASA", "source_class": "government_primary", "published": null, "accessed": "2026-09-25", "quote": "Lunar PlanetVac successfully collected, transferred, and sorted lunar soil from the Moon.", "quote_confirmed_raw": true, "supports": [ "resource_activity", "resources" ], "language": "en", "translation": "none" }, { "url": "https://www.nasa.gov/missions/artemis/clps/nasa-lander-to-test-vacuum-cleaner-on-moon-for-sample-collection/", "title": "NASA Lander to Test Vacuum Cleaner on Moon for Sample Collection", "publisher": "NASA", "source_class": "government_primary", "published": "2025-01-08", "accessed": "2026-09-25", "quote": "Developed by Honeybee Robotics, a Blue Origin company of Altadena, California, LPV is a pneumatic, compressed gas-powered sample acquisition and delivery system", "quote_confirmed_raw": true, "supports": [ "role", "related_mission_ids" ], "language": "en", "translation": "none" }, { "url": "https://www.nasa.gov/missions/artemis/clps/nasa-lander-to-test-vacuum-cleaner-on-moon-for-sample-collection/", "title": "NASA Lander to Test Vacuum Cleaner on Moon for Sample Collection", "publisher": "NASA", "source_class": "government_primary", "published": "2025-01-08", "accessed": "2026-09-25", "quote": "The technology on this CLPS payload could benefit the search for water, helium, and other resources", "quote_confirmed_raw": true, "supports": [ "resource_activity" ], "language": "en", "translation": "none" }, { "url": "https://www.nasa.gov/general/all-together-now-drill-joins-other-moon-rover-science-instruments/", "title": "All Together Now: Drill Joins Other Moon Rover Science Instruments", "publisher": "NASA", "source_class": "government_primary", "published": "2023-10-18", "accessed": "2026-09-25", "quote": "In the coming months, the team will integrate the drill into NASA's first robotic Moon rover, VIPER", "quote_confirmed_raw": true, "supports": [ "related_mission_ids", "resource_activity" ], "language": "en", "translation": "none" }, { "url": "https://fireflyspace.com/news/firefly-aerospace-selects-blue-origins-honeybee-robotics-to-provide-rover-for-lunar-mission-to-gruithuisen-domes/", "title": "Firefly Aerospace Selects Blue Origin's Honeybee Robotics to Provide Rover for Lunar Mission to Gruithuisen Domes", "publisher": "Firefly Aerospace", "source_class": "company_primary", "published": "2025-03-24", "accessed": "2026-09-25", "quote": "Firefly Aerospace and Honeybee Robotics, a Blue Origin company, today announced Honeybee was contracted", "quote_confirmed_raw": true, "supports": [ "status", "status_as_of" ], "language": "en", "translation": "none" }, { "url": "https://web.archive.org/web/20260610214646/https://www.blueorigin.com/news/honeybee-robotics-ships-phobos-mining-system-to-jaxa", "title": "Honeybee Robotics Ships Phobos Mining System to JAXA (Wayback Machine copy)", "publisher": "Blue Origin", "source_class": "company_primary", "published": "2023-02-28", "accessed": "2026-09-25", "quote": "Honeybee Robotics designed and fabricated a Pneumatic Sampler, or P-Sampler, that will capture surface material on Phobos.", "quote_confirmed_raw": true, "supports": [ "resource_activity" ], "language": "en", "translation": "none" }, { "url": "https://doi.org/10.1007/s44461-026-00012-z", "title": "Results of Lunar PlanetVac, a pneumatic regolith sampling system deployed to the moon on Blue Ghost Mission 1", "publisher": "Space and Planetary Resources (Springer Nature)", "source_class": "peer_reviewed", "published": "2026-09-15", "accessed": "2026-09-25", "quote": "Results of Lunar PlanetVac, a pneumatic regolith sampling system deployed to the moon on Blue Ghost Mission 1", "quote_confirmed_raw": false, "supports": [ "resource_activity" ], "language": "en", "translation": "none" } ], "confidence": "medium", "missing_evidence": [ "Closing date of the Blue Origin acquisition not confirmed by a primary source (announced 2022-01-24, expected to close mid-February 2022); terms undisclosed", "honeybeerobotics.com redirects (HTTP 307) to blueorigin.com as of 2026-09-25; no 2026 primary source found showing Honeybee still trading under its own name, so active_subsidiary vs absorbed needs review", "Peer-reviewed Lunar PlanetVac results paper (Space and Planetary Resources, 2026) is behind a bot wall; only its title was confirmed (via Crossref metadata)" ], "last_checked": "2026-09-25", "review_state": "verified", "history": [ { "field": "parent_id", "old": "Ensign-Bickford Industries (not in roster)", "new": "org-blue-origin", "changed_on": "2022", "reason": "source_update", "source_index": 0 } ], "review": { "author_model": "claude-opus-5-5", "reviewer_model": "claude-sonnet-5", "reviewer_run": "research/review/entities.json", "date": "2026-09-26", "sources_reopened": true, "edits_applied": 0 } }, { "stable_id": "org-icon-technology", "name": "ICON Technology, Inc.", "summary": "Austin, Texas construction-technology company developing the Olympus lunar construction system under a NASA SBIR Phase III contract; NASA describes Olympus as designed to use lunar and Martian regolith as building material.", "entity_type": "company", "parent_id": null, "aliases": [ "ICON", "ICON Build" ], "headquarters_country": "US", "founded_year": null, "role": [ "processing_isru" ], "target_bodies": [ "moon", "mars" ], "resources": [ { "resource": "regolith", "evidence_level": "claimed" } ], "status": "active", "status_as_of": "2026-04-14", "website": "https://www.iconbuild.com", "resource_activity": { "demonstrated": "Ground development and one suborbital experiment: NASA states ICON flew the Duneflow experiment on a Blue Origin suborbital rocket in February 2025 to characterize simulated lunar regolith under about two minutes of simulated lunar gravity. No lunar hardware has flown.", "claimed": "NASA and ICON describe the Olympus system as using lasers to melt regolith into ceramic-like structures for landing pads, habitats and roads on the Moon; NASA's 2022 contract runs through 2028." }, "status_basis": "ICON's newsroom lists 2026 items including the 2026-04-14 launch of ICON Prime, a government division covering space applications; the latest NASA primary source on Olympus is dated 2025-05-13.", "sources": [ { "url": "https://www.nasa.gov/centers-and-facilities/marshall/nasa-icon-advance-lunar-construction-technology-for-moon-missions/", "title": "NASA, ICON Advance Lunar Construction Technology for Moon Missions", "publisher": "NASA Marshall Space Flight Center", "source_class": "government_primary", "published": "2022-11-29", "accessed": "2026-09-25", "quote": "The new NASA SBIR Phase III award will support the development of ICON's Olympus construction system, which is designed to use local resources on the Moon and Mars as building materials. The contract runs through 2028 and has a value of $57.2 million.", "quote_confirmed_raw": true, "supports": [ "role", "resources", "amount", "date", "counterparty_id" ], "language": "en", "translation": "none" }, { "url": "https://www.nasa.gov/centers-and-facilities/marshall/nasa-icon-advance-lunar-construction-technology-for-moon-missions/", "title": "NASA, ICON Advance Lunar Construction Technology for Moon Missions", "publisher": "NASA Marshall Space Flight Center", "source_class": "government_primary", "published": "2022-11-29", "accessed": "2026-09-25", "quote": "NASA has awarded ICON, located in Austin, a contract to develop construction technologies that could help build infrastructure such as landing pads, habitats, and roads on the lunar surface.", "quote_confirmed_raw": true, "supports": [ "headquarters_country", "summary" ], "language": "en", "translation": "none" }, { "url": "https://www.nasa.gov/directorates/stmd/nasa-enables-construction-technology-for-moon-and-mars-exploration/", "title": "NASA Enables Construction Technology for Moon and Mars Exploration", "publisher": "NASA Space Technology Mission Directorate", "source_class": "government_primary", "published": "2025-05-13", "accessed": "2026-09-25", "quote": "The ICON company uses a robotic 3D printing technique called Laser Vitreous Multi-material Transformation, in which high-powered lasers melt local surface materials, or regolith, that then solidify to form strong, ceramic-like structures.", "quote_confirmed_raw": true, "supports": [ "resource_activity", "resources" ], "language": "en", "translation": "none" }, { "url": "https://www.iconbuild.com/newsroom", "title": "Newsroom", "publisher": "ICON Technology, Inc.", "source_class": "company_primary", "published": "2026-04-14", "accessed": "2026-09-25", "quote": "ICON Launches ICON Prime, a Dedicated Government Division focused on Military, Intelligence, and Space Applications to Accelerate Robotic Construction for National Security", "quote_confirmed_raw": true, "supports": [ "status", "status_as_of" ], "language": "en", "translation": "none" }, { "url": "https://www.iconbuild.com/newsroom", "title": "Newsroom", "publisher": "ICON Technology, Inc.", "source_class": "company_primary", "published": "2025-02-20", "accessed": "2026-09-25", "quote": "ICON's Project \"Duneflow\" Completes Successful Space Flight with Blue Origin", "quote_confirmed_raw": true, "supports": [ "resource_activity" ], "language": "en", "translation": "none" } ], "confidence": "medium", "missing_evidence": [ "2026 status of the Olympus lunar program specifically (ICON's 2026 newsroom items are terrestrial/military apart from the April 2026 ICON Prime division announcement that names space applications).", "Founding year from a primary source." ], "last_checked": "2026-09-25", "history": [], "review_state": "verified", "review": { "author_model": "claude-opus-5-5", "reviewer_model": "claude-sonnet-5", "reviewer_run": "research/review/entities.json", "date": "2026-09-26", "sources_reopened": true, "edits_applied": 0 } }, { "stable_id": "org-isro", "name": "Indian Space Research Organisation", "summary": "India's national space agency. Chandrayaan-1 (2008-2009) carried NASA's Moon Mineralogy Mapper, whose data showed hydroxyl/water signatures on the lunar surface; Chandrayaan-3 landed near 69.4 degrees S in 2023; ISRO is building the lander for the Chandrayaan-5/LUPEX water-prospecting mission with JAXA, which ISRO says received Indian government financial sanction on 10 March 2025.", "status_basis": "Operating national agency; ISRO pages accessed 2026-09-25.", "sources": [ { "url": "https://www.isro.gov.in/profile.html", "title": "ISRO Profile", "publisher": "Indian Space Research Organisation", "source_class": "government_primary", "published": null, "accessed": "2026-09-25", "quote": "ISRO was formed on August 15, 1969", "quote_confirmed_raw": true, "supports": [ "founded_year" ], "language": "en", "translation": "none" }, { "url": "https://www.isro.gov.in/Chandrayaan_1.html", "title": "Chandrayaan-1", "publisher": "Indian Space Research Organisation", "source_class": "government_primary", "published": null, "accessed": "2026-09-25", "quote": "Chandrayaan-1, India's first mission to Moon, was launched successfully on October 22, 2008 from SDSC SHAR, Sriharikota.", "quote_confirmed_raw": true, "supports": [ "launch_date", "phase" ], "language": "en", "translation": "none" }, { "url": "https://theprint.in/science/jaxa-isro-scientists-mission-interface-chandrayaan-5-partnership/3001095/", "title": "JAXA, ISRO scientists meet to finalise Chandrayaan-5 mission interface", "publisher": "ThePrint", "source_class": "reputable_press", "published": null, "accessed": "2026-09-25", "quote": "The approval for the Chandrayaan-5/LUPEX mission was received from the government of India on March 10, 2025, in the form of financial sanction", "quote_confirmed_raw": true, "supports": [ "phase", "history", "date" ], "language": "en", "translation": "none" } ], "confidence": "high", "missing_evidence": [ "ISRO's own release on the Chandrayaan-5/LUPEX approval not retrieved; approval date comes from an ISRO statement quoted by ThePrint." ], "last_checked": "2026-09-25", "history": [], "review_state": "verified", "entity_type": "government_agency", "parent_id": null, "aliases": [ "ISRO" ], "headquarters_country": "IN", "founded_year": 1969, "role": [ "prospecting" ], "target_bodies": [ "moon" ], "status": "active", "status_as_of": "2026-09-25", "website": "https://www.isro.gov.in", "review": { "author_model": "claude-opus-5-5", "reviewer_model": "claude-sonnet-5", "reviewer_run": "research/review/entities.json", "date": "2026-09-26", "sources_reopened": true, "edits_applied": 0 } }, { "stable_id": "org-interlune", "name": "Interlune", "summary": "Seattle company that states it will harvest helium-3 (and later other resources) from lunar regolith and return the helium-3 to Earth. As of September 2026 it has ground prototypes, customer purchase agreements, and NASA-funded lunar payloads in development, but has not flown hardware to the Moon.", "entity_type": "company", "parent_id": null, "aliases": [ "Interlune Corp", "Interlune Corporation" ], "headquarters_country": "US", "founded_year": 2020, "role": [ "prospecting", "extraction", "processing_isru" ], "target_bodies": [ "moon" ], "resources": [ { "resource": "helium_3", "evidence_level": "targeted" }, { "resource": "volatiles", "evidence_level": "targeted" }, { "resource": "regolith", "evidence_level": "targeted" }, { "resource": "water_ice", "evidence_level": "claimed" }, { "resource": "oxygen", "evidence_level": "claimed" }, { "resource": "rare_earths", "evidence_level": "claimed" }, { "resource": "metals_general", "evidence_level": "claimed" } ], "status": "active", "status_as_of": "2026-05-04", "website": "https://www.interlune.space", "resource_activity": { "demonstrated": "Earth-based work only. Company-stated: parabolic-flight tests of regolith sorting and extraction prototypes (2024-2025); a full-scale excavator prototype built with Vermeer and unveiled 2025-05-07 (tested 'with auxiliary components'); helium implanted into an ilmenite simulant and released at temperatures matching Apollo samples (announced 2026-08-26); and 'Cold Capture' cryogenic separation producing 99% pure helium-3 from terrestrial Grade A helium (announced 2026-07-20). No Interlune hardware has flown to the Moon and no lunar helium-3 has been extracted or delivered.", "claimed": "Interlune states it will estimate helium-3 abundance from surface imaging on Griffin-1 (METAL camera, late 2026), fly the NASA-funded Prospect Moon payload (ready for launch in 2028) to extract and measure solar-wind volatiles, then operate a lunar pilot plant and return helium-3 to Earth, with contracted deliveries starting 2028-2029 and industrial quantities in the 2030s, followed by metals, rare earth elements, water and oxygen." }, "status_basis": "NASA announced in May 2026 a $6.9 million Phase III SBIR contract to Interlune for lunar resource-prospecting technology development. This primary award announcement supports active development; it does not establish completion of a private financing round.", "sources": [ { "url": "https://www.interlune.space/press-release/space-resources-startup-interlune-raises-18-million-in-seed-capital", "title": "Space Resources Startup Interlune Raises $18 Million in Seed Capital", "publisher": "Interlune", "source_class": "company_primary", "published": "2024-03-13", "accessed": "2026-09-25", "quote": "Interlune will initially focus on extracting and transporting lunar Helium-3 back to Earth for use by commercial and government customers in national security, quantum computing, medical imaging, and fusion energy markets.", "quote_confirmed_raw": true, "supports": [ "summary", "resources", "role" ], "language": "en", "translation": "none" }, { "url": "https://www.interlune.space/press-release/space-resources-startup-interlune-raises-18-million-in-seed-capital", "title": "Space Resources Startup Interlune Raises $18 Million in Seed Capital", "publisher": "Interlune", "source_class": "company_primary", "published": "2024-03-13", "accessed": "2026-09-25", "quote": "Based in Seattle, Interlune was founded in 2020 by a team of highly experienced government and industry experts.", "quote_confirmed_raw": true, "supports": [ "headquarters_country", "founded_year" ], "language": "en", "translation": "none" }, { "url": "https://www.sec.gov/Archives/edgar/data/1942463/000194246326000002/xslFormDX01/primary_doc.xml", "title": "SEC Form D (Interlune Corp, filed 2026-09-15)", "publisher": "U.S. Securities and Exchange Commission (EDGAR)", "source_class": "court_or_filing", "published": "2026-09-15", "accessed": "2026-09-25", "quote": "Total Offering Amount $ 5,000,000 USD or Indefinite Total Amount Sold $ 5,000,000 USD", "quote_confirmed_raw": true, "supports": [ "status", "status_as_of" ], "language": "en", "translation": "none" }, { "url": "https://www.nasa.gov/technology/nasa-fosters-development-of-lunar-resource-seeking-technologies/", "title": "NASA Fosters Development of Lunar Resource-Seeking Technologies", "publisher": "NASA", "source_class": "government_primary", "published": "2026-05-04", "accessed": "2026-09-25", "quote": "To advance ISRU technologies, NASA has awarded a firm-fixed-price contract of $6.9 million over the next year and a half to Interlune of Seattle", "quote_confirmed_raw": true, "supports": [ "status", "related_mission_ids" ], "language": "en", "translation": "none" }, { "url": "https://www.interlune.space/press-release/space-resources-company-interlune-unveils-full-scale-prototype-of-excavator-for-harvesting-helium-3-from-the-moon", "title": "Space Resources Company Interlune Unveils Full-Scale Prototype of Excavator for Harvesting Helium-3 from the Moon", "publisher": "Interlune", "source_class": "company_primary", "published": "2025-05-07", "accessed": "2026-09-25", "quote": "unveiled the full-scale prototype of the Interlune excavator, a machine designed to ingest 100 metric tons of Moon dirt, or regolith, per hour and return it to the surface in a continuous motion", "quote_confirmed_raw": true, "supports": [ "resource_activity" ], "language": "en", "translation": "none" }, { "url": "https://www.interlune.space/press-release/interlune-produces-pure-helium-3-from-domestic-helium-using-novel-cryogenic-technology", "title": "Interlune Produces Pure Helium-3 from Domestic Helium Using Novel Cryogenic Technology", "publisher": "Interlune", "source_class": "company_primary", "published": "2026-07-20", "accessed": "2026-09-25", "quote": "its Cold Capture technology has demonstrated production of 99% pure helium-3 from Grade A helium", "quote_confirmed_raw": true, "supports": [ "resource_activity" ], "language": "en", "translation": "none" }, { "url": "https://www.interlune.space/press-release/interlune-implants-helium-into-simulated-moon-dirt-advancing-the-ability-to-test-moon-bound-hardware-on-earth", "title": "Interlune Implants Helium into Simulated Moon Dirt, Advancing the Ability to Test Moon-Bound Hardware on Earth", "publisher": "Interlune", "source_class": "company_primary", "published": "2026-08-26", "accessed": "2026-09-25", "quote": "it has successfully implanted and then extracted helium-4 in simulated Moon dirt with the same results as actual samples collected during the Apollo missions", "quote_confirmed_raw": true, "supports": [ "resource_activity" ], "language": "en", "translation": "none" }, { "url": "https://www.interlune.space/press-release/interlune-to-fly-multispectral-camera-on-astrolab-flip-rover-to-measure-helium-3-on-the-moon", "title": "Interlune to Fly Multispectral Camera on Astrolab FLIP Rover to Measure Helium-3 on the Moon", "publisher": "Interlune", "source_class": "company_primary", "published": "2025-08-05", "accessed": "2026-09-25", "quote": "Interlune plans to demonstrate its harvesting technology on the Moon in several demonstration missions before returning industrial quantities of lunar helium-3 to Earth for commercial and government customers in the 2030s.", "quote_confirmed_raw": true, "supports": [ "resource_activity", "resources" ], "language": "en", "translation": "none" }, { "url": "https://www.interlune.space/natural-resources", "title": "Natural Resources from the Moon", "publisher": "Interlune", "source_class": "company_primary", "published": null, "accessed": "2026-09-25", "quote": "More than $500 million in binding purchase orders for tens of thousands of liters of helium-3 annually, with delivery from 2028 to 2037.", "quote_confirmed_raw": true, "supports": [ "resource_activity" ], "language": "en", "translation": "none" } ], "confidence": "high", "missing_evidence": [ "No Department of Energy publication of the helium-3 purchase agreement was found; it is company-announced only", "Maybell Quantum's own announcement was not checked raw; the Maybell agreement rests on Interlune's release", "Company purchase-order totals ('nearly $500 million' in May/July 2026 releases; 'more than $500 million' on its website) are not independently verified", "No lander or launch vehicle has been named for Prospect Moon", "The September 2026 Form D and reported $5 million SAFE sale were not independently retrievable in the Astra review. The filing claim is not used here as a confirmed financing fact; active status instead rests on NASA's May 2026 award announcement." ], "last_checked": "2026-09-26", "review_state": "verified", "history": [], "review": { "author_model": "claude-opus-5-5", "reviewer_model": "gpt-6-astra", "reviewer_run": "research/review/astra-hard-area-corrections-20260926.json", "date": "2026-09-26", "sources_reopened": [ 3 ], "edits_applied": 3, "base_record_sha256": "4567a589340d188699f3289b3495cfb249ab0e295681f0c44629117d8126ca07" } }, { "stable_id": "org-intuitive-machines", "name": "Intuitive Machines", "summary": "Houston lunar lander company (Nasdaq: LUNR) whose IM-2 lander Athena carried NASA's PRIME-1 ice-drill and mass-spectrometer suite, Lunar Outpost's MAPP rover and IM's own Grace hopper to the south polar region in March 2025; the lander came to rest on its side and the mission ended the next day. NASA awarded it a further $180.4 million CLPS delivery in March 2026 that includes volatile-measuring instruments, targeted for 2030.", "entity_type": "company", "parent_id": null, "aliases": [ "Intuitive Machines, Inc.", "LUNR" ], "headquarters_country": "US", "founded_year": null, "role": [ "lander_transport" ], "target_bodies": [ "moon" ], "resources": [ { "resource": "water_ice", "evidence_level": "targeted" }, { "resource": "volatiles", "evidence_level": "targeted" } ], "status": "active", "status_as_of": "2026-05-26", "status_basis": "NASA award of 2026-03-27 ($180.4 million CLPS delivery) and NASA's 2026-05-26 Moon Base update naming IM's Nova-C 'Trinity' lander for Moon Base III.", "website": "https://www.intuitivemachines.com", "resource_activity": { "demonstrated": "Delivered IM-2 (launched 2025-02-26) to the Mons Mouton region; per IM, the lander landed inside a crater on its side, some payload milestones including NASA's PRIME-1 suite were accelerated before the batteries depleted, and the mission ended 2025-03-07. NASA states the drill demonstrated its range of motion but the lander's orientation prevented full drill operation; MSOLO detected gases likely from the lander's own propulsion. IM's Grace hopper (carrying DLR's LRAD radiometer, meant to demonstrate water-ice detection methods in a shadowed crater) did not complete its hops. No lunar resource was sampled or measured in situ.", "claimed": "IM will deliver a NASA CLPS payload suite to the south polar region targeted for 2030 that includes MSolo, which NASA says measures volatiles 'which can be used as resources', and NIRVSS (ice detection)." }, "sources": [ { "url": "https://www.manilatimes.net/2025/03/07/tmt-newswire/globenewswire/intuitive-machines-executes-southernmost-lunar-landing-and-operates-payloads/2069351", "title": "Intuitive Machines Executes Southernmost Lunar Landing and Operates Payloads (verbatim GlobeNewswire syndication of the company release)", "publisher": "Intuitive Machines via GlobeNewswire (syndicated by The Manila Times)", "source_class": "company_primary", "published": "2025-03-07", "accessed": "2026-09-25", "quote": "Images downlinked from Athena on the lunar surface confirmed that Athena was on her side.", "quote_confirmed_raw": true, "supports": [ "resource_activity.demonstrated" ], "language": "en", "translation": "none" }, { "url": "https://investors.intuitivemachines.com/news-releases/news-release-details/intuitive-machines-executes-southernmost-lunar-landing-and", "title": "Intuitive Machines Executes Southernmost Lunar Landing and Operates Payloads (investor-relations original; returned HTTP 403 to raw fetch)", "publisher": "Intuitive Machines", "source_class": "company_primary", "published": "2025-03-07", "accessed": "2026-09-25", "quote": "Images downlinked from Athena on the lunar surface confirmed that Athena was on her side.", "quote_confirmed_raw": false, "supports": [ "resource_activity.demonstrated" ], "language": "en", "translation": "none" }, { "url": "https://www.nasa.gov/news-release/nasa-receives-some-data-before-intuitive-machines-ends-lunar-mission/", "title": "NASA Receives Some Data Before Intuitive Machines Ends Lunar Mission (release 25-025)", "publisher": "NASA", "source_class": "government_primary", "published": "2025-03-07", "accessed": "2026-09-25", "quote": "Intuitive Machines said images collected later confirmed the lander was on its side, preventing it from fully operating the drill and other instruments before its batteries were depleted.", "quote_confirmed_raw": true, "supports": [ "resource_activity.demonstrated" ], "language": "en", "translation": "none" }, { "url": "https://www.dlr.de/en/latest/news/2025/new-lunar-mission-to-demonstrate-search-for-water-ice-at-moon-s-south-pole", "title": "New lunar mission to demonstrate search for water ice at Moon's south pole", "publisher": "German Aerospace Center (DLR)", "source_class": "government_primary", "published": "2025-02-26", "accessed": "2026-09-25", "quote": "It will also demonstrate methods for detecting water ice deposits in other regions.", "quote_confirmed_raw": true, "supports": [ "resource_activity.demonstrated" ], "language": "en", "translation": "none" }, { "url": "https://www.nasa.gov/missions/artemis/clps/nasa-selects-intuitive-machines-to-deliver-artemis-science-tech-to-moon/", "title": "NASA Selects Intuitive Machines to Deliver Artemis Science, Tech to Moon", "publisher": "NASA", "source_class": "government_primary", "published": "2026-03-27", "accessed": "2026-09-25", "quote": "MSolo measures low molecular weight volatiles, which can be used as resources on the lunar surface.", "quote_confirmed_raw": true, "supports": [ "resource_activity.claimed", "resources" ], "language": "en", "translation": "none" }, { "url": "https://www.nasa.gov/missions/artemis/clps/nasa-selects-intuitive-machines-to-deliver-artemis-science-tech-to-moon/", "title": "NASA Selects Intuitive Machines to Deliver Artemis Science, Tech to Moon", "publisher": "NASA", "source_class": "government_primary", "published": "2026-03-27", "accessed": "2026-09-25", "quote": "NASA has awarded Intuitive Machines of Houston, $180.4 million to deliver NASA-funded science and technology to the lunar surface", "quote_confirmed_raw": true, "supports": [ "status", "headquarters_country" ], "language": "en", "translation": "none" }, { "url": "https://www.nasa.gov/news-release/nasa-provides-update-on-moon-base-rovers-landers-missions/", "title": "NASA Provides Update on Moon Base Rovers, Landers, Missions (release 26-046)", "publisher": "NASA", "source_class": "government_primary", "published": "2026-05-26", "accessed": "2026-09-25", "quote": "Its anchor investigation, Lunar Vertex, will fly on Intuitive Machines' Nova-C Trinity lunar lander", "quote_confirmed_raw": true, "supports": [ "status" ], "language": "en", "translation": "none" } ], "confidence": "high", "missing_evidence": [ "Founding year not raw-confirmed (IM website is a JavaScript app; investor site and SEC EDGAR refused raw fetches).", "IM investor-relations originals return HTTP 403 to raw fetch; IM statements confirmed via verbatim newswire syndication.", "No funding/IPO event recorded: the 2023 SPAC listing was not confirmed against a fetchable filing." ], "history": [], "last_checked": "2026-09-25", "review_state": "verified", "review": { "author_model": "claude-opus-5-5", "reviewer_model": "claude-sonnet-5", "reviewer_run": "research/review/entities.json", "date": "2026-09-26", "sources_reopened": true, "edits_applied": 0 } }, { "stable_id": "org-ispace-europe", "name": "ispace EUROPE S.A.", "summary": "Luxembourg subsidiary of ispace, inc. that built the Tenacious micro-rover, lost with the Mission 2 lander in June 2025 before deployment, and is mission prime for ESA's MAGPIE lunar south-pole water-ice prospecting rover, planned to launch in 2029. It holds a December 2020 NASA regolith-purchase contract under which no regolith has been collected.", "entity_type": "company", "parent_id": "org-ispace", "aliases": [ "ispace Europe", "ispace-EUROPE", "ispace EU" ], "headquarters_country": "LU", "founded_year": 2017, "role": [ "rover_mobility", "prospecting" ], "target_bodies": [ "moon" ], "resources": [ { "resource": "regolith", "evidence_level": "targeted" }, { "resource": "water_ice", "evidence_level": "targeted" }, { "resource": "volatiles", "evidence_level": "targeted" }, { "resource": "helium_3", "evidence_level": "targeted" } ], "status": "active_subsidiary", "status_as_of": "2026-09-02", "status_basis": "ispace-EUROPE and ESA marked the signing of the MAGPIE Phase 2 contract on 2026-09-01 (release dated 2026-09-02); ispace, inc. describes it as its Luxembourg-based European entity.", "website": "https://ispace-inc.com", "resource_activity": { "demonstrated": "Built the ~5 kg Tenacious micro-rover with an Epiroc-developed regolith shovel and obtained a mission authorization for it under Luxembourg's 2017 space resources law (which ispace-EUROPE describes as the first granted in Europe); the rover was stowed on the Mission 2 lander, which hard-landed on 2025-06-05 UTC, so it never collected regolith. NASA recorded interim milestones on its regolith contract in 2022. Completed MAGPIE Mission Definition Review (Sept 2025) and received the EUR 65 million ESA Phase 2 contract (July 2026).", "claimed": "ispace-EUROPE states MAGPIE will prospect for water ice and volatiles near the lunar south pole (launch planned 2029 on ispace Mission 4), and that it will integrate Magna Petra's NASA-built MSOLO mass spectrometer on a micro-rover for helium-3 reconnaissance under a USD 22 million payload agreement (October 2025)." }, "sources": [ { "url": "https://www.ispace-inc.com/2022/05/02/ispace-marks-five-year-anniversary-of-european-office/", "title": "ispace Marks Five Year Anniversary of European Office", "publisher": "ispace, inc.", "source_class": "company_primary", "published": "2022-05-02", "accessed": "2026-09-25", "quote": "ispace EU opened in March 2017, under a cooperative agreement with the Government of Luxembourg's SpaceResources.lu initiative to support the commercialization of space resource development.", "quote_confirmed_raw": true, "supports": [ "founded_year", "parent_id", "headquarters_country" ], "language": "en", "translation": "none" }, { "url": "https://www.ispace-inc.com/2025/01/08/ispace-europe-secures-first-ever-mission-authorization-under-luxembourgs-space-resources-law/", "title": "ispace-EUROPE Secures First-Ever Mission Authorization Under Luxembourg's Space Resources Law", "publisher": "ispace EUROPE S.A.", "source_class": "company_primary", "published": "2025-01-08", "accessed": "2026-09-25", "quote": "has obtained a mission authorization under the 2017 Luxembourg Space Resources Law to operate the TENACIOUS Micro Rover during the upcoming ispace, inc. (ispace), Mission 2.", "quote_confirmed_raw": true, "supports": [ "resource_activity" ], "language": "en", "translation": "none" }, { "url": "https://www.ispace-inc.com/2025/01/08/ispace-europe-secures-first-ever-mission-authorization-under-luxembourgs-space-resources-law/", "title": "ispace-EUROPE Secures First-Ever Mission Authorization Under Luxembourg's Space Resources Law", "publisher": "ispace EUROPE S.A.", "source_class": "company_primary", "published": "2025-01-08", "accessed": "2026-09-25", "quote": "The TENACIOUS Micro Rover, designed for lunar exploration and resource utilization, will execute key operations, including the collection and transfer of ownership of lunar regolith for ispace-EUROPE to execute a 2020 regolith contract signed with NASA.", "quote_confirmed_raw": true, "supports": [ "resources", "resource_activity" ], "language": "en", "translation": "none" }, { "url": "https://www.nasa.gov/news-release/nasa-selects-companies-to-collect-lunar-resources-for-artemis-demonstrations/", "title": "NASA Selects Companies to Collect Lunar Resources for Artemis Demonstrations (Release 20-118)", "publisher": "NASA", "source_class": "government_primary", "published": "2020-12-03", "accessed": "2026-09-25", "quote": "ispace Europe proposed collection for $5,000 following arrival in 2023 of a lander to the lunar South Pole.", "quote_confirmed_raw": true, "supports": [ "resources" ], "language": "en", "translation": "none" }, { "url": "https://www.ispace-inc.com/2022/09/22/ispace-receives-interim-payment-on-lunar-regolith-transfer-contract-from-nasa/", "title": "ispace Receives Interim Payment on Lunar Regolith Transfer Contract from NASA", "publisher": "ispace, inc.", "source_class": "company_primary", "published": "2022-09-22", "accessed": "2026-09-25", "quote": "ispace EUROPE S.A. (ispace EU) met its interim milestones on its contract to acquire regolith from the lunar surface to sell to the space agency", "quote_confirmed_raw": true, "supports": [ "resource_activity" ], "language": "en", "translation": "official" }, { "url": "https://www.ispace-inc.com/2025/01/08/ispace-europe-secures-first-ever-mission-authorization-under-luxembourgs-space-resources-law/", "title": "ispace-EUROPE Secures First-Ever Mission Authorization Under Luxembourg's Space Resources Law", "publisher": "ispace EUROPE S.A.", "source_class": "company_primary", "published": "2025-01-08", "accessed": "2026-09-25", "quote": "The TENACIOUS micro rover is 26 cm tall, 31.5 cm wide, 54 cm long, and weighs approximately 5 kg.", "quote_confirmed_raw": true, "supports": [ "resource_activity" ], "language": "en", "translation": "none" }, { "url": "https://www.ispace-inc.com/2026/07/24/esa-awards-ispace-europe-contract-for-execution-of-magpie-esas-first-lunar-rover/", "title": "ESA Awards ispace-EUROPE Contract for Execution of MAGPIE, ESA's First Lunar Rover", "publisher": "ispace EUROPE S.A.", "source_class": "company_primary", "published": "2026-07-24", "accessed": "2026-09-25", "quote": "ESA has agreed to funding the development and flight of MAGPIE, Europe's first lunar polar ice exploration rover, led by ispace-EUROPE", "quote_confirmed_raw": true, "supports": [ "status", "role", "resources" ], "language": "en", "translation": "none" }, { "url": "https://www.ispace-inc.com/2026/09/02/esa-and-ispace-europe-mark-official-signing-of-europes-first-lunar-polar-ice-exploration-rover-mission/", "title": "ESA and ispace-EUROPE Mark Official Signing of Europe's First Lunar Polar Ice Exploration Rover Mission", "publisher": "ispace EUROPE S.A.", "source_class": "company_primary", "published": "2026-09-02", "accessed": "2026-09-25", "quote": "It follows ESA's July 2026 award of the €65 million Phase 2 contract to ispace-EUROPE.", "quote_confirmed_raw": true, "supports": [ "status", "status_as_of" ], "language": "en", "translation": "none" }, { "url": "https://www.ispace-inc.com/2025/09/10/ispace-europe-completes-mission-definition-review-for-esa-backed-magpie-mission-advancing-europes-first-lunar-polar-resource-prospecting-rover/", "title": "ispace-EUROPE Completes Mission Definition Review for ESA-backed MAGPIE mission", "publisher": "ispace EUROPE S.A.", "source_class": "company_primary", "published": "2025-09-10", "accessed": "2026-09-25", "quote": "The mission will travel to the Moon's south polar region to investigate the presence of water ice, map the distribution of hydrogen, and study the geological history of this unique environment.", "quote_confirmed_raw": true, "supports": [ "resources", "resource_activity" ], "language": "en", "translation": "none" }, { "url": "https://www.ispace-inc.com/2025/10/06/ispace-and-magna-petra-corp-sign-payload-service-agreement-to-deliver-nasas-msolo-instrument-to-the-moon/", "title": "ispace and Magna Petra Corp. sign Payload Service Agreement to deliver NASA's MSOLO instrument to the Moon", "publisher": "ispace EUROPE S.A.", "source_class": "company_primary", "published": "2025-10-06", "accessed": "2026-09-25", "quote": "ispace-EUROPE will integrate a NASA-developed Mass Spectrometer Observing Lunar Operations (MSOLO) instrument into its upcoming Mission 3 lunar micro-rover platform as part of Magna Petra's Helium Availability of Lunar Origin (HALO) reconnaissance mission.", "quote_confirmed_raw": true, "supports": [ "resources", "resource_activity" ], "language": "en", "translation": "none" } ], "confidence": "high", "missing_evidence": [ "Founding year taken from ispace's statement that the European office opened in March 2017; Luxembourg company-register (RCS) record not retrieved.", "Current mission assignment of the Magna Petra MSOLO micro-rover after ispace's March 2026 mission renumbering and the July 2026 end of CLPS CP-12 is not stated in any source found." ], "history": [], "last_checked": "2026-09-25", "review_state": "verified", "review": { "author_model": "claude-opus-5-5", "reviewer_model": "claude-sonnet-5", "reviewer_run": "research/review/entities.json", "date": "2026-09-26", "sources_reopened": false, "edits_applied": 0 } }, { "stable_id": "org-ispace-us", "name": "ispace technologies U.S., inc.", "summary": "Colorado-based U.S. subsidiary of ispace, inc. that was developing the APEX 1.0 lander as a Draper subcontractor for NASA CLPS task order CP-12; NASA and Draper ended CP-12 effective 2026-07-09, and APEX 1.0 has been merged into ispace's ULTRA lander. Its resource link is that the October 2025 Magna Petra agreement placed the helium-3 reconnaissance micro-rover on its APEX 1.0 lander.", "entity_type": "company", "parent_id": "org-ispace", "aliases": [ "ispace-U.S.", "ispace U.S.", "ispace technologies U.S." ], "headquarters_country": "US", "founded_year": null, "role": [ "lander_transport" ], "target_bodies": [ "moon" ], "resources": [], "status": "active_subsidiary", "status_as_of": "2026-09-17", "status_basis": "On 2026-09-17 ispace-U.S. announced a definitive agreement with Argo Space to deliver its Alpine relay satellite to lunar orbit (Mission 2.5, as early as 2027); its July 2026 release says it plans to bid for NASA's CLPS 2.0.", "website": "https://ispace-inc.com", "resource_activity": { "demonstrated": "Has not flown a lander. Its APEX 1.0 lander (engine changed twice) was folded into the ULTRA design in March 2026; the CLPS CP-12 prime contract held by Draper was mutually ended with NASA on 2026-07-09 (U.S. Mountain Time), and ispace expects the Draper subcontract to terminate.", "claimed": "ispace-U.S. states it will provide lunar transportation for the U.S. market and will propose to NASA's CLPS 2.0; per the October 2025 Magna Petra release, ispace-EUROPE's MSOLO-carrying micro-rover was to fly on its APEX 1.0 lander." }, "sources": [ { "url": "https://www.ispace-inc.com/2023/09/28/ispace-u-s-announces-new-u-s-headquarters-unveils-apex-1-0-lunar-lander-provides-updates-on-mission-3/", "title": "ispace - U.S. Announces new U.S. Headquarters, Unveils APEX 1.0 Lunar Lander, Provides Updates on Mission 3", "publisher": "ispace technologies U.S., inc.", "source_class": "company_primary", "published": "2023-09-28", "accessed": "2026-09-25", "quote": "ispace technologies U.S. (ispace - U.S.), an American lunar exploration company providing Earth-to-Moon transportation and infrastructure capabilities, today announced its new U.S. headquarters in Denver, Colorado", "quote_confirmed_raw": true, "supports": [ "headquarters_country", "entity_type" ], "language": "en", "translation": "none" }, { "url": "https://www.ispace-inc.com/2026/09/17/argo-space-and-ispace-u-s-head-to-the-moon-with-finalized-contract-for-lunar-satellite-delivery-mission-2-5/", "title": "Argo Space and ispace-U.S. Head to the Moon with Finalized Contract for Lunar Satellite Delivery \"Mission 2.5\"", "publisher": "ispace technologies U.S., inc.", "source_class": "company_primary", "published": "2026-09-17", "accessed": "2026-09-25", "quote": "Argo will deliver ispace's Lunar Connect communication relay satellite to lunar orbit.", "quote_confirmed_raw": true, "supports": [ "status", "status_as_of" ], "language": "en", "translation": "none" }, { "url": "https://www.ispace-inc.com/2026/09/17/argo-space-and-ispace-u-s-head-to-the-moon-with-finalized-contract-for-lunar-satellite-delivery-mission-2-5/", "title": "Argo Space and ispace-U.S. Head to the Moon with Finalized Contract for Lunar Satellite Delivery \"Mission 2.5\"", "publisher": "ispace technologies U.S., inc.", "source_class": "company_primary", "published": "2026-09-17", "accessed": "2026-09-25", "quote": "clears the way for the mission, ispace Mission 2.5, to launch as early as 2027.", "quote_confirmed_raw": true, "supports": [ "status" ], "language": "en", "translation": "none" }, { "url": "https://www.ispace-inc.com/2026/07/15/ispace-u-s-update-on-contract-with-draper/", "title": "ispace-U.S. Update on Contract with Draper", "publisher": "ispace technologies U.S., inc.", "source_class": "company_primary", "published": "2026-07-15", "accessed": "2026-09-25", "quote": "Draper has mutually agreed with NASA to end the Commercial Lunar Payload Services (CLPS) task order CP-12.", "quote_confirmed_raw": true, "supports": [ "resource_activity" ], "language": "en", "translation": "none" }, { "url": "https://finance-frontend-pc-dist.west.edge.storage-yahoo.jp/disclosure/20260715/20260713592593.pdf", "title": "Notice Regarding NASA's CP-12 Contract Between ispace-U.S. and Draper (TSE timely disclosure, English version, hosted by Yahoo! Finance Japan)", "publisher": "ispace, inc.", "source_class": "court_or_filing", "published": "2026-07-15", "accessed": "2026-09-25", "quote": "On July 9, 2026 (U.S. Mountain Time), the mutual end of the contract related to CLPS* Task Order CP-12 entered into between the National Aeronautics and Space Administration (\"NASA\") and The Charles Stark Draper Laboratory, Inc. (\"Draper\") was effectuated.", "quote_confirmed_raw": true, "supports": [ "resource_activity", "status_basis" ], "language": "en", "translation": "official" }, { "url": "https://www.ispace-inc.com/2026/07/15/ispace-u-s-update-on-contract-with-draper/", "title": "ispace-U.S. Update on Contract with Draper", "publisher": "ispace technologies U.S., inc.", "source_class": "company_primary", "published": "2026-07-15", "accessed": "2026-09-25", "quote": "ispace-U.S. plans to collaborate with NASA and propose to the CLPS 2.0 requirements", "quote_confirmed_raw": true, "supports": [ "resource_activity" ], "language": "en", "translation": "none" }, { "url": "https://www.ispace-inc.com/2026/03/27/ispace-announces-new-ultra-lunar-lander-integrating-japanese-and-u-s-lander-models/", "title": "ispace Announces New \"ULTRA\" Lunar Lander Integrating Japanese and U.S. Lander Models", "publisher": "ispace, inc.", "source_class": "company_primary", "published": "2026-03-27", "accessed": "2026-09-25", "quote": "The ULTRA lunar lander, which will include a new engine-a change from the previous vendor-will be used in each of ispace's next missions, resulting in a mission shift and schedule update for ispace-U.S.'s first mission, now expected in 2030.", "quote_confirmed_raw": true, "supports": [ "resource_activity" ], "language": "en", "translation": "official" }, { "url": "https://www.ispace-inc.com/2025/10/06/ispace-and-magna-petra-corp-sign-payload-service-agreement-to-deliver-nasas-msolo-instrument-to-the-moon/", "title": "ispace and Magna Petra Corp. sign Payload Service Agreement to deliver NASA's MSOLO instrument to the Moon", "publisher": "ispace EUROPE S.A.", "source_class": "company_primary", "published": "2025-10-06", "accessed": "2026-09-25", "quote": "The Mission 3 rover will fly on ispace technologies U.S.' (ispace-U.S.) APEX 1.0. lunar lander", "quote_confirmed_raw": true, "supports": [ "resource_activity" ], "language": "en", "translation": "none" } ], "confidence": "high", "missing_evidence": [ "Founding/incorporation year of ispace technologies U.S., inc. not found in a primary source.", "No confirmation that the Draper subcontract termination has been finalized (TSE notice of 2026-07-15 says a further announcement will follow)." ], "history": [], "last_checked": "2026-09-25", "review_state": "verified", "review": { "author_model": "claude-opus-5-5", "reviewer_model": "claude-sonnet-5", "reviewer_run": "research/review/entities.json", "date": "2026-09-26", "sources_reopened": false, "edits_applied": 0 } }, { "stable_id": "org-ispace", "name": "ispace, inc.", "summary": "Tokyo-based lunar lander company listed on the Tokyo Stock Exchange Growth Market (code 9348) whose two landing attempts (April 2023 and June 2025) both ended with the lander lost before a soft touchdown. It held a December 2020 NASA contract to collect lunar regolith and transfer ownership in place; because neither lander landed, no regolith was collected or transferred.", "entity_type": "company", "parent_id": null, "aliases": [ "ispace", "ispace Japan", "White Label Space Japan (predecessor name)" ], "headquarters_country": "JP", "founded_year": 2010, "role": [ "lander_transport", "rover_mobility" ], "target_bodies": [ "moon" ], "resources": [ { "resource": "regolith", "evidence_level": "targeted" }, { "resource": "water_ice", "evidence_level": "claimed" } ], "status": "active", "status_as_of": "2026-09-09", "status_basis": "Company releases dated 2026-08-07 (Q1 results, TSE-listed) and 2026-09-09 (new bank loan) describe continuing development of ULTRA-lander Missions 3 (2028) and 4 (2029).", "website": "https://ispace-inc.com", "resource_activity": { "demonstrated": "Launched two landers (2022-12-11 and 2025-01-15) that reached lunar orbit; both were lost during landing, so no lunar regolith was collected and no ownership transfer to NASA took place. Mission 2 carried a Takasago Thermal Engineering water-electrolysis payload filled with ultra-pure water supplied from Earth by Kurita; it could not operate on the surface because the lander was lost.", "claimed": "ispace states it will build a lunar economy around lunar water resources; it has signed a feasibility MoU with Takasago on thermal mining for lunar water extraction (May 2025), a lunar water-resource partnership with Kurita (Dec 2025), and a sample-return MoU with ElevationSpace (Sept 2025), and its Mission 4 (planned 2029) is to carry ESA's MAGPIE water-ice prospecting rover." }, "sources": [ { "url": "https://www.ispace-inc.com/history/", "title": "Our history (timeline)", "publisher": "ispace, inc.", "source_class": "company_primary", "published": null, "accessed": "2026-09-25", "quote": "White Label Space Japan, the predecessor to ispace, is founded by Takeshi Hakamada to participate in the Google Lunar XPRIZE.", "quote_confirmed_raw": true, "supports": [ "founded_year", "aliases" ], "language": "en", "translation": "official" }, { "url": "https://www.ispace-inc.com/2023/04/12/ispace-listed-on-the-tokyo-stock-exchange-growth-market/", "title": "ispace listed on the Tokyo Stock Exchange Growth Market", "publisher": "ispace, inc.", "source_class": "company_primary", "published": "2023-04-12", "accessed": "2026-09-25", "quote": "ispace has been listed on the Tokyo Stock Exchange Growth Market today, April 12, 2023.", "quote_confirmed_raw": true, "supports": [ "status", "entity_type" ], "language": "en", "translation": "official" }, { "url": "https://www.ispace-inc.com/2026/08/07/ispace-announces-q1-financial-results-for-the-fiscal-year-ending-march-2027/", "title": "ispace Announces Q1 Financial Results for the Fiscal Year Ending March 2027", "publisher": "ispace, inc.", "source_class": "company_primary", "published": "2026-08-07", "accessed": "2026-09-25", "quote": "ispace is actively pursuing new contracts for Mission 5 in 2029, in addition to steady development of Mission 2.5, scheduled to deploy a lunar satellite, and lunar landing missions in Mission 3 and Mission 4, scheduled for 2028 and 2029, respectively.", "quote_confirmed_raw": true, "supports": [ "status", "status_as_of" ], "language": "en", "translation": "official" }, { "url": "https://www.ispace-inc.com/2026/09/09/ispace-secures-approximately-19-million-in-bank-financing-from-shizuoka-bank/", "title": "ispace Secures Approximately $19 Million in Bank Financing from Shizuoka Bank", "publisher": "ispace, inc.", "source_class": "company_primary", "published": "2026-09-09", "accessed": "2026-09-25", "quote": "a resolution has been made by its Board of Directors to secure approximately $19 Million USD (¥3 Billion JPY) in new financing as part of a loan agreement with Shizuoka Bank.", "quote_confirmed_raw": true, "supports": [ "status", "status_as_of" ], "language": "en", "translation": "official" }, { "url": "https://www.ispace-inc.com/2020/12/04/ispace-awarded-two-contracts-by-nasa-for-worlds-first-commercial-transaction-of-lunar-resources/", "title": "ispace Awarded Two Contracts by NASA for World's First Commercial Transaction of Lunar Resources", "publisher": "ispace, inc.", "source_class": "company_primary", "published": "2020-12-04", "accessed": "2026-09-25", "quote": "The first contract, awarded to ispace, inc. (the company's headquarters in Tokyo, Japan), will collect regolith with its lander during its first mission (M1) planned in 2022", "quote_confirmed_raw": true, "supports": [ "resources", "resource_activity" ], "language": "en", "translation": "official" }, { "url": "https://www.ispace-inc.com/2023/05/26/ispace-announces-results-of-the-hakuto-r-mission-1-lunar-landing/", "title": "ispace Announces Results of the \"HAKUTO-R\" Mission 1 Lunar Landing", "publisher": "ispace, inc.", "source_class": "company_primary", "published": "2023-05-26", "accessed": "2026-09-25", "quote": "After reaching the scheduled landing time, the lander continued to descend at a low speed until the propulsion system ran out of fuel. At that time, the controlled descent of the lander ceased, and it is believed to have free-fallen to the Moon's surface.", "quote_confirmed_raw": true, "supports": [ "resource_activity" ], "language": "en", "translation": "official" }, { "url": "https://www.ispace-inc.com/2025/06/06/status-update-on-ispace-mission-2-smbc-x-hakuto-r-venture-moon/", "title": "Status Update on ispace Mission 2 SMBC x HAKUTO-R Venture Moon", "publisher": "ispace, inc.", "source_class": "company_primary", "published": "2025-06-06", "accessed": "2026-09-25", "quote": "As of 8:00 a.m. on June 6, 2025, mission controllers have determined that it is unlikely that communication with the lander will be restored and therefore completing Success 9, is not achievable. It has been decided to conclude the mission.", "quote_confirmed_raw": true, "supports": [ "resource_activity" ], "language": "en", "translation": "official" }, { "url": "https://www.ispace-inc.com/2025/05/09/ispace-and-takasago-thermal-engineering-co-ltd-agree-to-explore-thermal-mining-technology-for-water-extraction-on-the-moon/", "title": "ispace and Takasago Thermal Engineering Co., Ltd. Agree to Explore Thermal Mining Technology for Water Extraction on the Moon", "publisher": "ispace, inc.", "source_class": "company_primary", "published": "2025-05-09", "accessed": "2026-09-25", "quote": "On ispace's Mission 2, \"SMBC x HAKUTO-R VENTURE MOON\" Takasago developed the main payload, water electrolysis equipment, to attempt to split water into molecules on the Moon.", "quote_confirmed_raw": true, "supports": [ "resource_activity" ], "language": "en", "translation": "official" }, { "url": "https://www.ispace-inc.com/2025/10/06/ispace-announces-third-party-allotment-of-new-shares-to-kurita-water-industries/", "title": "ispace Announces Third-Party Allotment of New Shares to Kurita Water Industries", "publisher": "ispace, inc.", "source_class": "company_primary", "published": "2025-10-06", "accessed": "2026-09-25", "quote": "Kurita Water Industries provided ultra-pure water used in the water electrolysis device developed by Takasago Thermal Engineering Co., Ltd. that flew as a payload on ispace's Mission 2.", "quote_confirmed_raw": true, "supports": [ "resource_activity" ], "language": "en", "translation": "official" }, { "url": "https://www.ispace-inc.com/mission-2/", "title": "Mission 2 (mission page)", "publisher": "ispace, inc.", "source_class": "company_primary", "published": null, "accessed": "2026-09-25", "quote": "At ispace, we've turned our attention to the Moon. By taking advantage of lunar water resources, we can develop the space infrastructure needed to enrich our daily lives on earth", "quote_confirmed_raw": true, "supports": [ "resources", "resource_activity" ], "language": "en", "translation": "official" }, { "url": "https://www.ispace-inc.com/2025/05/09/ispace-and-takasago-thermal-engineering-co-ltd-agree-to-explore-thermal-mining-technology-for-water-extraction-on-the-moon/", "title": "ispace and Takasago Thermal Engineering Co., Ltd. Agree to Explore Thermal Mining Technology for Water Extraction on the Moon", "publisher": "ispace, inc.", "source_class": "company_primary", "published": "2025-05-09", "accessed": "2026-09-25", "quote": "The agreement aims to conduct a feasibility study for joint technology development with the goal of demonstrating the extraction of water on the Moon.", "quote_confirmed_raw": true, "supports": [ "resource_activity" ], "language": "en", "translation": "official" }, { "url": "https://www.ispace-inc.com/2025/12/04/ispace-and-kurita-water-industries-agree-on-strategic-partnership-for-lunar-water-resource-development/", "title": "ispace and Kurita Water Industries Agree on Strategic Partnership for Lunar Water Resource Development", "publisher": "ispace, inc.", "source_class": "company_primary", "published": "2025-12-04", "accessed": "2026-09-25", "quote": "have signed a strategic partnership agreement to create business opportunities focused on water resources and building supply infrastructure on the lunar surface in the future.", "quote_confirmed_raw": true, "supports": [ "resource_activity" ], "language": "en", "translation": "official" } ], "confidence": "high", "missing_evidence": [ "No NASA or ispace record found stating the final disposition (fulfilled, terminated or expired) of ispace's December 2020 regolith contract after the Mission 1 loss.", "IPO proceeds not recorded: the TSE securities registration statement / prospectus was not retrieved." ], "history": [], "last_checked": "2026-09-25", "review_state": "verified", "review": { "author_model": "claude-opus-5-5", "reviewer_model": "claude-sonnet-5", "reviewer_run": "research/review/entities.json", "date": "2026-09-26", "sources_reopened": false, "edits_applied": 0 } }, { "stable_id": "org-jaxa", "name": "Japan Aerospace Exploration Agency", "summary": "Japan's national space agency. Its resource-related work centers on the Lunar Polar Exploration mission (LUPEX / Chandrayaan-5) with ISRO, which JAXA describes as obtaining data on the quantity and forms of lunar water resources to judge whether they can be used; JAXA also returned samples from asteroid Ryugu with Hayabusa2 (a science mission, held in discovery).", "status_basis": "Operating national agency; JAXA pages accessed 2026-09-25.", "sources": [ { "url": "https://www.exploration.jaxa.jp/e/program/lunarpolar/", "title": "Lunar Polar Exploration Mission", "publisher": "JAXA Space Exploration Center", "source_class": "government_primary", "published": null, "accessed": "2026-09-25", "quote": "JAXA is working with ISRO to plan an international collaborative mission to obtain the data on the quantity and forms of the water resources present on the Moon", "quote_confirmed_raw": true, "supports": [ "objective", "inclusion_basis", "participants", "summary" ], "language": "en", "translation": "none" }, { "url": "https://global.jaxa.jp/about/history/", "title": "JAXA History", "publisher": "JAXA", "source_class": "government_primary", "published": null, "accessed": "2026-09-25", "quote": "Establishment of an Independent Administrative Agency", "quote_confirmed_raw": true, "supports": [ "founded_year" ], "language": "en", "translation": "none" } ], "confidence": "high", "missing_evidence": [ "Japan's 2021 space resources act is administered by the Cabinet Office, not JAXA. The act is recorded on its own law page." ], "last_checked": "2026-09-25", "history": [], "review_state": "verified", "entity_type": "government_agency", "parent_id": null, "aliases": [ "JAXA" ], "headquarters_country": "JP", "founded_year": 2003, "role": [ "prospecting", "rover_mobility" ], "target_bodies": [ "moon", "near_earth_asteroid" ], "status": "active", "status_as_of": "2026-09-25", "website": "https://global.jaxa.jp", "review": { "author_model": "claude-opus-5-5", "reviewer_model": "claude-sonnet-5", "reviewer_run": "research/review/entities.json", "date": "2026-09-26", "sources_reopened": true, "edits_applied": 0 } }, { "entity_type": "company", "parent_id": null, "aliases": [ "Karman Plus", "K+" ], "last_checked": "2026-09-25", "review_state": "verified", "history": [], "missing_evidence": [ "Founding year and legal entity registration not confirmed from a primary source.", "No launch provider or manifest has been named for the mid-2028 launch slot, so no mission record is created (plans are announced only)." ], "stable_id": "org-karman-plus", "name": "Karman+", "summary": "Asteroid-mining startup headquartered in Denver, Colorado (relocated from the Netherlands in 2022) that states it plans to excavate regolith from near-Earth asteroids and extract water for in-orbit refuelling. It has flown no spacecraft; its first mission, an announced technology demonstration now targeting asteroid 99942 Apophis, slipped from an early-2027 rideshare to a mid-2028 launch according to the company.", "headquarters_country": "US", "founded_year": null, "role": [ "prospecting", "extraction" ], "target_bodies": [ "near_earth_asteroid" ], "resources": [ { "resource": "volatiles", "evidence_level": "claimed" }, { "resource": "regolith", "evidence_level": "claimed" } ], "status": "active", "status_as_of": "2026-09-16", "status_basis": "Karman+ published company updates on its own site on 21 July 2026 (mission retargeting) and 16 September 2026 (open-source tool release).", "website": "https://www.karmanplus.com/", "confidence": "high", "sources": [ { "url": "https://www.karmanplus.com/karman-raises-20-million-to-mine-asteroids-to-supply-the-space-economy-2/", "title": "Karman+ raises $20 million to mine asteroids to supply the space economy", "publisher": "Karman+", "source_class": "company_primary", "published": "2025-02-19", "accessed": "2026-09-25", "quote": "Crucial to Karman+'s roadmap is excavating regolith material from near-Earth asteroids and extracting water for refueling in orbit.", "quote_confirmed_raw": true, "supports": [ "summary", "resources", "role" ], "language": "en", "translation": "none" }, { "url": "https://oedit.colorado.gov/press-release/polis-administration-secures-asteroid-mining-company-for-denver-expansion", "title": "Polis Administration Secures Asteroid Mining Company for Denver Expansion", "publisher": "Colorado Office of Economic Development and International Trade", "source_class": "government_primary", "published": "2022-11-30", "accessed": "2026-09-25", "quote": "space resources startup Karman+ has selected Denver for relocation from the Netherlands", "quote_confirmed_raw": true, "supports": [ "headquarters_country" ], "language": "en", "translation": "none" }, { "url": "https://www.karmanplus.com/k-mission-1-99942-apophis/", "title": "K+ Mission 1 -> 99942 Apophis", "publisher": "Karman+", "source_class": "company_primary", "published": "2026-07-21", "accessed": "2026-09-25", "quote": "our original launch in early 2027 slipped because our propulsion vendor could not deliver on time", "quote_confirmed_raw": true, "supports": [ "summary", "status" ], "language": "en", "translation": "none" }, { "url": "https://www.karmanplus.com/missions/", "title": "Missions - Karman+", "publisher": "Karman+", "source_class": "company_primary", "published": null, "accessed": "2026-09-25", "quote": "Our first spacecraft is going to asteroid Apophis.", "quote_confirmed_raw": true, "supports": [ "summary" ], "language": "en", "translation": "none" }, { "url": "https://www.karmanplus.com/prospector-rapid-prototyping-for-deep-space/", "title": "Prospector - Rapid Prototyping for Deep Space", "publisher": "Karman+", "source_class": "company_primary", "published": "2026-09-16", "accessed": "2026-09-25", "quote": "Today we're releasing Prospector, the tool we use internally to decide where to go as well as what spacecraft to design", "quote_confirmed_raw": true, "supports": [ "status_as_of" ], "language": "en", "translation": "none" } ], "review": { "author_model": "claude-opus-5-5", "reviewer_model": "claude-sonnet-5", "reviewer_run": "research/review/entities.json", "date": "2026-09-26", "sources_reopened": true, "edits_applied": 0 } }, { "stable_id": "org-lunar-outpost", "name": "Lunar Outpost", "summary": "Golden, Colorado rover developer that holds a 2020 NASA contract to collect and sell lunar regolith for $1; its MAPP rover reached the Moon on Intuitive Machines' IM-2 lander in March 2025 but was never deployed because the lander came to rest on its side, so no regolith was collected. Lunar Outpost states it will perform the first commercial sale of space resources; that sale has not occurred.", "entity_type": "company", "parent_id": null, "aliases": [ "Lunar Outpost Inc" ], "headquarters_country": "US", "founded_year": null, "role": [ "rover_mobility", "prospecting" ], "target_bodies": [ "moon" ], "resources": [ { "resource": "regolith", "evidence_level": "targeted" }, { "resource": "water_ice", "evidence_level": "targeted" } ], "status": "active", "status_as_of": "2026-05-26", "status_basis": "Company release of a $30M Series B on 2026-05-07 and NASA's 2026-05-26 release awarding Lunar Outpost $220 million for Phase 1 Lunar Terrain Vehicle work.", "website": "https://www.lunaroutpost.com", "resource_activity": { "demonstrated": "Flew the MAPP rover (Lunar Voyage 1) on IM-2 (launched 2025-02-26); the rover carried a regolith collection mechanism for the NASA space-resources contract and a neutron spectrometer for water-signature prospecting, but the lander tipped and MAPP was never deployed, so no regolith was collected and no surface prospecting occurred. Received a $0.10 NASA payment in 2021 for completing the contract's concept review (not payment for delivered regolith). Provides the rover mobility element for the NASA LuSTR ASPECT project (autonomous site preparation: moving regolith, grading, compaction).", "claimed": "Company materials describe Lunar Voyage 1 as 'the first collection and sale of off-world resources in human history' and its CEO said a company 'will extract and sell resources'; the company describes its Pegasus LTV as supporting 'resource prospecting'; its boilerplate claims a role in 'making oxygen on Mars'. It states MAPP will return to the Moon (Artemis IV DUSTER dust investigation, not a resource payload)." }, "sources": [ { "url": "https://www.nasa.gov/news-release/nasa-selects-companies-to-collect-lunar-resources-for-artemis-demonstrations/", "title": "NASA Selects Companies to Collect Lunar Resources for Artemis Demonstrations (release 20-118)", "publisher": "NASA", "source_class": "government_primary", "published": "2020-12-03", "accessed": "2026-09-25", "quote": "Lunar Outpost proposed collection for $1 following arrival of a lander to the lunar South Pole in 2023.", "quote_confirmed_raw": true, "supports": [ "role", "resources" ], "language": "en", "translation": "none" }, { "url": "https://www.lunaroutpost.com/post/lunar-voyage-1-update", "title": "Lunar Voyage 1 Update", "publisher": "Lunar Outpost", "source_class": "company_primary", "published": "2025-03-07", "accessed": "2026-09-25", "quote": "The Nova-C lander ended up on its side with MAPP's garage wedged upside down under the lander, preventing MAPP's deployment to the lunar surface.", "quote_confirmed_raw": true, "supports": [ "resource_activity.demonstrated" ], "language": "en", "translation": "none" }, { "url": "https://www.lunaroutpost.com/post/lunar-voyage-1-update", "title": "Lunar Voyage 1 Update", "publisher": "Lunar Outpost", "source_class": "company_primary", "published": "2025-03-07", "accessed": "2026-09-25", "quote": "Regolith Collection Mechanism for NASA Space Resources Contract", "quote_confirmed_raw": true, "supports": [ "resource_activity.demonstrated", "resources" ], "language": "en", "translation": "none" }, { "url": "https://www.lunaroutpost.com/post/lunar-outpost-becomes-first-company-to-receive-payment-for-space-resources", "title": "Lunar Outpost Becomes First Company to Receive Payment for Space Resources", "publisher": "Lunar Outpost", "source_class": "company_primary", "published": "2021-08", "accessed": "2026-09-25", "quote": "NASA administrator Bill Nelson presented a check for $0.10 to Lunar Outpost CEO, Justin Cyrus, for the successful completion of the Concept Review for that contract.", "quote_confirmed_raw": true, "supports": [ "resource_activity.demonstrated" ], "language": "en", "translation": "none" }, { "url": "https://www.lunaroutpost.com/lunar-voyage-1", "title": "Lunar Voyage 1 (mission page)", "publisher": "Lunar Outpost", "source_class": "company_primary", "published": null, "accessed": "2026-09-25", "quote": "The first collection and sale of off-world resources in human history.", "quote_confirmed_raw": true, "supports": [ "resource_activity.claimed" ], "language": "en", "translation": "none" }, { "url": "https://www.lunaroutpost.com/post/lunar-outpost-to-launch-first-mission-to-explore-the-moon-s-surface-advancing-a-sustainable-human-p", "title": "Lunar Outpost to Launch First Mission to Explore the Moon's Surface, Advancing a Sustainable Human Presence in Space", "publisher": "Lunar Outpost", "source_class": "company_primary", "published": "2025-02", "accessed": "2026-09-25", "quote": "\"For the first time, a company-not just a government-will extract and sell resources from another planetary body,\" Cyrus added.", "quote_confirmed_raw": true, "supports": [ "resource_activity.claimed" ], "language": "en", "translation": "none" }, { "url": "https://www.lunaroutpost.com/post/lunar-outpost-secures-30m-series-b-to-build-the-industrial-foundation-of-the-space-frontier-and-eco", "title": "Lunar Outpost Secures $30M Series B to Build the Industrial Foundation of the Space Frontier and Economy", "publisher": "Lunar Outpost", "source_class": "company_primary", "published": "2026-05-07", "accessed": "2026-09-25", "quote": "today announced a $30M Series B led by Industrious Ventures, with participation from Type One Ventures , Eniac Ventures , Promus Ventures , Reliable Equity, and others.", "quote_confirmed_raw": true, "supports": [ "status" ], "language": "en", "translation": "none" }, { "url": "https://www.nasa.gov/news-release/nasa-provides-update-on-moon-base-rovers-landers-missions/", "title": "NASA Provides Update on Moon Base Rovers, Landers, Missions (release 26-046)", "publisher": "NASA", "source_class": "government_primary", "published": "2026-05-26", "accessed": "2026-09-25", "quote": "NASA has awarded Astrolab $219 million and Lunar Outpost $220 million to build and deliver the first phase of LTVs.", "quote_confirmed_raw": true, "supports": [ "status" ], "language": "en", "translation": "none" }, { "url": "https://www.lunaroutpost.com/post/nasa-selects-lunar-outpost-to-deliver-next-gen-crewed-lunar-terrain-vehicle-for-artemis-astronauts-a", "title": "NASA Selects Lunar Outpost to Deliver Next-Gen Crewed Lunar Terrain Vehicle for Artemis Astronauts and Moon Base", "publisher": "Lunar Outpost", "source_class": "company_primary", "published": "2026-05-26", "accessed": "2026-09-25", "quote": "Pegasus is designed to support a range of mission profiles, including site exploration, foundational science operations, resource prospecting, and surface site preparation", "quote_confirmed_raw": true, "supports": [ "resource_activity.claimed" ], "language": "en", "translation": "none" }, { "url": "https://www.lunaroutpost.com/post/lunar-outpost-colorado-school-of-mines-developing-technology-for-autonomous-lunar-excavation-and-co", "title": "Lunar Outpost, Colorado School of Mines Developing Technology for Autonomous Lunar Excavation and Construction", "publisher": "Lunar Outpost", "source_class": "company_primary", "published": "2022-08", "accessed": "2026-09-25", "quote": "the ultimate goal of the ASPECT project is the autonomous creation of a safe and efficient lunar landing site", "quote_confirmed_raw": true, "supports": [ "resource_activity.demonstrated" ], "language": "en", "translation": "none" }, { "url": "https://www.lunaroutpost.com/post/lunar-outpost-europe-joins-moonraker-lunar-mapping-mission-for-esa", "title": "Lunar Outpost Europe Joins Moonraker Lunar Mapping Mission for ESA", "publisher": "Lunar Outpost", "source_class": "company_primary", "published": "2026-07", "accessed": "2026-09-25", "quote": "From enabling the first commercial rover on the Moon and making oxygen on Mars to driving NASA's Lunar Terrain Vehicle Services program", "quote_confirmed_raw": true, "supports": [ "resource_activity.claimed" ], "language": "en", "translation": "none" }, { "url": "https://www.lunaroutpost.com/post/lunar-outpost-announces-7th-mission-joining-nasa-s-artemis-iv-team-with-university-of-colorado-boul", "title": "Lunar Outpost Announces 7th Mission, Joining NASA's Artemis IV Team", "publisher": "Lunar Outpost", "source_class": "company_primary", "published": "2025-12-04", "accessed": "2026-09-25", "quote": "Lunar Outpost's MAPP rover is in development to return to the lunar surface, supporting NASA's DUSTER investigation", "quote_confirmed_raw": true, "supports": [ "resource_activity.claimed" ], "language": "en", "translation": "none" } ], "confidence": "high", "missing_evidence": [ "Founding year not found on a primary page reviewed.", "Series A amount undisclosed by the company.", "Whether NASA's 2020 regolith contract with Lunar Outpost remains open for a future mission after IM-2 is not stated in any source reviewed.", "Nature of the claimed Mars-oxygen (MOXIE) role not established by a primary source." ], "history": [], "last_checked": "2026-09-25", "review_state": "verified", "review": { "author_model": "claude-opus-5-5", "reviewer_model": "claude-sonnet-5", "reviewer_run": "research/review/entities.json", "date": "2026-09-26", "sources_reopened": true, "edits_applied": 0 } }, { "stable_id": "org-lunar-resources", "name": "Lunar Resources, Inc.", "summary": "Houston, Texas industrial technology company (SBIR awards since 2019) developing molten regolith electrolysis reactors to extract oxygen and metals from lunar regolith, alongside pulsed-power products for terrestrial and defense markets. Its oxygen and metal extraction has been demonstrated only on regolith simulant on Earth, including a 2024-2025 test with NASA Kennedy.", "entity_type": "company", "parent_id": null, "aliases": [ "LUNAR", "Lunar Resources" ], "headquarters_country": "US", "founded_year": null, "role": [ "processing_isru" ], "target_bodies": [ "moon", "mars" ], "resources": [ { "resource": "oxygen", "evidence_level": "claimed" }, { "resource": "metals_general", "evidence_level": "claimed" }, { "resource": "regolith", "evidence_level": "claimed" } ], "status": "active", "status_as_of": "2025-05-05", "status_basis": "NASA Kennedy article (2025-05-05) on joint LR-1 molten regolith electrolysis testing; SBIR.gov lists 2025 Phase II awards including NASA's IMMORTAL anode project; company site current (copyright 2026).", "website": "https://www.lunarresources.space", "resource_activity": { "demonstrated": "Ground tests only: with NASA Kennedy Swamp Works, the company's LR-1 reactor melted about 25 kg of lunar regolith simulant in a vacuum chamber and produced molecular oxygen and metals (NASA, May 2025). NASA SBIR Phase I (2024) and Phase II (2025) awards fund a long-life molten regolith electrolysis anode (IMMORTAL). No flight hardware.", "claimed": "The company states its reactor extracts oxygen, aluminum and silicon from lunar soil and that it is developing processes to turn regolith-derived metals into components and infrastructure off Earth." }, "sources": [ { "url": "https://www.nasa.gov/centers-and-facilities/kennedy/nasa-kennedy-breathes-life-into-moon-soil-testing/", "title": "NASA Kennedy Breathes Life into Moon Soil Testing", "publisher": "NASA", "source_class": "government_primary", "published": "2025-05-05", "accessed": "2026-09-25", "quote": "NASA Kennedy researchers in the Exploration Research and Technology programs teamed up with Lunar Resources Inc. (LUNAR), a space industrial company in Houston, Texas, to perform molten regolith electrolysis.", "quote_confirmed_raw": true, "supports": [ "headquarters_country", "status", "role" ], "language": "en", "translation": "none" }, { "url": "https://www.nasa.gov/centers-and-facilities/kennedy/nasa-kennedy-breathes-life-into-moon-soil-testing/", "title": "NASA Kennedy Breathes Life into Moon Soil Testing", "publisher": "NASA", "source_class": "government_primary", "published": "2025-05-05", "accessed": "2026-09-25", "quote": "During the recent vacuum chamber testing, molecular oxygen was measured in its pure form along with the production of metals from a batch of dust and rock that simulates lunar soil", "quote_confirmed_raw": true, "supports": [ "resource_activity.demonstrated" ], "language": "en", "translation": "none" }, { "url": "https://www.sbir.gov/portfolio/1543219", "title": "LUNAR RESOURCES, INC. - Company Portfolio Data", "publisher": "U.S. Small Business Administration (SBIR.gov)", "source_class": "government_primary", "published": null, "accessed": "2026-09-25", "quote": "Year of first award: 2019 16 Phase I Awards 11 Phase II Awards", "quote_confirmed_raw": true, "supports": [ "status", "summary" ], "language": "en", "translation": "none" }, { "url": "https://www.lunarresources.space/resource-extraction", "title": "Resource Extraction - Lunar Resources", "publisher": "Lunar Resources, Inc.", "source_class": "company_primary", "published": null, "accessed": "2026-09-25", "quote": "The helix-driver-powered reactor extracts essential elements-Oxygen, Aluminum, and Silicon-from lunar soil.", "quote_confirmed_raw": true, "supports": [ "resources", "resource_activity.claimed" ], "language": "en", "translation": "none" }, { "url": "https://www.lunarresources.space/about", "title": "About Us - Lunar Resources", "publisher": "Lunar Resources, Inc.", "source_class": "company_primary", "published": null, "accessed": "2026-09-25", "quote": "Originally spun out from several NASA-sponsored technology development programs", "quote_confirmed_raw": true, "supports": [ "summary" ], "language": "en", "translation": "none" }, { "url": "https://www.lunarresources.space/", "title": "Lunar Resources (home page)", "publisher": "Lunar Resources, Inc.", "source_class": "company_primary", "published": null, "accessed": "2026-09-25", "quote": "Lunar Resources, INC. is an American industrial technology company focused on developing new industrial processes to advance the industrial, aerospace and energy sectors through implementation of pulsed power technologies.", "quote_confirmed_raw": true, "supports": [ "summary" ], "language": "en", "translation": "none" } ], "confidence": "high", "missing_evidence": [ "Founding year not found in a primary source (first SBIR award 2019; aggregators say 2019).", "Private equity funding not disclosed; SBIR.gov reports USD 15,404,872 in SBIR/STTR awards across agencies, much of it for defense pulsed-power work rather than lunar ISRU.", "No flight manifest or lunar demonstration mission announced." ], "history": [], "last_checked": "2026-09-25", "review_state": "verified", "review": { "author_model": "claude-opus-5-5", "reviewer_model": "claude-sonnet-5", "reviewer_run": "research/review/entities.json", "date": "2026-09-26", "sources_reopened": true, "edits_applied": 0 } }, { "stable_id": "org-lunar-surface-innovation-consortium", "name": "Lunar Surface Innovation Consortium", "summary": "Consortium funded by NASA's Space Technology Mission Directorate and run by the Johns Hopkins University Applied Physics Laboratory as part of NASA's Lunar Surface Innovation Initiative; it gathers government, academic, non-profit and private participants to identify lunar surface technology needs in areas that include in-situ resource utilization.", "status_basis": "NASA LSII page and LSIC pages accessed 2026-09-25 describe the consortium in the present tense.", "sources": [ { "url": "https://www.nasa.gov/space-technology-mission-directorate/lunar-surface-innovation-initiative/", "title": "Lunar Surface Innovation Initiative", "publisher": "NASA Space Technology Mission Directorate", "source_class": "government_primary", "published": null, "accessed": "2026-09-25", "quote": "The Lunar Surface Innovation Consortium (LSIC), funded by NASA STMD, brings together government, academia, non-profit institutions, and the private sector", "quote_confirmed_raw": true, "supports": [ "summary", "parent_relationship" ], "language": "en", "translation": "none" }, { "url": "https://lsic.jhuapl.edu/About/LSII-Initiative-and-Leadership.php", "title": "LSII Initiative and Leadership", "publisher": "Johns Hopkins University Applied Physics Laboratory (LSIC)", "source_class": "government_primary", "published": null, "accessed": "2026-09-25", "quote": "new technologies must be deployed, especially regarding power systems, in situ resource utilization, dust mitigation, excavation and construction, and access and operations within extreme environments", "quote_confirmed_raw": true, "supports": [ "summary", "role" ], "language": "en", "translation": "none" }, { "url": "https://lsic.jhuapl.edu/About/LSIC-Mission.php", "title": "LSIC Mission", "publisher": "Johns Hopkins University Applied Physics Laboratory (LSIC)", "source_class": "government_primary", "published": null, "accessed": "2026-09-25", "quote": "Identify lunar surface technology needs and assess the readiness of relative systems and components", "quote_confirmed_raw": true, "supports": [ "summary" ], "language": "en", "translation": "none" } ], "confidence": "medium", "missing_evidence": [ "Founding year (reported as 2020) not confirmed from a primary page; the consortium home page did not show its text when checked.", "Whether NASA should be recorded as the parent organization, because it funds the consortium, or left unset because APL runs it, was not decided." ], "last_checked": "2026-09-25", "history": [], "review_state": "verified", "entity_type": "consortium", "parent_id": null, "aliases": [ "LSIC" ], "headquarters_country": "US", "founded_year": null, "role": [], "target_bodies": [ "moon" ], "status": "active", "status_as_of": "2026-09-25", "website": "https://lsic.jhuapl.edu/", "review": { "author_model": "claude-opus-5-5", "reviewer_model": "claude-sonnet-5", "reviewer_run": "research/review/entities.json", "date": "2026-09-26", "sources_reopened": true, "edits_applied": 0 } }, { "stable_id": "org-luxembourg-space-agency", "name": "Luxembourg Space Agency", "summary": "Luxembourg's national space agency, established by the Ministry of the Economy in 2018. It leads the SpaceResources.lu initiative (launched February 2016), co-founded ESRIC with the Luxembourg Institute of Science and Technology in 2020, and lists space-resources use among its priorities; Ruy Pinto took office as interim CEO on 14 September 2026 after Marc Serres departed.", "status_basis": "Operating agency; LSA news dated 2026-09-15 reports the leadership change.", "sources": [ { "url": "https://space-agency.public.lu/en/agency.html", "title": "The Agency", "publisher": "Luxembourg Space Agency", "source_class": "government_primary", "published": null, "accessed": "2026-09-25", "quote": "Established by the Ministry of Economy in 2018 with the goal of developing the national space sector", "quote_confirmed_raw": true, "supports": [ "founded_year", "summary" ], "language": "en", "translation": "none" }, { "url": "https://space-agency.public.lu/en/agency/mission.html", "title": "Mission", "publisher": "Luxembourg Space Agency", "source_class": "government_primary", "published": null, "accessed": "2026-09-25", "quote": "It drives landmark initiatives such as SpaceResources.lu, implements national space strategy", "quote_confirmed_raw": true, "supports": [ "summary" ], "language": "en", "translation": "none" }, { "url": "https://space-agency.public.lu/en/news-events/news/2026/leadership-transition-at-the-luxembourg-space-agency-marc-serres-departs-ruy-pinto-appointed-as-interim-ceo.html", "title": "Leadership Transition at the Luxembourg Space Agency: Marc Serres Departs, Ruy Pinto Appointed as Interim CEO", "publisher": "Luxembourg Space Agency", "source_class": "government_primary", "published": "2026-09-15", "accessed": "2026-09-25", "quote": "Ruy Pinto officially took office as interim CEO on Monday, September 14, 2026.", "quote_confirmed_raw": true, "supports": [ "summary", "date" ], "language": "en", "translation": "none" } ], "confidence": "high", "missing_evidence": [ "Luxembourg's 2017 space resources law and any authorizations granted under it are recorded on their own pages." ], "last_checked": "2026-09-25", "history": [], "review_state": "verified", "entity_type": "government_agency", "parent_id": null, "aliases": [ "LSA" ], "headquarters_country": "LU", "founded_year": 2018, "role": [], "target_bodies": [], "status": "active", "status_as_of": "2026-09-25", "website": "https://space-agency.public.lu/en.html", "review": { "author_model": "claude-opus-5-5", "reviewer_model": "claude-sonnet-5", "reviewer_run": "research/review/entities.json", "date": "2026-09-26", "sources_reopened": true, "edits_applied": 0 } }, { "stable_id": "org-magna-petra", "name": "Magna Petra Corp.", "summary": "U.S. company that states it intends to prospect for, extract and return lunar helium-3; its first concrete step is a planned rover-borne measurement campaign (HALO) using a NASA-developed mass spectrometer delivered by ispace. It has not flown hardware.", "entity_type": "company", "parent_id": null, "aliases": [ "Magna Petra", "MP" ], "headquarters_country": "US", "founded_year": null, "role": [ "prospecting", "extraction" ], "target_bodies": [ "moon" ], "resources": [ { "resource": "helium_3", "evidence_level": "targeted" }, { "resource": "volatiles", "evidence_level": "targeted" } ], "status": "active", "status_as_of": "2026-05-26", "status_basis": "Company site lists dated posts through 2026-05-26 and a January 2026 award; ispace (Oct 2025 release, Nov 2025 results briefing) confirms a signed USD 22 million payload service agreement; NASA confirms an April 2025 CRADA. No shutdown evidence found.", "website": "https://magnapetra.com", "resource_activity": { "demonstrated": "No flight hardware, measurements or extraction to date. Documented steps are agreements: an ispace memorandum of understanding (Dec 2024), a reimbursable CRADA with NASA Kennedy for use of a second MSOLO mass spectrometer (signed 2 Apr 2025), and a USD 22 million payload service agreement with ispace-EUROPE to carry MSOLO on an ispace micro-rover (Oct 2025).", "claimed": "Magna Petra states it is building a helium-3 supply chain, with patent-pending 'LunarPro' extraction systems and AI 'digital twin' models of lunar isotope distribution, and plans later sample-return and collection missions." }, "sources": [ { "url": "https://magnapetra.com/", "title": "Magna Petra (home page)", "publisher": "Magna Petra Corp.", "source_class": "company_primary", "published": null, "accessed": "2026-09-25", "quote": "Magna Petra is the leading lunar resources company engaged in the prospecting, extraction and return to earth of Helium-3 isotopes from the lunar surface.", "quote_confirmed_raw": true, "supports": [ "role", "resources", "resource_activity.claimed" ], "language": "en", "translation": "none" }, { "url": "https://d2xlcgjnpyakn4.cloudfront.net/wp-content/uploads/2026/06/Transcript-of-Financial-Results-Briefing-for-Q2-of-Fiscal-Year-Ending-March-2026.pdf", "title": "Transcript of Financial Results Briefing for Q2 of Fiscal Year Ending March 2026", "publisher": "ispace, inc.", "source_class": "company_primary", "published": "2025-11-17", "accessed": "2026-09-25", "quote": "We have finalized a new $22 million USD payload service agreement with Magna Petra, a U.S. company aiming to commercialize Helium-3 isotopes on the Moon.", "quote_confirmed_raw": true, "supports": [ "headquarters_country", "status", "resource_activity.demonstrated" ], "language": "en", "translation": "none" }, { "url": "https://www.nasa.gov/centers-and-facilities/kennedy/nasa-moon-observing-instrument-to-get-another-shot-at-lunar-ops", "title": "NASA Moon Observing Instrument to Get Another Shot at Lunar Ops", "publisher": "NASA", "source_class": "government_primary", "published": "2025-04-28", "accessed": "2026-09-25", "quote": "Magna Petra hopes to understand the presence of Helium-3 isotope within the Moon's surface, with the ultimate goal of collecting it and bringing it back to Earth", "quote_confirmed_raw": true, "supports": [ "resources", "resource_activity" ], "language": "en", "translation": "none" }, { "url": "https://magnapetra.com/blog/", "title": "Magna Petra Blog", "publisher": "Magna Petra Corp.", "source_class": "company_primary", "published": null, "accessed": "2026-09-25", "quote": "Magna Petra Corp. selected for \"Lunar Game Changer\" Award by Moon Village Association", "quote_confirmed_raw": true, "supports": [ "status", "status_as_of" ], "language": "en", "translation": "none" }, { "url": "https://magnapetra.com/team/", "title": "Team - Magna Petra", "publisher": "Magna Petra Corp.", "source_class": "company_primary", "published": null, "accessed": "2026-09-25", "quote": "Samuel Joseph CTO & Co-Founder", "quote_confirmed_raw": true, "supports": [ "aliases" ], "language": "en", "translation": "none" } ], "confidence": "medium", "missing_evidence": [ "Headquarters city/state and incorporation record not found on company or partner primary pages (ispace describes it only as 'a U.S. company').", "Founding year not found in a primary source (aggregators say 2023; not used).", "No disclosed equity funding round found; how the USD 22 million payload service agreement is financed is not disclosed.", "Patent-pending extraction technology not independently documented." ], "history": [], "last_checked": "2026-09-25", "review_state": "verified", "review": { "author_model": "claude-opus-5-5", "reviewer_model": "claude-sonnet-5", "reviewer_run": "research/review/entities.json", "date": "2026-09-26", "sources_reopened": true, "edits_applied": 0 } }, { "stable_id": "org-masten-space-systems", "name": "Masten Space Systems, Inc.", "summary": "Mojave, California rocket-lander company (founded 2004) that held a NASA CLPS task order to land resource-prospecting instruments at the lunar south pole and a USD 15,000 NASA regolith-purchase contract; it filed Chapter 11 in July 2022, sold substantially all assets to Astrobotic under a Sept 2022 court order, and was liquidated under a plan effective Nov 2022.", "entity_type": "company", "parent_id": null, "aliases": [ "Masten", "Space Case, Inc. (debtor's name after the asset sale)" ], "headquarters_country": "US", "founded_year": 2004, "role": [ "lander_transport" ], "target_bodies": [ "moon" ], "resources": [ { "resource": "regolith", "evidence_level": "targeted" }, { "resource": "water_ice", "evidence_level": "targeted" }, { "resource": "volatiles", "evidence_level": "targeted" } ], "status": "dissolved", "status_as_of": "2022-11-28", "status_basis": "U.S. Bankruptcy Court (D. Del.) case 22-10657 docket: Chapter 11 petition 2022-07-28; order approving sale of substantially all assets signed 2022-09-08; plan of liquidation confirmed 2022-11-09, debtor renamed Space Case, Inc., effective date noticed 2022-11-28; a Masten Liquidating Trust administers the estate. The asset sale to Astrobotic was not a purchase of the corporation, so no parent organization is linked, and the status is dissolved rather than absorbed.", "website": "https://masten.aero", "resource_activity": { "demonstrated": "No lunar mission flew. Masten performed terrestrial vertical-takeoff/landing test flights (600+ per Astrobotic) and flew payloads such as Honeybee Robotics' PlanetVac on suborbital tests.", "claimed": "Masten Mission One was to deliver NASA instruments including MSolo, NIRVSS and the Neutron Spectrometer System to the south pole, and Masten proposed to collect lunar regolith for NASA for USD 15,000. Astrobotic's release lists 'lunar water mining technology' among the Masten technology portfolio it acquired." }, "sources": [ { "url": "https://www.courtlistener.com/docket/64480299/space-case-inc/", "title": "Space Case, Inc., 22-10657 (Bankr. D. Del.) - docket", "publisher": "CourtListener (RECAP of PACER)", "source_class": "court_or_filing", "published": null, "accessed": "2026-09-25", "quote": "Chapter 11 Voluntary Petition . Fee Amount $1738. Filed by Masten Space Systems, Inc.", "quote_confirmed_raw": true, "supports": [ "status", "history" ], "language": "en", "translation": "none" }, { "url": "https://www.courtlistener.com/docket/64480299/space-case-inc/?page=3", "title": "Space Case, Inc., 22-10657 (Bankr. D. Del.) - docket page 3", "publisher": "CourtListener (RECAP of PACER)", "source_class": "court_or_filing", "published": null, "accessed": "2026-09-25", "quote": "Notice of Entry of Order Confirming, and Occurrence of Effective Date of Modified Combined Disclosure Statement and Chapter 11 Plan of Liquidation of Masten Space Systems, Inc.", "quote_confirmed_raw": true, "supports": [ "status", "status_as_of" ], "language": "en", "translation": "none" }, { "url": "https://www.courtlistener.com/docket/64480299/space-case-inc/?page=3", "title": "Space Case, Inc., 22-10657 (Bankr. D. Del.) - docket page 3", "publisher": "CourtListener (RECAP of PACER)", "source_class": "court_or_filing", "published": null, "accessed": "2026-09-25", "quote": "Notice of Name Change of Debtor Filed by Masten Space Systems, Inc.", "quote_confirmed_raw": true, "supports": [ "aliases" ], "language": "en", "translation": "none" }, { "url": "https://www.courtlistener.com/docket/64480299/space-case-inc/?page=3", "title": "Space Case, Inc., 22-10657 (Bankr. D. Del.) - docket page 3", "publisher": "CourtListener (RECAP of PACER)", "source_class": "court_or_filing", "published": null, "accessed": "2026-09-25", "quote": "Peter Hurwitz, solely in his capacity as Liquidating Trustee of the Masten Liquidating Trust", "quote_confirmed_raw": true, "supports": [ "status" ], "language": "en", "translation": "none" }, { "url": "https://spaceflightnow.com/2022/07/29/masten-space-systems-one-of-nasas-moon-landing-contractors-files-for-bankruptcy/", "title": "Masten Space Systems, a NASA moon landing contractor, files for bankruptcy", "publisher": "Spaceflight Now", "source_class": "reputable_press", "published": "2022-07-29", "accessed": "2026-09-25", "quote": "Founded in 2004, Masten won a contract with NASA's Commercial Lunar Payload Services program in April 2020", "quote_confirmed_raw": true, "supports": [ "founded_year" ], "language": "en", "translation": "none" }, { "url": "https://www.astrobotic.com/astrobotic-acquires-masten-space-systems/", "title": "Astrobotic Acquires Masten Space Systems", "publisher": "Astrobotic Technology", "source_class": "company_primary", "published": "2022-09-13", "accessed": "2026-09-25", "quote": "Astrobotic will also continue to advance Masten's space technology portfolio, which includes innovations in lunar night survival, instant landing pads construction, lunar water mining technology, and lunar infrastructure construction technologies.", "quote_confirmed_raw": true, "supports": [ "resource_activity.claimed" ], "language": "en", "translation": "none" }, { "url": "https://www.nasa.gov/news-release/nasa-selects-companies-to-collect-lunar-resources-for-artemis-demonstrations/", "title": "NASA Selects Companies to Collect Lunar Resources for Artemis Demonstrations", "publisher": "NASA", "source_class": "government_primary", "published": "2020-12-03", "accessed": "2026-09-25", "quote": "Masten Space Systems proposed collection for $15,000 following arrival in 2023 of a lander to the lunar South Pole.", "quote_confirmed_raw": true, "supports": [ "resources", "resource_activity.claimed" ], "language": "en", "translation": "none" } ], "confidence": "high", "missing_evidence": [ "Plan confirmation order and sale order texts not retrieved (docket entries only).", "masten.aero did not respond on 2026-09-25; listed as the historical domain." ], "history": [ { "field": "status", "old": "active", "new": "dissolved", "changed_on": "2022-11-28", "reason": "source_update", "source_index": 1 } ], "last_checked": "2026-09-25", "review_state": "verified", "review": { "author_model": "claude-opus-5-5", "reviewer_model": "claude-sonnet-5", "reviewer_run": "research/review/entities.json", "date": "2026-09-26", "sources_reopened": true, "edits_applied": 0 } }, { "stable_id": "org-metalysis", "name": "Metalysis", "summary": "UK metal-powder producer using the FFC Cambridge solid-state electrolysis process; with ESA funding (contract 4000131940, 2020) it produced oxygen and metal from lunar regolith simulant in the laboratory. The original company entered administration in 2019 and was dissolved in 2021; the business operates through Metalysis Ltd (company 11498722), which is active and in 2025-2026 reports mainly terrestrial and aerospace alloy work.", "entity_type": "company", "parent_id": null, "aliases": [ "Metalysis Ltd (11498722)", "Metalysis Limited (04304849, dissolved 2021)", "FFC Limited (former name of 04304849)" ], "headquarters_country": "GB", "founded_year": 2001, "role": [ "processing_isru" ], "target_bodies": [ "moon", "mars" ], "resources": [ { "resource": "oxygen", "evidence_level": "claimed" }, { "resource": "metals_general", "evidence_level": "claimed" }, { "resource": "regolith", "evidence_level": "claimed" } ], "status": "active", "status_as_of": "2026-08-17", "status_basis": "Companies House lists Metalysis Ltd (11498722) as Active with accounts to 31 Dec 2025; company releases through 2026-08-17. Space-resource work specifically has no dated activity after the 2020-2021 ESA projects.", "website": "https://www.metalysis.com", "resource_activity": { "demonstrated": "Laboratory extraction of oxygen and metal from lunar regolith simulant under ESA contract 4000131940 (General Support Technology Programme, awarded 2020); sponsor of the 2020-2021 Metalysis-ESA Grand Challenge for miniaturised versions of its process. No flight hardware.", "claimed": "Metalysis states it has 'a clear 5-year focus on the Moon' and a 5-10 year focus on asteroid metals and Mars. Its 2026 ESA-funded project (about EUR 1 million) is for terrestrial titanium production, not ISRU." }, "sources": [ { "url": "https://metalysis.com/media-release/newest/metalysis-awarded-european-space-agency-development-contract-for-its-ffc-process/", "title": "Metalysis Awarded European Space Agency Development Contract for its FFC Process", "publisher": "Metalysis", "source_class": "company_primary", "published": "2020-11-06", "accessed": "2026-09-25", "quote": "has been awarded European Space Agency (ESA) funding, contract number 4000131940, for its project titled, \"The Metalysis FFC Process for Extra-Terrestrial Oxygen Production from ISRU,\"", "quote_confirmed_raw": true, "supports": [ "role", "resource_activity.demonstrated" ], "language": "en", "translation": "none" }, { "url": "https://www.metalysis.com/space/", "title": "Space - Metalysis", "publisher": "Metalysis", "source_class": "company_primary", "published": null, "accessed": "2026-09-25", "quote": "Metalysis' successful collaboration with the European Space Agency in 2020/21, in a competitive procurement process, commenced this strategy and has resulted in the extraction of metal and oxygen from replicated lunar rock.", "quote_confirmed_raw": true, "supports": [ "resources", "resource_activity" ], "language": "en", "translation": "none" }, { "url": "https://www.metalysis.com/space/", "title": "Space - Metalysis", "publisher": "Metalysis", "source_class": "company_primary", "published": null, "accessed": "2026-09-25", "quote": "a clear 5-year focus on the Moon, 5-10 years focus on asteroid metals and Mars", "quote_confirmed_raw": true, "supports": [ "target_bodies", "resource_activity.claimed" ], "language": "en", "translation": "none" }, { "url": "https://find-and-update.company-information.service.gov.uk/company/11498722", "title": "METALYSIS LTD (11498722) - overview", "publisher": "Companies House (UK)", "source_class": "court_or_filing", "published": null, "accessed": "2026-09-25", "quote": "Company status Active Company type Private limited Company Incorporated on 3 August 2018", "quote_confirmed_raw": true, "supports": [ "status" ], "language": "en", "translation": "none" }, { "url": "https://find-and-update.company-information.service.gov.uk/company/04304849", "title": "METALYSIS LIMITED (04304849) - overview", "publisher": "Companies House (UK)", "source_class": "court_or_filing", "published": null, "accessed": "2026-09-25", "quote": "Company status Dissolved Dissolved on 9 September 2021 Company type Private limited Company Incorporated on 15 October 2001", "quote_confirmed_raw": true, "supports": [ "history", "founded_year", "aliases" ], "language": "en", "translation": "none" }, { "url": "https://metalysis.com/media-release/newest/press-release-metalysis-achieves-commercial-specification-c-103-alloy/", "title": "Press Release: Metalysis achieves commercial specification of C-103 alloy", "publisher": "Metalysis", "source_class": "company_primary", "published": "2026-08-17", "accessed": "2026-09-25", "quote": "Press Release: Metalysis achieves commercial specification of C-103 alloy", "quote_confirmed_raw": true, "supports": [ "status_as_of" ], "language": "en", "translation": "none" }, { "url": "https://metalysis.com/media-release/newest/metalysis-esa-funding-sustainable-titanium-supply-chain/", "title": "Press Release: Metalysis Secures EUR 1M ESA Funding to Scale Sustainable Titanium Production", "publisher": "Metalysis", "source_class": "company_primary", "published": "2026-03-10", "accessed": "2026-09-25", "quote": "to develop a continuous or quasi-continuous sustainable process for titanium production using the patented Metalysis FFC Process", "quote_confirmed_raw": true, "supports": [ "resource_activity.claimed" ], "language": "en", "translation": "none" } ], "confidence": "high", "missing_evidence": [ "Which legal entity (04304849 in administration from June 2019, or 11498722) held ESA contract 4000131940 is not stated.", "ESA's own pages on the regolith-oxygen work (esa.int) returned HTTP 403 and were not retrieved.", "Contract value of ESA 4000131940 not disclosed." ], "history": [ { "field": "status", "old": "active (Metalysis Limited, 04304849)", "new": "business continued by Metalysis Ltd (11498722) after 04304849 entered administration (2019-06-25) and dissolved (2021-09-09)", "changed_on": "2021-09-09", "reason": "source_update", "source_index": 4 } ], "last_checked": "2026-09-25", "review_state": "verified", "review": { "author_model": "claude-opus-5-5", "reviewer_model": "claude-sonnet-5", "reviewer_run": "research/review/entities.json", "date": "2026-09-26", "sources_reopened": true, "edits_applied": 0 } }, { "stable_id": "org-moon-express", "name": "Moon Express, Inc.", "summary": "U.S. company founded in 2010 to land robotic spacecraft on the Moon and pursue lunar resources. In its August 2016 announcement, Moon Express described its proposed MX-1E mission's U.S. government approval as the first for a private mission beyond Earth orbit; NASA selected it for the CLPS vendor pool in 2018. The reviewed records document no spacecraft launch and no dated company activity after February 2020.", "entity_type": "company", "parent_id": null, "aliases": [ "MoonEx", "Moon Express" ], "headquarters_country": "US", "founded_year": 2010, "role": [ "lander_transport", "prospecting" ], "target_bodies": [ "moon" ], "resources": [ { "resource": "metals_general", "evidence_level": "claimed" }, { "resource": "regolith", "evidence_level": "claimed" } ], "status": "dormant", "status_as_of": "2026-09-10", "status_basis": "No launches, contracts or dated announcements found after the company's 9 Feb 2020 statement that it had no upcoming Rocket Lab launch and was focused on CLPS; NASA has awarded it no CLPS task order. Its website is still maintained (script bundle Last-Modified 2026-09-10) and names a COO, so no shutdown is recorded. 'Dormant' is an inference from absence of activity.", "website": "https://www.moonexpress.com", "resource_activity": { "demonstrated": "Lander test flights on Earth were reported (2011-2015 era); no spacecraft has been launched and no lunar resource has been measured, sampled or processed.", "claimed": "Co-founder Naveen Jain (2016): 'In the immediate future, we envision bringing precious resources, metals, and Moon rocks back to Earth.' The current website describes a planned private sample-return architecture (MX-9) and a roadmap ending in 'commercial resource extraction and processing demonstration', with no dates." }, "sources": [ { "url": "https://www.prnewswire.com/news-releases/us-government-approves-plan-for-moon-express-to-become-first-private-company-to-venture-beyond-earths-orbit-300308628.html", "title": "US Government Approves Plan For Moon Express To Become First Private Company To Venture Beyond Earth's Orbit", "publisher": "Moon Express, Inc. (via PR Newswire)", "source_class": "company_primary", "published": "2016-08-03", "accessed": "2026-09-25", "quote": "In the immediate future, we envision bringing precious resources, metals, and Moon rocks back to Earth.", "quote_confirmed_raw": true, "supports": [ "resources", "resource_activity.claimed" ], "language": "en", "translation": "none" }, { "url": "https://www.prnewswire.com/news-releases/moon-express-signs-historic-launch-agreement-for-private-missions-to-the-moon-300152825.html", "title": "Moon Express signs historic launch agreement for private missions to the Moon", "publisher": "Moon Express, Inc. (via PR Newswire)", "source_class": "company_primary", "published": "2015-10-01", "accessed": "2026-09-25", "quote": "Moon Express was founded in August 2010 by Dr. Robert (Bob) Richards , Naveen Jain and Dr. Barney Pell", "quote_confirmed_raw": true, "supports": [ "founded_year" ], "language": "en", "translation": "none" }, { "url": "https://www.nasa.gov/news-release/nasa-announces-new-partnerships-for-commercial-lunar-payload-delivery-services/", "title": "NASA Announces New Partnerships for Commercial Lunar Payload Delivery Services", "publisher": "NASA", "source_class": "government_primary", "published": "2018-11-29", "accessed": "2026-09-25", "quote": "Moon Express: Cape Canaveral, Florida", "quote_confirmed_raw": true, "supports": [ "headquarters_country", "role" ], "language": "en", "translation": "none" }, { "url": "https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Moon_Express", "title": "Moon Express (quoting @MoonEx posts of 9 February 2020)", "publisher": "Wikipedia", "source_class": "directory_or_aggregator", "published": null, "accessed": "2026-09-25", "quote": "There is no upcoming launch with RocketLab. We contracted with RocketLab back in 2015 for a GLXP attempt. We are currently focused on efforts supporting NASA under our Commercial Lunar Payload Services (CLPS) contract", "quote_confirmed_raw": true, "supports": [ "status", "status_basis" ], "language": "en", "translation": "none" }, { "url": "https://www.moonexpress.com/", "title": "Moon Express - Expanding Earth's Economic Sphere to the Moon (JavaScript-rendered site)", "publisher": "Moon Express, Inc.", "source_class": "company_primary", "published": null, "accessed": "2026-09-25", "quote": "Moon Express is one of nine U.S. companies selected by NASA to deliver payloads to the lunar surface.", "quote_confirmed_raw": false, "supports": [ "status", "website" ], "language": "en", "translation": "none" } ], "confidence": "low", "missing_evidence": [ "No 2021-2026 dated primary evidence of operations, staff, funding or contracts; no shutdown or dissolution record found either (state corporate registry not checked).", "The 9 Feb 2020 @MoonEx posts were read only as quoted on Wikipedia; the original posts were not retrieved.", "The website quote is in the site's JavaScript bundle (index-Bppq9F7E.js, Last-Modified 2026-09-10), not in the served HTML, so a text fetch of the URL cannot confirm it.", "Cumulative funding not established from primary sources (aggregators cite about USD 61.8 million; not used)." ], "history": [ { "field": "status", "old": "active", "new": "dormant", "changed_on": "2020-02-09", "reason": "source_update", "source_index": 3 } ], "last_checked": "2026-09-26", "review_state": "verified", "review": { "author_model": "claude-opus-5-5", "reviewer_model": "gpt-6-astra", "reviewer_run": "research/review/astra-moon-express-entity-20260926.json", "date": "2026-09-26", "sources_reopened": [ 0 ], "edits_applied": 1, "base_record_sha256": "6be53383dca9539015e39ba95a9a6e6ef3ae1262bdcd2add62ba529483ba935a", "record_sha256": "b24af3c845523dd99a2292a4c3c288227725212be7d32cea9cea7f6b9acce0f0" } }, { "stable_id": "org-nasa", "name": "National Aeronautics and Space Administration", "summary": "US civil space agency. Its space-resources work includes the MOXIE oxygen-production demonstration on Mars (2021-2023), lunar volatile-prospecting payloads and spacecraft (PRIME-1, Lunar Flashlight, Lunar Trailblazer, the VIPER rover), and the Lunar Surface Innovation Initiative, whose technology areas include in-situ resource utilization (ISRU).", "status_basis": "Operating federal agency; NASA's own pages accessed 2026-09-25.", "sources": [ { "url": "https://www.nasa.gov/overview-in-situ-resource-utilization/", "title": "Overview: In-Situ Resource Utilization", "publisher": "NASA", "source_class": "government_primary", "published": null, "accessed": "2026-09-25", "quote": "The eventual goal is to advance ISRU system-level technology readiness to provide human mission commodities such as propellant, fuel cell reactants, and life support consumables.", "quote_confirmed_raw": true, "supports": [ "summary", "role" ], "language": "en", "translation": "none" }, { "url": "https://www.nasa.gov/about/", "title": "About NASA", "publisher": "NASA", "source_class": "government_primary", "published": null, "accessed": "2026-09-25", "quote": "When NASA opened for business on October 1, 1958", "quote_confirmed_raw": true, "supports": [ "founded_year" ], "language": "en", "translation": "none" }, { "url": "https://www.nasa.gov/space-technology-mission-directorate/lunar-surface-innovation-initiative/", "title": "Lunar Surface Innovation Initiative", "publisher": "NASA Space Technology Mission Directorate", "source_class": "government_primary", "published": null, "accessed": "2026-09-25", "quote": "The Lunar Surface Innovation Consortium (LSIC), funded by NASA STMD, brings together government, academia, non-profit institutions, and the private sector", "quote_confirmed_raw": true, "supports": [ "summary", "parent_relationship" ], "language": "en", "translation": "none" } ], "confidence": "high", "missing_evidence": [ "No NASA ISRU budget figure was found in the sources reviewed for this record.", "NASA's 2020 lunar regolith purchase awards are not sourced on this organization record." ], "last_checked": "2026-09-25", "history": [], "review_state": "verified", "entity_type": "government_agency", "parent_id": null, "aliases": [ "NASA" ], "headquarters_country": "US", "founded_year": 1958, "role": [ "prospecting", "processing_isru", "instrument_drill", "rover_mobility" ], "target_bodies": [ "moon", "mars", "near_earth_asteroid" ], "status": "active", "status_as_of": "2026-09-25", "website": "https://www.nasa.gov", "review": { "author_model": "claude-opus-5-5", "reviewer_model": "claude-sonnet-5", "reviewer_run": "research/review/entities.json", "date": "2026-09-26", "sources_reopened": true, "edits_applied": 0 } }, { "entity_type": "company", "parent_id": "org-consensys", "aliases": [ "Planetary Resources, Inc.", "Arkyd Astronautics" ], "last_checked": "2026-09-26", "review_state": "verified", "history": [], "missing_evidence": [ "planetaryresources.com no longer resolves (checked 2026-09-25); company pages are cited from Internet Archive captures.", "Deal value of the ConsenSys acquisition was not disclosed.", "Primary confirmation of the 2020 ConsenSys Space suspension and completion of the announced hardware auction was not retrieved; those developments remain explicitly attributed to press reporting." ], "stable_id": "org-planetary-resources", "name": "Planetary Resources", "summary": "US asteroid-prospecting company founded in 2009 that flew two Earth-orbit technology demonstrators, Arkyd-3R (2015) and Arkyd-6 (2018, with a mid-wave infrared imager intended for future water detection); its announced 2020 asteroid-prospecting mission never launched. Blockchain company ConsenSys acquired it through an asset purchase announced on 31 October 2018, GeekWire reported in May 2020 that ConsenSys Space had suspended operations and that an auction of remaining hardware was scheduled.", "headquarters_country": "US", "founded_year": 2009, "role": [ "prospecting" ], "target_bodies": [ "near_earth_asteroid" ], "resources": [ { "resource": "volatiles", "evidence_level": "claimed" } ], "status": "absorbed", "status_as_of": "2018-10-31", "status_basis": "The archived company announcement of 31 October 2018 reports an asset-purchase acquisition by ConsenSys, supporting absorbed status. GeekWire reported in May 2020 that ConsenSys Space had suspended operations and that hardware was scheduled for auction; primary confirmation of those later developments was not retrieved.", "website": null, "confidence": "high", "sources": [ { "url": "https://web.archive.org/web/20201111220047/https://www.planetaryresources.com/2018/10/consensys-acquires-planetary-resources/", "title": "ConsenSys Acquires Planetary Resources (archived)", "publisher": "Planetary Resources (Internet Archive capture)", "source_class": "company_primary", "published": "2018-10-31", "accessed": "2026-09-25", "quote": "Blockchain venture production studio ConsenSys, Inc. has acquired the pioneering space company Planetary Resources, Inc. through an asset-purchase transaction.", "quote_confirmed_raw": true, "supports": [ "status", "parent_id" ], "language": "en", "translation": "none" }, { "url": "https://web.archive.org/web/20201110151215/https://www.planetaryresources.com/2015/07/planetary-resources-first-spacecraft-deployed/", "title": "Planetary Resources' First Spacecraft Successfully Deployed, Testing Asteroid Prospecting Technology on Orbit (archived)", "publisher": "Planetary Resources (Internet Archive capture)", "source_class": "company_primary", "published": "2015-07-16", "accessed": "2026-09-25", "quote": "Planetary Resources, Inc. was founded in 2009 by Eric Anderson and Dr. Peter H. Diamandis.", "quote_confirmed_raw": true, "supports": [ "founded_year" ], "language": "en", "translation": "none" }, { "url": "https://web.archive.org/web/20201110151215/https://www.planetaryresources.com/company/timeline/", "title": "Timeline | Planetary Resources (archived)", "publisher": "Planetary Resources (Internet Archive capture)", "source_class": "company_primary", "published": null, "accessed": "2026-09-25", "quote": "through its goal of identifying, extracting, and refining resources from near-Earth asteroids", "quote_confirmed_raw": true, "supports": [ "summary", "role" ], "language": "en", "translation": "none" }, { "url": "https://www.geekwire.com/2020/buying-planetary-resources-consensys-gives-away-science-asteroids-will-sell-rest/", "title": "After buying Planetary Resources, ConsenSys sets its space ideas free - but will sell off the hardware", "publisher": "GeekWire", "source_class": "reputable_press", "published": "2020-05-01", "accessed": "2026-09-25", "quote": "which has led ConsenSys Space to suspend its operations", "quote_confirmed_raw": true, "supports": [ "status", "status_as_of" ], "language": "en", "translation": "none" } ], "review": { "author_model": "claude-opus-5-5", "reviewer_model": "gpt-6-astra", "reviewer_run": "research/review/astra-hard-area-corrections-20260926.json", "date": "2026-09-26", "sources_reopened": [ 0, 3 ], "edits_applied": 4, "base_record_sha256": "ae0d73615376c08a590be919e69e1028ccb57377dcdb0cb2605ab170b4121361" } }, { "stable_id": "org-rocket-lab", "name": "Rocket Lab", "summary": "Launch company that signed a 2015 launch contract with Moon Express.", "entity_type": "company", "context_only": true, "parent_id": null, "aliases": [], "headquarters_country": "US", "founded_year": null, "role": [], "target_bodies": [], "status": "active", "status_as_of": "2026-09-26", "status_basis": "Context entity: referenced as a parent, acquirer, counterparty or launch provider; its own status is not researched.", "website": null, "sources": [ { "url": "https://www.prnewswire.com/news-releases/moon-express-signs-historic-launch-agreement-for-private-missions-to-the-moon-300152825.html", "title": "Moon Express signs historic launch agreement for private missions to the Moon", "publisher": "Moon Express, Inc. (via PR Newswire)", "source_class": "company_primary", "published": "2015-10-01", "accessed": "2026-09-25", "quote": "The company today announced it signed a contract with Rocket Lab on Sept. 30 to launch", "quote_confirmed_raw": true, "supports": [ "summary" ], "language": "en", "translation": "none" } ], "confidence": "medium", "missing_evidence": [ "Own status not researched; included only for reference resolution." ], "last_checked": "2026-09-26", "history": [], "review_state": "verified", "review": { "author_model": "claude-opus-5-5", "reviewer_model": "claude-sonnet-5", "reviewer_run": "research/review/entities.json", "date": "2026-09-26", "sources_reopened": false, "edits_applied": 0 } }, { "stable_id": "org-sierra-space", "name": "Sierra Space", "summary": "U.S. space company that built the carbothermal oxygen production reactor used in NASA's Carbothermal Reduction Demonstration (CaRD) ground tests on lunar regolith simulant.", "entity_type": "company", "parent_id": null, "aliases": [ "Sierra Space Corporation" ], "headquarters_country": "US", "founded_year": null, "role": [ "processing_isru" ], "target_bodies": [ "moon" ], "resources": [ { "resource": "oxygen", "evidence_level": "claimed" } ], "status": "active", "status_as_of": "2026-02-13", "website": "https://www.sierraspace.com", "resource_activity": { "demonstrated": "Ground tests only, on simulant: Sierra Space states its Carbothermal Oxygen Production Reactor completed thermal vacuum testing at NASA Johnson Space Center (announced 2024-09-17); NASA reported in February 2026 that the integrated CaRD prototype, including the Sierra Space reactor, extracted oxygen from simulated lunar soil using concentrated sunlight.", "claimed": "Sierra Space states the hardware reached TRL-6 and is mature enough to be incorporated into a lunar flight mission as a technology demonstrator; no flight is manifested in the sources found." }, "status_basis": "NASA's 2026-02-13 CaRD article names Sierra Space as the reactor developer; this record does not cover Sierra Space's broader corporate status beyond that.", "sources": [ { "url": "https://www.nasa.gov/centers-and-facilities/johnson/sunlight-extracts-oxygen-from-regolith-using-solar-chemistry/", "title": "Sunlight Extracts Oxygen From Regolith Using Solar Chemistry", "publisher": "NASA Johnson Space Center", "source_class": "government_primary", "published": "2026-02-13", "accessed": "2026-09-25", "quote": "The integrated prototype brought together a carbothermal oxygen production reactor developed by Sierra Space, a solar concentrator designed by NASA's Glenn Research Center in Cleveland", "quote_confirmed_raw": true, "supports": [ "status", "status_as_of", "role", "resource_activity" ], "language": "en", "translation": "none" }, { "url": "https://www.nasa.gov/centers-and-facilities/johnson/sunlight-extracts-oxygen-from-regolith-using-solar-chemistry/", "title": "Sunlight Extracts Oxygen From Regolith Using Solar Chemistry", "publisher": "NASA Johnson Space Center", "source_class": "government_primary", "published": "2026-02-13", "accessed": "2026-09-25", "quote": "The CaRD team performed integrated prototype testing that used concentrated solar energy to extract oxygen from simulated lunar soil, while confirming the production of carbon monoxide through a solar-driven chemical reaction.", "quote_confirmed_raw": true, "supports": [ "resources", "resource_activity" ], "language": "en", "translation": "none" }, { "url": "https://www.sierraspace.com/press-releases/sierra-space-unveils-breakthrough-technology-designed-to-extract-oxygen-from-lunar-soil/", "title": "Sierra Space Unveils Breakthrough Technology Designed to Extract Oxygen from Lunar Soil, Enabling Sustainable Human Presence on the Moon", "publisher": "Sierra Space", "source_class": "company_primary", "published": "2024-09-17", "accessed": "2026-09-25", "quote": "the company's proprietary Carbothermal Oxygen Production Reactor has successfully completed thermal vacuum testing at NASA's Johnson Space Center", "quote_confirmed_raw": true, "supports": [ "resource_activity" ], "language": "en", "translation": "none" }, { "url": "https://www.sierraspace.com/press-releases/sierra-space-unveils-breakthrough-technology-designed-to-extract-oxygen-from-lunar-soil/", "title": "Sierra Space Unveils Breakthrough Technology Designed to Extract Oxygen from Lunar Soil, Enabling Sustainable Human Presence on the Moon", "publisher": "Sierra Space", "source_class": "company_primary", "published": "2024-09-17", "accessed": "2026-09-25", "quote": "These efforts confirmed that the hardware has advanced to Technology Readiness Level Six, or TRL-6, meaning it has the maturation to be incorporated into a flight mission to the moon as a technology demonstrator.", "quote_confirmed_raw": true, "supports": [ "resource_activity" ], "language": "en", "translation": "none" }, { "url": "https://www.sierraspace.com/press-releases/sierra-space-unveils-breakthrough-technology-designed-to-extract-oxygen-from-lunar-soil/", "title": "Sierra Space Unveils Breakthrough Technology Designed to Extract Oxygen from Lunar Soil, Enabling Sustainable Human Presence on the Moon", "publisher": "Sierra Space", "source_class": "company_primary", "published": "2024-09-17", "accessed": "2026-09-25", "quote": "LOUISVILLE, Colo. - September 17, 2024 - Sierra Space", "quote_confirmed_raw": true, "supports": [ "headquarters_country" ], "language": "en", "translation": "none" } ], "confidence": "medium", "missing_evidence": [ "Founding year and corporate history (spin-out from Sierra Nevada Corporation) not confirmed from a primary source.", "Whether any lunar flight demonstration of the reactor is funded or manifested." ], "last_checked": "2026-09-25", "history": [], "review_state": "verified", "review": { "author_model": "claude-opus-5-5", "reviewer_model": "claude-sonnet-5", "reviewer_run": "research/review/entities.json", "date": "2026-09-26", "sources_reopened": true, "edits_applied": 0 } }, { "stable_id": "org-spaceresources-lu", "name": "SpaceResources.lu initiative", "summary": "Luxembourg government initiative launched in February 2016 and now led by the Luxembourg Space Agency, aimed at creating a legal, regulatory and business environment for private exploration and use of space resources; ESRIC was created under it.", "status_basis": "LSA industry portal page (accessed 2026-09-25) describes the initiative as led today by the LSA.", "sources": [ { "url": "https://space-agency.public.lu/en/support/industry-portal/spaceresourceslu/spaceresourceslu-initiative.html", "title": "Spaceresources.lu initiative", "publisher": "Luxembourg Space Agency", "source_class": "government_primary", "published": null, "accessed": "2026-09-25", "quote": "Launched in February 2016 and led today by the LSA, the SpaceResources.lu Initiative positions Luxembourg as a pioneer in the exploration and utilisation of space resources.", "quote_confirmed_raw": true, "supports": [ "founded_year", "parent_id", "summary", "date" ], "language": "en", "translation": "none" }, { "url": "https://gouvernement.lu/en/actualites/toutes_actualites/communiques/2020/11-novembre/18-luxembourg-spaceresources.html", "title": "Luxembourg teams up with ESA to create a unique \"European Space Resources Innovation Centre\" to be established in the Grand Duchy", "publisher": "The Luxembourg Government", "source_class": "government_primary", "published": "2020-11-18", "accessed": "2026-09-25", "quote": "The creation of ESRIC was part of the Luxembourg government initiative SpaceResources.lu launched in 2016", "quote_confirmed_raw": true, "supports": [ "summary" ], "language": "en", "translation": "none" } ], "confidence": "high", "missing_evidence": [ "No public budget total for the initiative sourced." ], "last_checked": "2026-09-25", "history": [], "review_state": "verified", "entity_type": "government_program", "parent_id": "org-luxembourg-space-agency", "aliases": [ "SpaceResources.lu", "Spaceresources.lu Initiative" ], "headquarters_country": "LU", "founded_year": 2016, "role": [], "target_bodies": [ "moon", "near_earth_asteroid" ], "status": "active", "status_as_of": "2026-09-25", "website": "https://space-agency.public.lu/en/support/industry-portal/spaceresourceslu.html", "review": { "author_model": "claude-opus-5-5", "reviewer_model": "claude-sonnet-5", "reviewer_run": "research/review/entities.json", "date": "2026-09-26", "sources_reopened": true, "edits_applied": 0 } }, { "entity_type": "company", "parent_id": null, "aliases": [ "Space Exploration Technologies Corp." ], "last_checked": "2026-09-25", "review_state": "verified", "history": [], "missing_evidence": [ "SEC S-1 text could not be fetched (HTTP 403); the EU prospectus PDF was used instead.", "Founding year not taken from a primary source." ], "stable_id": "org-spacex", "name": "SpaceX", "summary": "US launch and spacecraft company whose June 2026 EU securities prospectus lists asteroid mining among planned future activities; it has announced no asteroid-resource mission. It is included because of that filed statement and because its Falcon 9 launched several resource-related spacecraft in this dataset (Brokkr-1, Odin, Arkyd-3R).", "headquarters_country": "US", "founded_year": null, "role": [], "target_bodies": [ "near_earth_asteroid", "main_belt_asteroid" ], "resources": [ { "resource": "metals_general", "evidence_level": "claimed" } ], "status": "active", "status_as_of": "2026-06-05", "status_basis": "BaFin-approved EU prospectus dated 5 June 2026.", "website": "https://www.spacex.com/", "confidence": "high", "sources": [ { "url": "https://content.spacex.com/cms-assets/FINAL_Documents%20and%20Updates/SpaceX%20-%20EU%20Prospectus%20(Approved%20by%20Bafin)%20-%20June%205,%202026.pdf", "title": "Space Exploration Technologies Corp. - EU Prospectus (approved by BaFin), June 5, 2026", "publisher": "Space Exploration Technologies Corp.", "source_class": "court_or_filing", "published": "2026-06-05", "accessed": "2026-09-25", "quote": "We plan to pursue asteroid mining operations to extract metals and other critical resources from near-Earth and main-belt asteroids, providing abundant raw materials for space-based industries and reducing the need to launch mass from Earth.", "quote_confirmed_raw": true, "supports": [ "summary", "resources", "target_bodies" ], "language": "en", "translation": "none", "quote_locator": { "page": 100, "article": "section 4.3.8, future markets" } }, { "url": "https://payloadspace.com/astroforge-completes-its-deepspace-2-spacecraft/", "title": "AstroForge Completes its DeepSpace-2 Spacecraft", "publisher": "Payload", "source_class": "reputable_press", "published": "2026-06-05", "accessed": "2026-09-25", "quote": "In its IPO prospectus, SpaceX highlighted asteroid mining as a future revenue stream", "quote_confirmed_raw": true, "supports": [ "summary" ], "language": "en", "translation": "none" } ], "review": { "author_model": "claude-opus-5-5", "reviewer_model": "claude-sonnet-5", "reviewer_run": "research/review/entities.json", "date": "2026-09-26", "sources_reopened": true, "edits_applied": 2 } }, { "stable_id": "org-starpath-robotics", "name": "Starpath Robotics", "summary": "Hawthorne, California startup that states it will mine water ice at the lunar South Pole with rovers and process it into propellant. NASA reports it placed second in the Break the Ice Lunar Challenge (2024) and tested its excavation rover in a NASA Marshall thermal vacuum chamber (2025); it also sells space solar panels.", "entity_type": "company", "parent_id": null, "aliases": [ "Starpath Robotics Inc.", "Starpath", "Starpath Space" ], "headquarters_country": "US", "founded_year": 2022, "role": [ "prospecting", "extraction", "processing_isru", "rover_mobility" ], "target_bodies": [ "moon", "mars" ], "resources": [ { "resource": "water_ice", "evidence_level": "claimed" }, { "resource": "oxygen", "evidence_level": "claimed" }, { "resource": "regolith", "evidence_level": "claimed" } ], "status": "active", "status_as_of": "2026-06-30", "website": "https://www.starpath.space", "resource_activity": { "demonstrated": "Earth-based tests only. NASA reports that its regolith excavation-and-haul rover placed second overall at the Break the Ice Lunar Challenge finale (June 2024; $838,461 in Phase 2 prizes) and was tested in NASA Marshall's V-20 thermal vacuum chamber (August 2025). Starpath states it produced 48 grams of gaseous oxygen from icy regolith simulant in November 2025.", "claimed": "Starpath states it will send 'Shadow Voyager' rovers into permanently shadowed regions at the lunar South Pole and build a 'Starmine' plant for water extraction, electrolysis and oxygen liquefaction to refuel landers; no lunar mission, lander or date has been published." }, "status_basis": "Active: NASA's Space Tech Industry Partnerships page (last updated 2026-06-30) lists Starpath Robotics Inc. among 2025-2026 ACO awards (HELION); NASA article of 2025-09-26 describes 2025 testing.", "sources": [ { "url": "https://www.nasa.gov/directorates/stmd/prizes-challenges-crowdsourcing-program/centennial-challenges/lunar-challenge-winner-tests-technology-in-nasa-thermal-vacuum-chamber/", "title": "Lunar Challenge Winner Tests Technology in NASA Thermal Vacuum Chamber", "publisher": "NASA", "source_class": "government_primary", "published": "2025-09-26", "accessed": "2026-09-25", "quote": "One year after winning second place in NASA's Break the Ice Lunar Challenge, members of the small business Starpath visited NASA's Marshall Space Flight Center in Huntsville, Alabama, as part of their prize opportunity to test their upgraded lunar regolith excavation and transportation rover in the center's 20-foot thermal vacuum chamber.", "quote_confirmed_raw": true, "supports": [ "summary", "resource_activity" ], "language": "en", "translation": "none" }, { "url": "https://www.nasa.gov/directorates/stmd/prizes-challenges-crowdsourcing-program/centennial-challenges/lunar-challenge-winner-tests-technology-in-nasa-thermal-vacuum-chamber/", "title": "Lunar Challenge Winner Tests Technology in NASA Thermal Vacuum Chamber", "publisher": "NASA", "source_class": "government_primary", "published": "2025-09-26", "accessed": "2026-09-25", "quote": "The technology startup headquartered in Hawthorne, California, won second place overall at the Break the Ice Lunar Challenge's live demonstration and finale in June 2024.", "quote_confirmed_raw": true, "supports": [ "headquarters_country", "resource_activity" ], "language": "en", "translation": "none" }, { "url": "https://www.starpath.space/assets/index-ni8Da6qh.js", "title": "Starpath Robotics website content (site JavaScript bundle served at starpath.space)", "publisher": "Starpath Robotics", "source_class": "company_primary", "published": null, "accessed": "2026-09-25", "quote": "Starpath's mission is to develop in-situ resource utilization (ISRU) capabilities to enable human exploration and colonization of the Moon and Mars.", "quote_confirmed_raw": true, "supports": [ "role", "target_bodies" ], "language": "en", "translation": "none" }, { "url": "https://www.starpath.space/assets/index-ni8Da6qh.js", "title": "Starpath Robotics website content (site JavaScript bundle served at starpath.space)", "publisher": "Starpath Robotics", "source_class": "company_primary", "published": null, "accessed": "2026-09-25", "quote": "Starpath's Rover will navigate semi-autonomously to permanently shadowed regions of the Lunar South Pole that have been previously identified to be likely to contain water ice and other relevant volatiles.", "quote_confirmed_raw": true, "supports": [ "resources", "role" ], "language": "en", "translation": "none" }, { "url": "https://www.starpath.space/assets/index-ni8Da6qh.js", "title": "Starpath Robotics website content (site JavaScript bundle served at starpath.space)", "publisher": "Starpath Robotics", "source_class": "company_primary", "published": null, "accessed": "2026-09-25", "quote": "The Starmine Plant will perform water extraction, purification, electrolysis, and liquefaction of the resultant gaseous oxygen in addition to contaminant management and disposal of desiccated regolith. In November 2025, Starpath produced 48 grams of gaseous oxygen from icy regolith simulant.", "quote_confirmed_raw": true, "supports": [ "resource_activity", "resources" ], "language": "en", "translation": "none" }, { "url": "https://www.sec.gov/Archives/edgar/data/2031587/000203158724000001/xslFormDX01/primary_doc.xml", "title": "SEC Form D (Starpath Robotics Inc., filed 2024-08-26)", "publisher": "U.S. Securities and Exchange Commission (EDGAR)", "source_class": "court_or_filing", "published": "2024-08-26", "accessed": "2026-09-25", "quote": "Within Last Five Years (Specify Year) 2022", "quote_confirmed_raw": true, "supports": [ "founded_year" ], "language": "en", "translation": "none" }, { "url": "https://www.nasa.gov/space-tech-industry-partnerships/", "title": "Space Tech Industry Partnerships (2025-2026 Announcement of Collaboration Opportunity awards; page last updated 2026-06-30)", "publisher": "NASA", "source_class": "government_primary", "published": null, "accessed": "2026-09-25", "quote": "HELION: High-speed Exploration using LIDAR for Intelligent Onboard Navigation", "quote_confirmed_raw": true, "supports": [ "status", "status_as_of" ], "language": "en", "translation": "none" } ], "confidence": "medium", "missing_evidence": [ "No lunar mission, lander, or launch date announced", "Company website text exists only in a JavaScript bundle and the site carries a noindex 'pre-launch preview' tag; the 48 g oxygen result is a company claim with no independent report", "Form D (2024) lists a Burlingame, California address; NASA (2025) says Hawthorne. Current legal address not reconciled", "2026 investment suggested by SPV Form D filings (Day One Ventures SPV Starpath; Gaingels Starpath LLC) not confirmed by a Starpath filing or announcement" ], "last_checked": "2026-09-25", "review_state": "verified", "history": [], "review": { "author_model": "claude-opus-5-5", "reviewer_model": "claude-sonnet-5", "reviewer_run": "research/review/entities.json", "date": "2026-09-26", "sources_reopened": true, "edits_applied": 0 } }, { "entity_type": "company", "parent_id": null, "aliases": [ "Trans Astronautica Corporation" ], "last_checked": "2026-09-25", "review_state": "verified", "history": [], "missing_evidence": [ "No primary source discloses TransAstra's cumulative private equity funding.", "transastra.com is a JavaScript-only application; its page text cannot be fetched for quote checking, so company claims rely on wire-service copies of its releases.", "NASA-side record of the 2025 CCRPP award not retrieved." ], "stable_id": "org-transastra", "name": "TransAstra", "summary": "Los Angeles-area company (headquarters stated as Pacoima, California) developing asteroid-capture bags, solar-thermal propulsion, and 'optical mining' concepts; NASA selected its Mini Bee optical-mining flight-demonstration concept for a NIAC Phase III study in 2019. Its only flown resource-related hardware is a 1-meter inflatable Capture Bag evaluated inside an ISS airlock in 2025, and no asteroid mission has been flown or manifested; a 2026 feasibility study of relocating a roughly 100-ton asteroid is company-announced only.", "headquarters_country": "US", "founded_year": 2015, "role": [ "prospecting", "extraction", "processing_isru" ], "target_bodies": [ "near_earth_asteroid" ], "resources": [ { "resource": "volatiles", "evidence_level": "claimed" }, { "resource": "metals_general", "evidence_level": "claimed" } ], "status": "active", "status_as_of": "2026-05-14", "status_basis": "Company press release dated 14 May 2026 announcing a two-year CRADA with the US Air Force Academy.", "website": "https://www.transastra.com/", "confidence": "high", "sources": [ { "url": "https://www.nasa.gov/news-release/nasa-invests-in-tech-concepts-aimed-at-exploring-lunar-craters-mining-asteroids/", "title": "NASA Invests in Tech Concepts Aimed at Exploring Lunar Craters, Mining Asteroids", "publisher": "NASA", "source_class": "government_primary", "published": "2019-06-11", "accessed": "2026-09-25", "quote": "Optical mining is an approach for excavating an asteroid and extracting water and other volatiles into an inflatable bag.", "quote_confirmed_raw": true, "supports": [ "summary", "resources" ], "language": "en", "translation": "none" }, { "url": "https://www.newswire.com/news/transastra-and-u-s-air-force-academy-sign-agreement-to-advance-asteroid-mining", "title": "TransAstra and U.S. Air Force Academy Sign Agreement to Advance Asteroid Mining for Dynamic Space Operations", "publisher": "Trans Astronautica Corporation (via Newswire)", "source_class": "company_primary", "published": "2026-05-14", "accessed": "2026-09-25", "quote": "The two-year agreement establishes a joint research program to advance technologies for finding, capturing, and processing asteroids", "quote_confirmed_raw": true, "supports": [ "status", "role" ], "language": "en", "translation": "none" }, { "url": "https://www.newswire.com/news/transastra-and-u-s-air-force-academy-sign-agreement-to-advance-asteroid-mining", "title": "TransAstra and U.S. Air Force Academy Sign Agreement to Advance Asteroid Mining for Dynamic Space Operations", "publisher": "Trans Astronautica Corporation (via Newswire)", "source_class": "company_primary", "published": "2026-05-14", "accessed": "2026-09-25", "quote": "TransAstra is headquartered in Pacoima, California.", "quote_confirmed_raw": true, "supports": [ "headquarters_country" ], "language": "en", "translation": "none" }, { "url": "https://www.newswire.com/news/transastra-secures-5m-to-scale-asteroid-capture-technology-with-nasa-22644719", "title": "TransAstra Secures $5M to Scale Asteroid Capture Technology With NASA and Private Investment", "publisher": "Trans Astronautica Corporation (via Newswire)", "source_class": "company_primary", "published": "2025-09-23", "accessed": "2026-09-25", "quote": "Founded in 2015, the company has secured multiple NASA and Space Force contracts to advance sustainable space operations.", "quote_confirmed_raw": true, "supports": [ "founded_year" ], "language": "en", "translation": "none" }, { "url": "https://www.newswire.com/news/transastra-demonstrates-asteroid-capture-and-orbital-debris-cleanup-22651131", "title": "TransAstra Demonstrates Asteroid Capture and Orbital Debris Cleanup Technology", "publisher": "Trans Astronautica Corporation (via Newswire)", "source_class": "company_primary", "published": "2025-10-02", "accessed": "2026-09-25", "quote": "Asteroids will also provide the metals, shielding, and semiconductors necessary to build structures and spacecraft", "quote_confirmed_raw": true, "supports": [ "resources" ], "language": "en", "translation": "none" }, { "url": "https://spacenews.com/transastra-aims-to-move-100-ton-asteroid-to-stable-orbit-for-processing/", "title": "TransAstra aims to move 100-ton asteroid to stable orbit for processing", "publisher": "SpaceNews", "source_class": "reputable_press", "published": "2026-03-18", "accessed": "2026-09-25", "quote": "TransAstra is performing a study, funded by investors and customers, to explore the technical feasibility of moving a 100-metric-ton asteroid to a stable near-Earth orbit.", "quote_confirmed_raw": true, "supports": [ "summary" ], "language": "en", "translation": "none" } ], "review": { "author_model": "claude-opus-5-5", "reviewer_model": "claude-sonnet-5", "reviewer_run": "research/review/entities.json", "date": "2026-09-26", "sources_reopened": true, "edits_applied": 0 } }, { "stable_id": "org-us-department-of-energy", "name": "U.S. Department of Energy", "summary": "U.S. federal department whose Isotope Program is the counterparty in Interlune's announced helium-3 purchase agreement and which made a 2024 award to Interlune.", "entity_type": "government_agency", "context_only": true, "parent_id": null, "aliases": [], "headquarters_country": "US", "founded_year": null, "role": [], "target_bodies": [], "status": "active", "status_as_of": "2026-09-26", "status_basis": "Context entity: referenced as a parent, acquirer, counterparty or launch provider; its own status is not researched.", "website": "https://www.energy.gov", "sources": [ { "url": "https://api.usaspending.gov/api/v2/awards/ASST_NON_DESC0024933_089/", "title": "USAspending.gov award record DESC0024933 (API)", "publisher": "U.S. Department of the Treasury, USAspending.gov", "source_class": "government_primary", "published": "2024-07-24", "accessed": "2026-09-25", "quote": "HELIUM-3 SEPARATION FROM US LIQUID NATURAL GAS-DERIVED HELIUM-4", "quote_confirmed_raw": true, "supports": [ "summary" ], "language": "en", "translation": "none" } ], "confidence": "medium", "missing_evidence": [ "Own status not researched; included only for reference resolution." ], "last_checked": "2026-09-26", "history": [], "review_state": "verified", "review": { "author_model": "claude-opus-5-5", "reviewer_model": "claude-sonnet-5", "reviewer_run": "research/review/entities.json", "date": "2026-09-26", "sources_reopened": false, "edits_applied": 0 } }, { "stable_id": "org-uae-space-agency", "name": "UAE Space Agency", "summary": "Federal space agency of the United Arab Emirates. A 2023 law-firm summary of Cabinet Decisions issued under the 2019 space-sector law (since repealed and replaced by Federal Decree-Law No. 46 of 2023) says space activities must be authorised by the agency and that Cabinet Decision No. 19/2023 (Space Resource Regulation) allows exploration, exploitation and use of space resources; the agency leads the Emirates Mission to the Asteroid Belt, whose stated aims include assessing the resource potential of asteroids.", "status_basis": "Operating agency; mission news from April 2026 (The National) and the 2023 regulations.", "sources": [ { "url": "https://www.wfw.com/articles/key-features-of-the-new-united-arab-emirates-regulations-on-space-activities/", "title": "Key features of the new United Arab Emirates regulations on space activities", "publisher": "Watson Farley & Williams", "source_class": "reputable_press", "published": "2023-08-10", "accessed": "2026-09-25", "quote": "must be authorised by the UAE Space Agency", "quote_confirmed_raw": true, "supports": [ "summary" ], "language": "en", "translation": "none" }, { "url": "https://www.wfw.com/articles/key-features-of-the-new-united-arab-emirates-regulations-on-space-activities/", "title": "Key features of the new United Arab Emirates regulations on space activities", "publisher": "Watson Farley & Williams", "source_class": "reputable_press", "published": "2023-08-10", "accessed": "2026-09-25", "quote": "allows for the exploration, exploitation and use of space resources as part of a Space Resource Activity", "quote_confirmed_raw": true, "supports": [ "summary" ], "language": "en", "translation": "none" }, { "url": "https://mediaoffice.ae/en/news/2023/may/29-05/mohammed-bin-rashid", "title": "Mohammed bin Rashid: The Emirates Mission to the Asteroid Belt is a significant scientific mission", "publisher": "Government of Dubai Media Office", "source_class": "government_primary", "published": "2023-05-29", "accessed": "2026-09-25", "quote": "the UAE Space Agency today announced the details and objectives of the EMA", "quote_confirmed_raw": true, "supports": [ "summary" ], "language": "en", "translation": "none" }, { "url": "https://web.archive.org/web/20250415081420/https://uaelegislation.gov.ae/en/legislations/2129", "title": "Federal Decree by Law No. (46) of 2023 Concerning the Regulation of the Space Sector (UAE Legislation portal, archived copy of 15 April 2025)", "publisher": "UAE Legislation portal (via Internet Archive)", "source_class": "legislation", "published": "2023-09-29", "accessed": "2026-09-26", "quote": "The aforementioned Federal Law No. (12) of 2019 concerning the Space Sector shall be repealed", "quote_confirmed_raw": true, "supports": [ "summary" ], "language": "en", "translation": "unofficial", "quote_locator": { "article": "Article 39(1)", "page": null } } ], "confidence": "medium", "missing_evidence": [ "space.gov.ae and uaelegislation.gov.ae returned bot walls; regulatory role is sourced to a law-firm summary (Watson Farley & Williams, 2023), not the regulation text. Whether the 2023 Cabinet Decisions remain in force under Federal Decree-Law No. 46 of 2023 was not confirmed.", "Founding year not confirmed from an official page in this pass." ], "last_checked": "2026-09-26", "history": [ { "field": "summary", "old": "2019 space-sector law described without its 2023 repeal", "new": "notes the 2023 Decree-Law that replaced it", "changed_on": "2026-09-26", "reason": "correction", "source_index": 3 } ], "review_state": "verified", "entity_type": "government_agency", "parent_id": null, "aliases": [ "UAESA" ], "headquarters_country": "AE", "founded_year": null, "role": [ "prospecting" ], "target_bodies": [ "main_belt_asteroid" ], "status": "active", "status_as_of": "2026-09-25", "website": "https://space.gov.ae", "review": { "author_model": "claude-opus-5-5", "reviewer_model": "claude-fable-5-1", "reviewer_run": "research/review/fable-uae-repeal-correction-20260926.json", "date": "2026-09-26", "sources_reopened": [ 0, 1, 2, 3 ], "edits_applied": 3, "base_record_sha256": "93fce426d0c3ab042305ab3d27ce0926890c57b96adaac2eff35e57fb8d4ae7b", "record_sha256": "6c1c8c4bbe46d9a70ac294b8de3baa5ee4e1398588203e68cae3b18fc41db74a" } }, { "stable_id": "org-astrolab", "name": "Venturi Astrolab", "aliases": [ "Astrolab" ], "summary": "Hawthorne, California lunar rover company. Its FLIP rover is to carry Interlune's helium-3 camera on Astrobotic's Griffin-1 lander, and it is working with Interlune to fit excavation hardware to its FLEX rover.", "entity_type": "company", "parent_id": null, "headquarters_country": "US", "founded_year": null, "role": [ "rover_mobility" ], "target_bodies": [ "moon" ], "resources": [], "status": "active", "status_as_of": "2026-09-26", "status_basis": "Interlune's March 2026 release announcing joint excavation work.", "website": "https://astrolab.space", "sources": [ { "url": "https://www.interlune.space/press-release/interlune-and-astrolab-collaborate-on-technology-for-harvesting-resources-and-building-infrastructure-on-the-moon", "title": "Interlune and Astrolab Collaborate on Technology for Harvesting Resources and Building Infrastructure on the Moon", "publisher": "Interlune", "source_class": "company_primary", "published": "2026-03-03", "accessed": "2026-09-25", "quote": "today announced they are working together to integrate Interlune excavation technology onto the Astrolab Flexible Logistics and Exploration Vehicle (FLEX), and are planning hardware testing in Houston", "quote_confirmed_raw": true, "supports": [ "summary", "role" ], "language": "en", "translation": "none" }, { "url": "https://www.interlune.space/press-release/interlune-to-fly-multispectral-camera-on-astrolab-flip-rover-to-measure-helium-3-on-the-moon", "title": "Interlune to Fly Multispectral Camera on Astrolab FLIP Rover to Measure Helium-3 on the Moon", "publisher": "Interlune", "source_class": "company_primary", "published": "2025-08-05", "accessed": "2026-09-25", "quote": "The Interlune payload is a multispectral camera built, tested, and developed in partnership with NASA's Ames Research Center in California's Silicon Valley, whose images will be used to estimate helium-3 quantities and concentration in Moon dirt, or regolith.", "quote_confirmed_raw": true, "supports": [ "role" ], "language": "en", "translation": "none" } ], "confidence": "medium", "missing_evidence": [ "No Astrolab-published primary source reviewed yet." ], "last_checked": "2026-09-26", "history": [], "review_state": "verified", "review": { "author_model": "claude-opus-5-5", "reviewer_model": "claude-sonnet-5", "reviewer_run": "research/review/entities.json", "date": "2026-09-26", "sources_reopened": true, "edits_applied": 0 } }, { "stable_id": "org-voyager-technologies", "name": "Voyager Technologies", "summary": "Space and defense technology company that completed its acquisition of Astrobotic in July 2026.", "entity_type": "company", "context_only": true, "parent_id": null, "aliases": [], "headquarters_country": "US", "founded_year": null, "role": [], "target_bodies": [], "status": "active", "status_as_of": "2026-09-26", "status_basis": "Context entity: referenced as a parent, acquirer, counterparty or launch provider; its own status is not researched.", "website": null, "sources": [ { "url": "https://voyagertechnologies.com/press-releases/voyager-awarded-298m-nasa-contract-under-completed-astrobotic-acquisition/", "title": "Voyager Awarded $298M NASA Contract Under Completed Astrobotic Acquisition", "publisher": "Voyager Technologies", "source_class": "company_primary", "published": "2026-07-13", "accessed": "2026-09-25", "quote": "Voyager Technologies (NYSE: VOYG) has completed its acquisition of Astrobotic Technology, Inc.", "quote_confirmed_raw": true, "supports": [ "summary" ], "language": "en", "translation": "none" } ], "confidence": "medium", "missing_evidence": [ "Own status not researched; included only for reference resolution." ], "last_checked": "2026-09-26", "history": [], "review_state": "verified", "review": { "author_model": "claude-opus-5-5", "reviewer_model": "claude-sonnet-5", "reviewer_run": "research/review/entities.json", "date": "2026-09-26", "sources_reopened": true, "edits_applied": 0 } } ], "missions": [ { "last_checked": "2026-09-25", "review_state": "verified", "history": [], "missing_evidence": [ "Operator post-mission results statement.", "Re-entry date from a primary tracking source.", "The original Arkyd-3 (lost on Antares/Orb-3, 28 Oct 2014) has no separate record." ], "host_mission_id": null, "stable_id": "msn-planetary-resources-arkyd-3r", "name": "Arkyd-3 Reflight (A3R)", "summary": "Planetary Resources technology-demonstration small satellite launched to the International Space Station on SpaceX CRS-6 on 14 April 2015 and deployed from the Kibo airlock on 16 July 2015 for a planned 90-day mission validating avionics, control systems and software for future asteroid-prospecting spacecraft. It replaced the first Arkyd-3, which was lost in the October 2014 Antares launch failure; it carried no resource-detection instrument, and no operator post-mission results statement was located.", "participants": [ { "entity_id": "org-planetary-resources", "role": "operator" }, { "entity_id": "org-spacex", "role": "launch_provider" } ], "mission_unit": "spacecraft", "target_body": "other", "target_site": "Low Earth orbit (deployed from the ISS)", "mission_type": "technology_demo", "objective": "Validate avionics, control systems and software for future asteroid-prospecting spacecraft (operator statement).", "resources": [], "inclusion_basis": "resource_objective_stated", "launch_vehicle": "Falcon 9 (SpaceX CRS-6)", "launch_date": { "value": "2015-04-14", "precision": "day", "basis": "actual" }, "phase": "ended", "outcome": { "class": "unknown", "basis": "inferred", "statement": null }, "status_basis": "Operator stated a 90-day mission ending in atmospheric re-entry by orbital decay; phase 'ended' is inferred from that plan, not from an operator end-of-mission statement.", "confidence": "medium", "sources": [ { "url": "https://web.archive.org/web/20201110151215/https://www.planetaryresources.com/2015/07/planetary-resources-first-spacecraft-deployed/", "title": "Planetary Resources' First Spacecraft Successfully Deployed, Testing Asteroid Prospecting Technology on Orbit (archived)", "publisher": "Planetary Resources (Internet Archive capture)", "source_class": "company_primary", "published": "2015-07-16", "accessed": "2026-09-25", "quote": "deployed successfully from the International Space Station's (ISS) Kibo airlock and has begun its 90-day mission", "quote_confirmed_raw": true, "supports": [ "phase", "summary" ], "language": "en", "translation": "none" }, { "url": "https://web.archive.org/web/20201110151215/https://www.planetaryresources.com/2015/07/planetary-resources-first-spacecraft-deployed/", "title": "Planetary Resources' First Spacecraft Successfully Deployed, Testing Asteroid Prospecting Technology on Orbit (archived)", "publisher": "Planetary Resources (Internet Archive capture)", "source_class": "company_primary", "published": "2015-07-16", "accessed": "2026-09-25", "quote": "The demonstration vehicle will validate several core technologies including the avionics, control systems and software", "quote_confirmed_raw": true, "supports": [ "objective" ], "language": "en", "translation": "none" }, { "url": "https://web.archive.org/web/20201110151215/https://www.planetaryresources.com/2015/04/arkyd-3-reflight-a3r-launches-from-cape-canaveral-on-spacex-crs-6/", "title": "Arkyd 3 Reflight (A3R) Launches from Cape Canaveral on SpaceX CRS-6 (archived)", "publisher": "Planetary Resources (Internet Archive capture)", "source_class": "company_primary", "published": "2015-04-14", "accessed": "2026-09-25", "quote": "A3R will also complete the mission of the first Arkyd 3 that we lost last year in the Antares explosion", "quote_confirmed_raw": true, "supports": [ "summary" ], "language": "en", "translation": "none" }, { "url": "https://web.archive.org/web/20201110151215/https://www.planetaryresources.com/2015/04/arkyd-3-reflight-a3r-launches-from-cape-canaveral-on-spacex-crs-6/", "title": "Arkyd 3 Reflight (A3R) Launches from Cape Canaveral on SpaceX CRS-6 (archived)", "publisher": "Planetary Resources (Internet Archive capture)", "source_class": "company_primary", "published": "2015-04-14", "accessed": "2026-09-25", "quote": "The Arkyd 3 Reflight (A3R) technology demonstration spacecraft is on board the SpaceX Falcon 9 that is on its way to the International Space Station (ISS) as a part of the CRS-6 crew resupply mission.", "quote_confirmed_raw": true, "supports": [ "launch_vehicle", "launch_date" ], "language": "en", "translation": "none" } ], "review": { "author_model": "claude-opus-5-5", "reviewer_model": "claude-sonnet-5", "reviewer_run": "research/review/missions.json", "date": "2026-09-26", "sources_reopened": false, "edits_applied": 0 } }, { "last_checked": "2026-09-25", "review_state": "verified", "history": [], "missing_evidence": [ "ISRO PSLV-C40 payload list naming Arkyd-6 (would support the launch-provider participant)." ], "host_mission_id": null, "stable_id": "msn-planetary-resources-arkyd-6", "name": "Arkyd-6", "summary": "Planetary Resources 6U CubeSat launched on 12 January 2018 on India's PSLV-C40 to test spacecraft subsystems and a mid-wave infrared imager intended for future detection of water and hydrated minerals on near-Earth asteroids. The operator declared that it satisfied all of its mission requirements; the imager observed only Earth targets.", "participants": [ { "entity_id": "org-planetary-resources", "role": "operator" }, { "entity_id": "org-isro", "role": "launch_provider" } ], "mission_unit": "spacecraft", "target_body": "other", "target_site": "Low Earth orbit (polar); imager tested on Earth targets", "mission_type": "technology_demo", "objective": "Demonstrate a mid-wave infrared imager and supporting subsystems intended for detecting water on near-Earth asteroids (operator statement).", "resources": [ { "resource": "volatiles", "evidence_level": "claimed" } ], "inclusion_basis": "resource_objective_stated", "launch_vehicle": "PSLV-C40", "launch_date": { "value": "2018-01-12", "precision": "day", "basis": "actual" }, "phase": "ended", "outcome": { "class": "success", "basis": "operator_statement", "statement": "We are excited to share that the Arkyd-6 has satisfied all of its mission requirements." }, "status_basis": "Operator post of 24 April 2018 declaring mission success.", "confidence": "high", "sources": [ { "url": "https://web.archive.org/web/20180724075953/https://www.planetaryresources.com/2018/04/mission-success-arkyd-6-tests-key-technologies-for-commercial-space-resource-exploration/", "title": "Mission Success: Arkyd-6 tests key technologies for commercial space resource exploration (archived)", "publisher": "Planetary Resources (Internet Archive capture)", "source_class": "company_primary", "published": "2018-04-24", "accessed": "2026-09-25", "quote": "On January 12, 2018, we launched the Arkyd-6, a 6U CubeSat, a demonstration platform for technology intended to detect water resources in space.", "quote_confirmed_raw": true, "supports": [ "launch_date", "objective" ], "language": "en", "translation": "none" }, { "url": "https://web.archive.org/web/20180724075953/https://www.planetaryresources.com/2018/04/mission-success-arkyd-6-tests-key-technologies-for-commercial-space-resource-exploration/", "title": "Mission Success: Arkyd-6 tests key technologies for commercial space resource exploration (archived)", "publisher": "Planetary Resources (Internet Archive capture)", "source_class": "company_primary", "published": "2018-04-24", "accessed": "2026-09-25", "quote": "The launch on the Indian PSLV C40 was spectacular", "quote_confirmed_raw": true, "supports": [ "launch_vehicle", "participants" ], "language": "en", "translation": "none" }, { "url": "https://web.archive.org/web/20180724075953/https://www.planetaryresources.com/2018/04/mission-success-arkyd-6-tests-key-technologies-for-commercial-space-resource-exploration/", "title": "Mission Success: Arkyd-6 tests key technologies for commercial space resource exploration (archived)", "publisher": "Planetary Resources (Internet Archive capture)", "source_class": "company_primary", "published": "2018-04-24", "accessed": "2026-09-25", "quote": "We are excited to share that the Arkyd-6 has satisfied all of its mission requirements.", "quote_confirmed_raw": true, "supports": [ "outcome", "phase" ], "language": "en", "translation": "none" }, { "url": "https://web.archive.org/web/20180724075953/https://www.planetaryresources.com/2018/04/mission-success-arkyd-6-tests-key-technologies-for-commercial-space-resource-exploration/", "title": "Mission Success: Arkyd-6 tests key technologies for commercial space resource exploration (archived)", "publisher": "Planetary Resources (Internet Archive capture)", "source_class": "company_primary", "published": "2018-04-24", "accessed": "2026-09-25", "quote": "During the mission, the imager was used as a tool to search for the presence of water and other economic signatures on Earth, but our focus is to find the presence of water beyond Earth.", "quote_confirmed_raw": true, "supports": [ "summary", "resources" ], "language": "en", "translation": "none" } ], "review": { "author_model": "claude-opus-5-5", "reviewer_model": "claude-sonnet-5", "reviewer_run": "research/review/missions.json", "date": "2026-09-26", "sources_reopened": false, "edits_applied": 0 } }, { "stable_id": "msn-astrobotic-peregrine-m1", "name": "Astrobotic Peregrine Mission One", "summary": "Astrobotic's Peregrine lander launched 2024-01-08 on the first Vulcan flight carrying NASA instruments that measure hydrogen, hydration and exospheric volatiles; a propulsion failure prevented a landing, and the spacecraft re-entered Earth's atmosphere on 2024-01-18. The lander never reached the Moon, so no lunar resource measurements were made.", "mission_unit": "spacecraft", "host_mission_id": null, "participants": [ { "entity_id": "org-astrobotic", "role": "operator" }, { "entity_id": "org-nasa", "role": "customer" } ], "target_body": "moon", "target_site": "Sinus Viscositatis (planned)", "mission_type": "prospecting", "inclusion_basis": "resource_objective_stated", "objective": "Deliver NASA's Neutron Spectrometer System, Near-Infrared Volatile Spectrometer System and Peregrine Ion-Trap Mass Spectrometer to measure hydrogen-bearing materials, hydration and volatiles at the landing site.", "resources": [ { "resource": "water_ice", "evidence_level": "targeted" }, { "resource": "volatiles", "evidence_level": "targeted" } ], "launch_vehicle": "ULA Vulcan Centaur (maiden flight)", "launch_date": { "value": "2024-01-08", "precision": "day", "basis": "actual" }, "phase": "ended", "outcome": { "class": "failure", "basis": "operator_statement", "statement": "the failure of the PCV2 valve to fully reseat was the most likely root cause of the anomaly" }, "status_basis": "NASA release 24-012 and Astrobotic's August 2024 post-mission report.", "sources": [ { "url": "https://www.nasa.gov/news-release/nasa-science-astrobotic-peregrine-mission-one-concludes/", "title": "NASA Science, Astrobotic Peregrine Mission One Concludes (release 24-012)", "publisher": "NASA", "source_class": "government_primary", "published": "2024-01-19", "accessed": "2026-09-25", "quote": "the spacecraft experienced a propulsion issue preventing Peregrine from softly landing on the Moon", "quote_confirmed_raw": true, "supports": [ "phase", "outcome" ], "language": "en", "translation": "none" }, { "url": "https://www.nasa.gov/news-release/nasa-science-astrobotic-peregrine-mission-one-concludes/", "title": "NASA Science, Astrobotic Peregrine Mission One Concludes (release 24-012)", "publisher": "NASA", "source_class": "government_primary", "published": "2024-01-19", "accessed": "2026-09-25", "quote": "Four out five NASA payloads on Peregrine successfully powered on and collected data while in flight", "quote_confirmed_raw": true, "supports": [ "outcome" ], "language": "en", "translation": "none" }, { "url": "https://www.astrobotic.com/wp-content/uploads/2024/08/PM1_Post-Mission-Report_2024-1.pdf", "title": "Peregrine: Mission 1 Post-Mission Report", "publisher": "Astrobotic", "source_class": "company_primary", "published": "2024-08", "accessed": "2026-09-25", "quote": "the failure of the PCV2 valve to fully reseat was the most likely root cause of the anomaly", "quote_confirmed_raw": true, "supports": [ "outcome" ], "language": "en", "translation": "none" }, { "url": "https://www.astrobotic.com/wp-content/uploads/2024/08/PM1_Post-Mission-Report_2024-1.pdf", "title": "Peregrine: Mission 1 Post-Mission Report", "publisher": "Astrobotic", "source_class": "company_primary", "published": "2024-08", "accessed": "2026-09-25", "quote": "At 2:18:38 am ET on January 8th, 2024, ULA's Vulcan rocket lifted off the launch pad carrying Peregrine Mission One (PM1).", "quote_confirmed_raw": true, "supports": [ "launch_date", "launch_vehicle" ], "language": "en", "translation": "none" }, { "url": "https://science.nasa.gov/lunar-science/clps-deliveries/to2-astrobotic/", "title": "TO2-AB Science Payloads", "publisher": "NASA Science", "source_class": "government_primary", "published": null, "accessed": "2026-09-25", "quote": "The NSS instrument will determine the abundance of hydrogen-bearing materials and the bulk regolith composition at the landing site", "quote_confirmed_raw": true, "supports": [ "objective", "resources" ], "language": "en", "translation": "none" }, { "url": "https://science.nasa.gov/lunar-science/clps-deliveries/to2-astrobotic/", "title": "TO2-AB Science Payloads", "publisher": "NASA Science", "source_class": "government_primary", "published": null, "accessed": "2026-09-25", "quote": "It measures surface and subsurface hydration (H2O and OH) and CO2 and methane (CH4)", "quote_confirmed_raw": true, "supports": [ "objective", "resources" ], "language": "en", "translation": "none" }, { "url": "https://science.nasa.gov/lunar-science/clps-deliveries/to2-astrobotic/", "title": "TO2-AB Science Payloads", "publisher": "NASA Science", "source_class": "government_primary", "published": null, "accessed": "2026-09-25", "quote": "Astrobotic's Peregrine lunar lander launched on January 8, 2024 to deliver 5 NASA CLPS science payloads to Sinus Viscositatis. It did not land.", "quote_confirmed_raw": true, "supports": [ "target_site", "phase" ], "language": "en", "translation": "none" }, { "url": "https://www.astrobotic.com/lunar-delivery/manifest/", "title": "Moon Manifest", "publisher": "Astrobotic", "source_class": "company_primary", "published": null, "accessed": "2026-09-25", "quote": "NIRVSS will measure surface and subsurface hydration, carbon dioxide and methane - all resources that could potentially be mined from the Moon", "quote_confirmed_raw": true, "supports": [ "inclusion_basis" ], "language": "en", "translation": "none" } ], "confidence": "high", "missing_evidence": [], "history": [], "last_checked": "2026-09-25", "review_state": "verified", "review": { "author_model": "claude-opus-5-5", "reviewer_model": "claude-sonnet-5", "reviewer_run": "research/review/missions.json", "date": "2026-09-26", "sources_reopened": true, "edits_applied": 0 } }, { "stable_id": "msn-blue-origin-blue-moon-mk1-viper", "name": "Blue Moon Mark 1 (second lander) - VIPER delivery", "summary": "Blue Origin's second Blue Moon Mark 1 lander, which NASA says will carry the VIPER water-ice prospecting rover to the lunar South Pole under a CLPS task order with a total potential value of $190 million. Arrival is scheduled for late 2027.", "mission_unit": "spacecraft", "host_mission_id": null, "participants": [ { "entity_id": "org-blue-origin", "role": "operator" }, { "entity_id": "org-nasa", "role": "customer" } ], "target_body": "moon", "target_site": "Lunar South Pole region", "mission_type": "prospecting", "inclusion_basis": "isru_instrument_carried", "objective": "Deliver NASA's VIPER rover, which carries the Honeybee-built TRIDENT drill and volatile-sensing instruments, to map water ice and other volatiles at the lunar South Pole.", "resources": [ { "resource": "water_ice", "evidence_level": "targeted" }, { "resource": "volatiles", "evidence_level": "targeted" } ], "launch_vehicle": null, "launch_date": null, "phase": "in_development", "outcome": { "class": "not_applicable", "basis": "inferred", "statement": null }, "status_basis": "In development: NASA (2025-09-19 release; Moon Base Phases page updated 2026-08-24) says the second Blue Moon MK1 lander is in production and VIPER is scheduled to arrive in late 2027. The date is an arrival target, not a stated launch date.", "sources": [ { "url": "https://www.nasa.gov/news-release/nasa-selects-blue-origin-to-deliver-viper-rover-to-moons-south-pole/", "title": "NASA Selects Blue Origin to Deliver VIPER Rover to Moon's South Pole (Release 25-064)", "publisher": "NASA", "source_class": "government_primary", "published": "2025-09-19", "accessed": "2026-09-25", "quote": "NASA has awarded Blue Origin of Kent, Washington, a CLPS (Commercial Lunar Payload Services) task order with an option to deliver a rover to the Moon's South Pole region.", "quote_confirmed_raw": true, "supports": [ "participants", "phase" ], "language": "en", "translation": "none" }, { "url": "https://www.nasa.gov/news-release/nasa-selects-blue-origin-to-deliver-viper-rover-to-moons-south-pole/", "title": "NASA Selects Blue Origin to Deliver VIPER Rover to Moon's South Pole (Release 25-064)", "publisher": "NASA", "source_class": "government_primary", "published": "2025-09-19", "accessed": "2026-09-25", "quote": "NASA's VIPER (Volatiles Investigating Polar Exploration Rover) will search for volatile resources, such as ice, on the lunar surface", "quote_confirmed_raw": true, "supports": [ "objective", "resources", "inclusion_basis" ], "language": "en", "translation": "none" }, { "url": "https://www.nasa.gov/news-release/nasa-selects-blue-origin-to-deliver-viper-rover-to-moons-south-pole/", "title": "NASA Selects Blue Origin to Deliver VIPER Rover to Moon's South Pole (Release 25-064)", "publisher": "NASA", "source_class": "government_primary", "published": "2025-09-19", "accessed": "2026-09-25", "quote": "With this new award, Blue Origin will deliver VIPER to the lunar surface in late 2027, using a second Blue Moon MK1 lander, which is in production.", "quote_confirmed_raw": true, "supports": [ "launch_date", "phase" ], "language": "en", "translation": "none" }, { "url": "https://www.nasa.gov/moonbase-phases/", "title": "Moon Base Phases (living page; last updated 2026-08-24)", "publisher": "NASA", "source_class": "government_primary", "published": null, "accessed": "2026-09-25", "quote": "Scheduled to arrive at the lunar South Pole in late 2027 through NASA's CLPS (Commercial Lunar Payload Services) initiative", "quote_confirmed_raw": true, "supports": [ "launch_date" ], "language": "en", "translation": "none" }, { "url": "https://www.nasa.gov/moonbase-phases/", "title": "Moon Base Phases (living page; last updated 2026-08-24)", "publisher": "NASA", "source_class": "government_primary", "published": null, "accessed": "2026-09-25", "quote": "VIPER will ride to the Moon aboard Blue Origin's second Blue Moon MK1 lander currently in production.", "quote_confirmed_raw": true, "supports": [ "phase" ], "language": "en", "translation": "none" }, { "url": "https://spaceflightnow.com/2026/05/29/blue-origins-new-glenn-rocket-explodes-during-prelaunch-testing-at-cape-canaveral/", "title": "Blue Origin's New Glenn rocket explodes during prelaunch testing at Cape Canaveral", "publisher": "Spaceflight Now", "source_class": "reputable_press", "published": "2026-05-29", "accessed": "2026-09-25", "quote": "Blue Origin's New Glenn rocket exploded on the pad at Launch Complex 36 at Cape Canaveral Space Force Station as the result of an anomaly during a static fire test on Thursday, May 28.", "quote_confirmed_raw": true, "supports": [ "missing_evidence" ], "language": "en", "translation": "none" } ], "confidence": "medium", "missing_evidence": [ "Whether NASA has exercised the VIPER-delivery option of the task order is not confirmed from a primary source", "Launch vehicle not stated in NASA's award release", "No NASA or Blue Origin statement found on schedule impact of the 2026-05-28 New Glenn explosion that damaged Launch Complex 36" ], "last_checked": "2026-09-26", "review_state": "verified", "history": [], "review": { "author_model": "claude-opus-5-5", "reviewer_model": "gpt-6-astra", "reviewer_run": "research/review/astra-mission-date-fixes-20260926.json", "date": "2026-09-26", "sources_reopened": [ 0, 1, 2 ], "edits_applied": 1, "base_record_sha256": "dc706116900b1d915f87166faf3458e3d1e2a14c643b7d85a6da229c901678de" } }, { "last_checked": "2026-09-25", "review_state": "verified", "history": [], "missing_evidence": [ "Primary source naming the specific rideshare flight (press reports SpaceX Transporter-7).", "Spacecraft builder OrbAstro is named in the summary and is not recorded as its own organization." ], "host_mission_id": null, "stable_id": "msn-astroforge-brokkr-1", "name": "Brokkr-1", "summary": "AstroForge's first spacecraft, a small satellite launched to low Earth orbit in April 2023 to demonstrate in-space refining of platinum from an asteroid-simulant material. The operator reports the spacecraft was contacted, deployed its solar arrays and was commissioned, but the command uplink needed to activate the refinery payload could not be closed; last contact was 16 May 2024 and the refinery demonstration was not completed.", "participants": [ { "entity_id": "org-astroforge", "role": "operator" }, { "entity_id": "org-spacex", "role": "launch_provider" } ], "mission_unit": "spacecraft", "target_body": "other", "target_site": "Low Earth orbit (the planned demonstration used asteroid-simulant material, not asteroid material)", "mission_type": "technology_demo", "objective": "Demonstrate an in-space refinery by extracting platinum from an asteroid simulant (operator statement).", "resources": [ { "resource": "platinum_group_metals", "evidence_level": "claimed" } ], "inclusion_basis": "resource_objective_stated", "launch_vehicle": "Falcon 9 (SpaceX rideshare)", "launch_date": { "value": "2023-04-15", "precision": "day", "basis": "actual" }, "phase": "ended", "outcome": { "class": "partial", "basis": "operator_statement", "statement": "We received downlink telemetry packets but remained unable to close the command uplink necessary to activate the refinery payload. So while we could reasonably monitor overall vehicle health, we were not able to check out the demo refinery on this flight." }, "status_basis": "Operator update of 30 July 2024 gives the final objective status: separation, initial contact, solar array deployment and commissioning completed; refinery baseline checkouts incomplete; refinery demonstration not completed.", "confidence": "high", "sources": [ { "url": "https://www.astroforge.com/updates-collection/mininginspace", "title": "An Update on Our Progress Towards Mining in Space", "publisher": "AstroForge", "source_class": "company_primary", "published": "2023-12-11", "accessed": "2026-09-25", "quote": "The Brokkr-1 refinery demonstration mission successfully launched on April 15, 2023", "quote_confirmed_raw": true, "supports": [ "launch_date" ], "language": "en", "translation": "none" }, { "url": "https://www.astroforge.com/updates-collection/mininginspace", "title": "An Update on Our Progress Towards Mining in Space", "publisher": "AstroForge", "source_class": "company_primary", "published": "2023-12-11", "accessed": "2026-09-25", "quote": "extracting platinum from an asteroid simulant", "quote_confirmed_raw": true, "supports": [ "objective", "resources" ], "language": "en", "translation": "none" }, { "url": "https://www.astroforge.com/updates-collection/mininginspace", "title": "An Update on Our Progress Towards Mining in Space", "publisher": "AstroForge", "source_class": "company_primary", "published": "2023-12-11", "accessed": "2026-09-25", "quote": "During final integration and testing with OrbAstro, we identified that the magnetic field generated by our refinery system prevented the satellite's ability to actively orient the satellite.", "quote_confirmed_raw": true, "supports": [ "summary" ], "language": "en", "translation": "none" }, { "url": "https://www.astroforge.com/updates-collection/an-update-on-mission-1-mission-2-same-name-new-vehicle-new-standard-for-space-exploration", "title": "An update on Missions 1 and 2", "publisher": "AstroForge", "source_class": "company_primary", "published": "2024-07-30", "accessed": "2026-09-25", "quote": "we made our last contact on May 16, 2024 14:52 UTC", "quote_confirmed_raw": true, "supports": [ "phase", "outcome" ], "language": "en", "translation": "none" }, { "url": "https://www.astroforge.com/updates-collection/an-update-on-mission-1-mission-2-same-name-new-vehicle-new-standard-for-space-exploration", "title": "An update on Missions 1 and 2", "publisher": "AstroForge", "source_class": "company_primary", "published": "2024-07-30", "accessed": "2026-09-25", "quote": "we were not able to check out the demo refinery on this flight", "quote_confirmed_raw": true, "supports": [ "outcome" ], "language": "en", "translation": "none" }, { "url": "https://techcrunch.com/2022/05/26/astroforge-raises-13m-seed-round-for-asteroid-mining-ambitions/", "title": "Astroforge raises $13M seed round for asteroid mining ambitions", "publisher": "TechCrunch", "source_class": "reputable_press", "published": "2022-05-26", "accessed": "2026-09-25", "quote": "scheduled to launch on a SpaceX Falcon 9 rideshare mission next year", "quote_confirmed_raw": true, "supports": [ "launch_vehicle" ], "language": "en", "translation": "none" } ], "review": { "author_model": "claude-opus-5-5", "reviewer_model": "claude-sonnet-5", "reviewer_run": "research/review/missions.json", "date": "2026-09-26", "sources_reopened": true, "edits_applied": 0 } }, { "stable_id": "msn-isro-chandrayaan-1", "name": "Chandrayaan-1", "summary": "India's first lunar orbiter, launched on 22 October 2008 on PSLV-C11 and operated until contact was lost on 29 August 2009. It carried NASA's Moon Mineralogy Mapper (M3), whose spectra showed 2.8-3.0 micrometre absorption features attributed to hydroxyl and/or water on the lunar surface; Pieters et al. (2009) state this could make lunar regolith a candidate source of volatiles for human exploration.", "status_basis": "ISRO mission page: mission concluded when communication was lost on 2009-08-29.", "sources": [ { "url": "https://www.isro.gov.in/Chandrayaan_1.html", "title": "Chandrayaan-1", "publisher": "Indian Space Research Organisation", "source_class": "government_primary", "published": null, "accessed": "2026-09-25", "quote": "Chandrayaan-1, India's first mission to Moon, was launched successfully on October 22, 2008 from SDSC SHAR, Sriharikota.", "quote_confirmed_raw": true, "supports": [ "launch_date", "phase" ], "language": "en", "translation": "none" }, { "url": "https://www.isro.gov.in/Chandrayaan_1.html", "title": "Chandrayaan-1", "publisher": "Indian Space Research Organisation", "source_class": "government_primary", "published": null, "accessed": "2026-09-25", "quote": "the mission was concluded when the communication with the spacecraft was lost on August 29, 2009", "quote_confirmed_raw": true, "supports": [ "phase", "outcome" ], "language": "en", "translation": "none" }, { "url": "https://eutils.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/eutils/efetch.fcgi?db=pubmed&id=19779151&rettype=abstract&retmode=text", "title": "Character and spatial distribution of OH/H2O on the surface of the Moon seen by M3 on Chandrayaan-1 (Pieters et al., Science 2009, doi:10.1126/science.1178658, PMID 19779151)", "publisher": "Science (PubMed abstract via NCBI E-utilities)", "source_class": "peer_reviewed", "published": "2009-09-24", "accessed": "2026-09-25", "quote": "Hydroxyl/water production processes may feed polar cold traps and make the lunar regolith a candidate source of volatiles for human exploration.", "quote_confirmed_raw": true, "supports": [ "inclusion_basis", "resources" ], "language": "en", "translation": "none" } ], "confidence": "high", "missing_evidence": [], "last_checked": "2026-09-25", "history": [], "review_state": "verified", "phase": "ended", "outcome": { "class": "success", "basis": "agency_statement", "statement": "After the successful completion of all the major mission objectives, the orbit has been raised to 200 km during May 2009." }, "participants": [ { "entity_id": "org-isro", "role": "operator" }, { "entity_id": "org-nasa", "role": "payload_owner" } ], "mission_unit": "spacecraft", "host_mission_id": null, "inclusion_basis": "resource_finding_published", "target_body": "moon", "target_site": "Lunar polar orbit (100 km, later 200 km)", "mission_type": "prospecting", "objective": "Chemical, mineralogical and photo-geologic mapping of the Moon from orbit.", "resources": [ { "resource": "volatiles", "evidence_level": "detected" } ], "launch_vehicle": "PSLV-C11", "launch_date": { "value": "2008-10-22", "precision": "day", "basis": "actual" }, "review": { "author_model": "claude-opus-5-5", "reviewer_model": "claude-sonnet-5", "reviewer_run": "research/review/missions.json", "date": "2026-09-26", "sources_reopened": false, "edits_applied": 0 } }, { "stable_id": "msn-cnsa-change-5", "name": "Chang'e-5", "summary": "Chinese lunar sample-return mission launched on 24 November 2020 (Beijing time) that landed near Mons Ruemker in Oceanus Procellarum on 1 December 2020 and returned about 1,731 grams of surface and drilled samples on 17 December 2020. Lander spectra indicated up to 120 ppm water in the regolith (Lin et al. 2022), and a 2024 laboratory study of returned samples reported 51-76 mg of water generated per gram of regolith heated above 1,200 K from solar-wind hydrogen reacting with iron oxides (Chen et al. 2024); that is an Earth laboratory result, not extraction on the Moon.", "status_basis": "CNSA (2020-12-17 and 2020-12-19) report capsule landing and sample handover; launch date is Beijing time (23 Nov 2020 UTC).", "sources": [ { "url": "https://www.cnsa.gov.cn/english/n6465652/n6465653/c6810963/content.html", "title": "China's Chang'e-5 retrieves 1,731 grams of moon samples", "publisher": "CNSA", "source_class": "government_primary", "published": "2020-12-19", "accessed": "2026-09-25", "quote": "China's Chang'e-5 probe retrieved about 1,731 grams of samples from the moon, according to the China National Space Administration (CNSA).", "quote_confirmed_raw": true, "supports": [ "outcome", "resources" ], "language": "en", "translation": "none" }, { "url": "https://www.cnsa.gov.cn/english/n6465652/n6465653/c6810898/content.html", "title": "Chang'e 5's reentry capsule lands with moon samples", "publisher": "CNSA (China Daily)", "source_class": "government_primary", "published": "2020-12-17", "accessed": "2026-09-25", "quote": "The spacecraft was launched by a Long March 5 heavy-lift carrier rocket early on Nov 24 at the Wenchang Space Launch Center", "quote_confirmed_raw": true, "supports": [ "launch_date", "launch_vehicle" ], "language": "en", "translation": "none" }, { "url": "https://www.cnsa.gov.cn/english/n6465652/n6465653/c6810898/content.html", "title": "Chang'e 5's reentry capsule lands with moon samples", "publisher": "CNSA (China Daily)", "source_class": "government_primary", "published": "2020-12-17", "accessed": "2026-09-25", "quote": "Late on Dec 1, the lander-ascender combination landed on the moon", "quote_confirmed_raw": true, "supports": [ "target_site", "summary" ], "language": "en", "translation": "none" }, { "url": "https://pmc.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/articles/PMC8741181/", "title": "In situ detection of water on the Moon by the Chang'E-5 lander (Lin et al., Science Advances 2022)", "publisher": "Science Advances (via PubMed Central)", "source_class": "peer_reviewed", "published": "2022-01-07", "accessed": "2026-09-25", "quote": "We estimate up to 120 parts per million (ppm) of water", "quote_confirmed_raw": true, "supports": [ "resources", "inclusion_basis" ], "language": "en", "translation": "none" }, { "url": "https://pmc.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/articles/PMC11411434/", "title": "Massive water production from lunar ilmenite through reaction with endogenous hydrogen (Chen et al., The Innovation 2024)", "publisher": "The Innovation (via PubMed Central)", "source_class": "peer_reviewed", "published": "2024-08-22", "accessed": "2026-09-25", "quote": "Our findings suggest that the hydrogen retained in LR is a significant resource for obtaining", "quote_confirmed_raw": true, "supports": [ "inclusion_basis", "summary" ], "language": "en", "translation": "none" } ], "confidence": "high", "missing_evidence": [], "last_checked": "2026-09-25", "history": [], "review_state": "verified", "phase": "ended", "outcome": { "class": "success", "basis": "agency_statement", "statement": "China's Chang'e-5 probe retrieved about 1,731 grams of samples from the moon, according to the China National Space Administration (CNSA)." }, "participants": [ { "entity_id": "org-cnsa", "role": "operator" } ], "mission_unit": "spacecraft", "host_mission_id": null, "inclusion_basis": "resource_finding_published", "target_body": "moon", "target_site": "Northern Oceanus Procellarum, near Mons Ruemker", "mission_type": "sample_return", "objective": "Return lunar surface and drilled regolith samples; resource findings (water content and hydrogen-derived water production) come from later peer-reviewed analyses.", "resources": [ { "resource": "regolith", "evidence_level": "sampled" }, { "resource": "volatiles", "evidence_level": "detected" } ], "launch_vehicle": "Long March 5", "launch_date": { "value": "2020-11-24", "precision": "day", "basis": "actual" }, "review": { "author_model": "claude-opus-5-5", "reviewer_model": "claude-sonnet-5", "reviewer_run": "research/review/missions.json", "date": "2026-09-26", "sources_reopened": false, "edits_applied": 0 } }, { "stable_id": "msn-cnsa-change-6", "name": "Chang'e-6", "summary": "Chinese lunar far-side sample-return mission launched on 3 May 2024 that landed in the South Pole-Aitken basin on 2 June 2024 and returned 1,935.3 grams on 25 June 2024. A 2025 peer-reviewed study of impact glass beads in the returned soil measured solar-wind-derived water abundances of roughly 10 to 1,070 micrograms per gram.", "status_basis": "CNSA/Xinhua timeline (2024-06-26) and sample-mass release (2024-06-28).", "sources": [ { "url": "https://www.cnsa.gov.cn/english/n6465652/n6465653/c10573149/content.html", "title": "China's Chang'e-6 collects 1,935.3 grams of samples from moon's far side", "publisher": "CNSA (Xinhua)", "source_class": "government_primary", "published": "2024-06-28", "accessed": "2026-09-25", "quote": "China's Chang'e-6 mission collected 1,935.3 grams of samples from the far side of the moon, preliminary measurement by the China National Space Administration (CNSA) showed Friday.", "quote_confirmed_raw": true, "supports": [ "outcome", "resources" ], "language": "en", "translation": "none" }, { "url": "https://www.cnsa.gov.cn/english/n6465652/n6465653/c10573102/content.html", "title": "About China's lunar mission: Timeline of Chang'e-6 mission", "publisher": "CNSA (Xinhua)", "source_class": "government_primary", "published": "2024-06-26", "accessed": "2026-09-25", "quote": "The Chang'e-6 probe was launched by a Long March-5 rocket from the Wenchang Space Launch Site on May 3.", "quote_confirmed_raw": true, "supports": [ "launch_date", "launch_vehicle" ], "language": "en", "translation": "none" }, { "url": "https://www.cnsa.gov.cn/english/n6465652/n6465653/c10573102/content.html", "title": "About China's lunar mission: Timeline of Chang'e-6 mission", "publisher": "CNSA (Xinhua)", "source_class": "government_primary", "published": "2024-06-26", "accessed": "2026-09-25", "quote": "successfully landed at the designated landing area in the South Pole-Aitken (SPA) Basin on June 2", "quote_confirmed_raw": true, "supports": [ "target_site", "summary" ], "language": "en", "translation": "none" }, { "url": "https://pmc.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/articles/PMC12119804/", "title": "Lunar dichotomy in surface water storage of impact glass beads (Nature Communications 2025)", "publisher": "Nature Communications (via PubMed Central)", "source_class": "peer_reviewed", "published": "2025-05-29", "accessed": "2026-09-25", "quote": "Water is the one of most precious resources for planetary utilisation.", "quote_confirmed_raw": true, "supports": [ "inclusion_basis" ], "language": "en", "translation": "none" }, { "url": "https://pmc.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/articles/PMC12119804/", "title": "Lunar dichotomy in surface water storage of impact glass beads (Nature Communications 2025)", "publisher": "Nature Communications (via PubMed Central)", "source_class": "peer_reviewed", "published": "2025-05-29", "accessed": "2026-09-25", "quote": "we report the water abundances and hydrogen isotope compositions and their distribution in farside IGBs collected by the Chang'e-6 mission", "quote_confirmed_raw": true, "supports": [ "resources", "summary" ], "language": "en", "translation": "none" } ], "confidence": "high", "missing_evidence": [ "'Apollo basin' comes from peer-reviewed literature (PNAS 2025) rather than the CNSA timeline, which says only 'South Pole-Aitken (SPA) Basin'." ], "last_checked": "2026-09-25", "history": [], "review_state": "verified", "phase": "ended", "outcome": { "class": "success", "basis": "agency_statement", "statement": "China's Chang'e-6 mission collected 1,935.3 grams of samples from the far side of the moon, preliminary measurement by the China National Space Administration (CNSA) showed Friday." }, "participants": [ { "entity_id": "org-cnsa", "role": "operator" } ], "mission_unit": "spacecraft", "host_mission_id": null, "inclusion_basis": "resource_finding_published", "target_body": "moon", "target_site": "Apollo basin within the South Pole-Aitken basin, lunar far side", "mission_type": "sample_return", "objective": "Return samples from the lunar far side; the resource finding (water stored in impact glass beads) comes from later peer-reviewed analysis.", "resources": [ { "resource": "regolith", "evidence_level": "sampled" }, { "resource": "volatiles", "evidence_level": "detected" } ], "launch_vehicle": "Long March 5", "launch_date": { "value": "2024-05-03", "precision": "day", "basis": "actual" }, "review": { "author_model": "claude-opus-5-5", "reviewer_model": "claude-sonnet-5", "reviewer_run": "research/review/missions.json", "date": "2026-09-26", "sources_reopened": false, "edits_applied": 0 } }, { "stable_id": "msn-cnsa-change-7", "name": "Chang'e-7", "summary": "Chinese lunar south-pole mission with an orbiter, a lander and a flying probe intended to reach a nearby crater, designed to survey water ice, volatiles and other resources; it carries six international instruments. It was on the pad at Wenchang atop a Long March 5 for an August 2026 window, but on 23 August 2026 the China Manned Space Agency said the probe did not meet launch conditions and could not launch in the planned window that year; no new date had been announced as of the last check.", "status_basis": "Vehicle and probe rolled to Launch Complex 101 on 2026-08-19 (The Diplomat); CMSA statement via Xinhua/CGTN on 2026-08-23 that the launch cannot take place in the planned window this year. 'manifested' reflects an assigned Long March 5 with no confirmed new date.", "sources": [ { "url": "https://www.cnsa.gov.cn/english/n6465652/n6465653/c10517200/content.html", "title": "China's Chang'e-7 lunar mission to carry instruments developed through int'l cooperation", "publisher": "CNSA (Xinhua)", "source_class": "government_primary", "published": "2024-04-26", "accessed": "2026-09-25", "quote": "The Chang'e-7 mission, scheduled for launch around 2026, aims to survey the lunar surface environment, water, ice and volatile elements of lunar soil in the lunar south pole.", "quote_confirmed_raw": true, "supports": [ "objective", "inclusion_basis", "history" ], "language": "en", "translation": "none" }, { "url": "https://www.cnsa.gov.cn/english/n6465652/n6465653/c6813273/content.html", "title": "Chang'e 7 robotic mission to search for ice and survey south pole landforms", "publisher": "CNSA (China Daily)", "source_class": "government_primary", "published": "2022-03-11", "accessed": "2026-09-25", "quote": "It will also be tasked with detecting the natural resources beneath the south pole's surface.", "quote_confirmed_raw": true, "supports": [ "objective", "inclusion_basis" ], "language": "en", "translation": "none" }, { "url": "https://www.cnsa.gov.cn/english/n6465652/n6465653/c6813273/content.html", "title": "Chang'e 7 robotic mission to search for ice and survey south pole landforms", "publisher": "CNSA (China Daily)", "source_class": "government_primary", "published": "2022-03-11", "accessed": "2026-09-25", "quote": "Wu said Chinese engineers are developing a special craft able to fly from the landing site to a nearby crater to explore for traces of water.", "quote_confirmed_raw": true, "supports": [ "summary", "objective" ], "language": "en", "translation": "none" }, { "url": "https://news.cgtn.com/news/2026-08-23/China-s-Chang-e-7-launch-will-not-proceed-in-planned-window-this-year-1PQD1RsGs5a/p.html", "title": "China's Chang'e-7 launch will not proceed in planned window this year", "publisher": "CGTN (Xinhua)", "source_class": "reputable_press", "published": "2026-08-23", "accessed": "2026-09-25", "quote": "China's Chang'e-7 lunar probe does not meet launch conditions, and its launch therefore cannot take place during the planned window this year, the China Manned Space Agency said Sunday.", "quote_confirmed_raw": true, "supports": [ "phase", "launch_date", "history" ], "language": "en", "translation": "none" }, { "url": "http://www.china.org.cn/2026-08/24/content_118660979.shtml", "title": "China's Chang'e-7 launch will not proceed in planned window this year", "publisher": "China.org.cn (Xinhua)", "source_class": "reputable_press", "published": "2026-08-24", "accessed": "2026-09-25", "quote": "The assessment was conducted following the principle of prudence, reliability and absolute mission success, the agency said.", "quote_confirmed_raw": true, "supports": [ "phase" ], "language": "en", "translation": "none" }, { "url": "https://www.cnn.com/2026/08/23/science/change-7-china-moon-mission-launch-postponed", "title": "China delays launch of unprecedented water-hunting moon mission", "publisher": "CNN", "source_class": "reputable_press", "published": "2026-08-23", "accessed": "2026-09-25", "quote": "the mission is now expected to take place next year, potentially during one of two windows in spring or mid-summer", "quote_confirmed_raw": true, "supports": [ "launch_date" ], "language": "en", "translation": "none" }, { "url": "https://thediplomat.com/2026/09/china-postponed-its-change-7-lunar-mission-what-does-that-mean-for-its-space-program/", "title": "China Postponed Its Chang'e 7 Lunar Mission. What Does That Mean for Its Space Program?", "publisher": "The Diplomat", "source_class": "reputable_press", "published": "2026-09", "accessed": "2026-09-25", "quote": "the CMSA has not made any official announcement to that effect", "quote_confirmed_raw": true, "supports": [ "launch_date" ], "language": "en", "translation": "none" }, { "url": "https://thediplomat.com/2026/09/china-postponed-its-change-7-lunar-mission-what-does-that-mean-for-its-space-program/", "title": "China Postponed Its Chang'e 7 Lunar Mission. What Does That Mean for Its Space Program?", "publisher": "The Diplomat", "source_class": "reputable_press", "published": "2026-09", "accessed": "2026-09-25", "quote": "were moved to Launch Complex 101 at the Wenchang Space Launch Site in Hainan Province on August 19", "quote_confirmed_raw": true, "supports": [ "phase", "launch_vehicle" ], "language": "en", "translation": "none" } ], "confidence": "medium", "missing_evidence": [ "No official new launch date; 2027 appears only in press and a partner institute's statement to CNN.", "Official reason for the postponement not given (press speculate weather from Tropical Storm Narra)." ], "last_checked": "2026-09-25", "history": [ { "field": "launch_date", "old": "around 2026 (CNSA, April 2024)", "new": "2026-08 window (vehicle on pad 2026-08-19)", "changed_on": "2026-08-19", "reason": "source_update", "source_index": 7 }, { "field": "launch_date", "old": "2026-08 window", "new": "unannounced; not in the planned 2026 window", "changed_on": "2026-08-23", "reason": "schedule_slip", "source_index": 3 } ], "review_state": "verified", "phase": "manifested", "outcome": { "class": "not_applicable", "basis": null, "statement": null }, "participants": [ { "entity_id": "org-cnsa", "role": "operator" } ], "mission_unit": "spacecraft", "host_mission_id": null, "inclusion_basis": "resource_objective_stated", "target_body": "moon", "target_site": "Lunar south polar region", "mission_type": "prospecting", "objective": "Survey the south-polar surface environment and the water, ice and volatile content of lunar soil, and detect natural resources beneath the surface.", "resources": [ { "resource": "water_ice", "evidence_level": "targeted" }, { "resource": "volatiles", "evidence_level": "targeted" } ], "launch_vehicle": "Long March 5", "launch_date": null, "review": { "author_model": "claude-opus-5-5", "reviewer_model": "claude-sonnet-5", "reviewer_run": "research/review/missions.json", "date": "2026-09-26", "sources_reopened": true, "edits_applied": 0 } }, { "stable_id": "msn-cnsa-change-8", "name": "Chang'e-8", "summary": "Planned Chinese lunar mission to the Leibnitz-Beta Plateau near the lunar south pole that CNSA says will work with Chang'e-7 on scientific exploration and in-situ resource utilization experiments as groundwork for the International Lunar Research Station. CNSA announced on 24 April 2025 a launch around 2029 with payloads from 11 countries and regions and one international organization.", "status_basis": "CNSA/Xinhua release of 2025-04-24/25 on schedule and payload selection.", "sources": [ { "url": "https://www.cnsa.gov.cn/english/n6465652/n6465653/c10670293/content.html", "title": "China to launch Chang'e-8 lunar mission around 2029, collaborating with int'l partners", "publisher": "CNSA (Xinhua)", "source_class": "government_primary", "published": "2025-04-25", "accessed": "2026-09-25", "quote": "The Chang'e-8 mission will target the Leibnitz-Beta Plateau near the lunar south pole region, working with the earlier Chang'e-7 mission to conduct scientific exploration and in-situ resource utilization experiments.", "quote_confirmed_raw": true, "supports": [ "objective", "inclusion_basis", "target_site" ], "language": "en", "translation": "none" }, { "url": "https://www.cnsa.gov.cn/english/n6465652/n6465653/c10670293/content.html", "title": "China to launch Chang'e-8 lunar mission around 2029, collaborating with int'l partners", "publisher": "CNSA (Xinhua)", "source_class": "government_primary", "published": "2025-04-25", "accessed": "2026-09-25", "quote": "the Chang'e-8 lunar probe is scheduled for launch around 2029, and will carry payloads from 11 countries and regions and one international organization", "quote_confirmed_raw": true, "supports": [ "launch_date", "phase" ], "language": "en", "translation": "none" } ], "confidence": "medium", "missing_evidence": [ "Specific ISRU payload (press reports solar melting of regolith into bricks) not confirmed from a CNSA page.", "An earlier public target of around 2028 appears in press and is not cited on this record, so it is not listed as a dated schedule change." ], "last_checked": "2026-09-25", "history": [], "review_state": "verified", "phase": "in_development", "outcome": { "class": "not_applicable", "basis": null, "statement": null }, "participants": [ { "entity_id": "org-cnsa", "role": "operator" } ], "mission_unit": "spacecraft", "host_mission_id": null, "inclusion_basis": "resource_objective_stated", "target_body": "moon", "target_site": "Leibnitz-Beta Plateau, lunar south polar region", "mission_type": "isru_demo", "objective": "Conduct in-situ resource utilization experiments and scientific exploration jointly with Chang'e-7.", "resources": [ { "resource": "regolith", "evidence_level": "targeted" } ], "launch_vehicle": null, "launch_date": { "value": "2029", "precision": "year", "basis": "planned", "qualifier": "target" }, "review": { "author_model": "claude-opus-5-5", "reviewer_model": "claude-sonnet-5", "reviewer_run": "research/review/missions.json", "date": "2026-09-26", "sources_reopened": false, "edits_applied": 0 } }, { "last_checked": "2026-09-26", "review_state": "verified", "history": [ { "field": "launch_date", "old": "2025 (as Vestri on IM-3)", "new": "early 2026", "changed_on": "2025-08-11", "reason": "schedule_slip", "source_index": 7 }, { "field": "launch_date", "old": "early 2026", "new": "2026-Q4", "changed_on": "2026-06-03", "reason": "schedule_slip", "source_index": 2 }, { "field": "name", "old": "Vestri", "new": "DeepSpace-2", "changed_on": "2025-03-06", "reason": "reclassification", "source_index": 4 }, { "field": "objective", "old": "Land on or dock with the target asteroid to characterize its composition", "new": "Rendezvous with and image a near-Earth metallic asteroid", "changed_on": "2026-06-03", "reason": "source_update", "source_index": 0 }, { "field": "launch_date", "old": "2026-Q4", "new": "2027", "changed_on": "2026-09-26", "reason": "schedule_slip", "source_index": 13 } ], "missing_evidence": [ "Intuitive Machines or SpaceX manifest naming DeepSpace-2 (required before phase can be 'manifested').", "Explicit operator statement that the 'Vestri' mission was renamed DeepSpace-2 (inferred from matching mass, propulsion supplier, IM-3 ride and timeline).", "Operator pages conflict on launch timing: 'fourth quarter of 2026' versus 'LAUNCHING 2027' banners on the same site.", "Communications licence for DeepSpace-2.", "Host flight not confirmed: AstroForge describes a ride with Intuitive Machines' IM-3, but no manifest record names it." ], "host_mission_id": null, "stable_id": "msn-astroforge-deepspace-2", "name": "DeepSpace-2", "summary": "AstroForge's second deep-space spacecraft, a 200-kilogram vehicle with Hall-effect electric propulsion, intended to ride share on the Falcon 9 launch of Intuitive Machines' IM-3 and then rendezvous with and image a metallic near-Earth asteroid that has not yet been named. Flight hardware assembly was reported complete in June 2026 and integrated testing was under way; earlier descriptions of the same spacecraft as 'Vestri' said it would land on or dock with an asteroid, which current operator pages no longer state.", "participants": [ { "entity_id": "org-astroforge", "role": "operator" }, { "entity_id": "org-intuitive-machines", "role": "carrier" }, { "entity_id": "org-spacex", "role": "launch_provider" } ], "mission_unit": "spacecraft", "target_body": "near_earth_asteroid", "target_site": "Not selected; operator describes a near-Earth M-type (metallic) asteroid, and press reports about 28 candidates", "mission_type": "prospecting", "objective": "Rendezvous with a near-Earth metallic asteroid and capture high-resolution imagery of its shape, structure and clues to mineral composition (operator statement).", "resources": [ { "resource": "metals_general", "evidence_level": "targeted" } ], "inclusion_basis": "resource_objective_stated", "launch_vehicle": "Falcon 9 (rideshare with Intuitive Machines IM-3, per press)", "launch_date": { "value": "2027", "precision": "year", "basis": "planned", "qualifier": "target" }, "phase": "in_development", "outcome": { "class": "not_applicable", "basis": "inferred", "statement": null }, "status_basis": "AstroForge's DeepSpace-2 page (checked 2026-09-26) is headed 'LAUNCHING 2027', while its body text still says the fourth quarter of 2026. AstroForge ties the flight to Intuitive Machines' IM-3. On 2026-09-15, NASA's Moon Base manager said Intuitive Machines' next lander, Nova-C Trinity, is slated for 'the first part of 2027' (Aerospace America). No launch-provider manifest names DeepSpace-2, so the mission is listed as in development.", "confidence": "medium", "sources": [ { "url": "https://www.astroforge.com/deepspace-2", "title": "DeepSpace-2 - AstroForge", "publisher": "AstroForge", "source_class": "company_primary", "published": null, "accessed": "2026-09-25", "quote": "Launching in the fourth quarter of 2026, DeepSpace-2 will travel millions of kilometers to rendezvous with a near-Earth asteroid.", "quote_confirmed_raw": true, "supports": [ "objective", "phase" ], "language": "en", "translation": "none" }, { "url": "https://www.astroforge.com/deepspace-2", "title": "DeepSpace-2 - AstroForge", "publisher": "AstroForge", "source_class": "company_primary", "published": null, "accessed": "2026-09-25", "quote": "DeepSpace-2's payload is a high-resolution monochromatic camera.", "quote_confirmed_raw": true, "supports": [ "objective" ], "language": "en", "translation": "none" }, { "url": "https://www.astroforge.com/updates-collection/we-built-the-spacecraft", "title": "We Built the Spacecraft", "publisher": "AstroForge", "source_class": "company_primary", "published": "2026-06-03", "accessed": "2026-09-25", "quote": "Last month, we assembled the major flight hardware of DeepSpace-2 on our integration floor for the first time.", "quote_confirmed_raw": true, "supports": [ "phase", "launch_date" ], "language": "en", "translation": "none" }, { "url": "https://www.astroforge.com/updates-collection/spacecraft-structures", "title": "Spacecraft Structures", "publisher": "AstroForge", "source_class": "company_primary", "published": "2025-08-19", "accessed": "2026-09-25", "quote": "We have purchased a 200kg mass budget from IM.", "quote_confirmed_raw": true, "supports": [ "participants", "host_mission_id" ], "language": "en", "translation": "none" }, { "url": "https://www.astroforge.com/updates-collection/odint-mission-debrief", "title": "Odin't: A Complete Debrief of Our Deep Space Mission", "publisher": "AstroForge", "source_class": "company_primary", "published": "2025-03-06", "accessed": "2026-09-25", "quote": "DeepSpace-2 will be our second spacecraft and is scheduled to launch on the IM3 mission.", "quote_confirmed_raw": true, "supports": [ "host_mission_id", "history" ], "language": "en", "translation": "none" }, { "url": "https://www.astroforge.com/updates-collection/odint-mission-debrief", "title": "Odin't: A Complete Debrief of Our Deep Space Mission", "publisher": "AstroForge", "source_class": "company_primary", "published": "2025-03-06", "accessed": "2026-09-25", "quote": "Landing legs for its primary mission: landing on a metallic asteroid to measure platinum group metals on the surface", "quote_confirmed_raw": true, "supports": [ "history" ], "language": "en", "translation": "none" }, { "url": "https://payloadspace.com/astroforge-completes-its-deepspace-2-spacecraft/", "title": "AstroForge Completes its DeepSpace-2 Spacecraft", "publisher": "Payload", "source_class": "reputable_press", "published": "2026-06-05", "accessed": "2026-09-25", "quote": "The spacecraft is scheduled to fly onboard a SpaceX Falcon 9 rocket, which is also carrying Intuitive Machines' IM-3 lander to the lunar surface.", "quote_confirmed_raw": true, "supports": [ "launch_vehicle", "participants" ], "language": "en", "translation": "none" }, { "url": "https://www.prnewswire.com/news-releases/safran-dsi-to-supply-electric-propulsion-systems-for-astroforges-upcoming-vestri-asteroid-mission-302526390.html", "title": "Safran DSI to Supply Electric Propulsion Systems for AstroForge's Upcoming Vestri Asteroid Mission", "publisher": "Safran Defense & Space, Inc. (via PR Newswire)", "source_class": "company_primary", "published": "2025-08-11", "accessed": "2026-09-25", "quote": "for the company's upcoming Vestri asteroid mission, scheduled to launch in early 2026", "quote_confirmed_raw": true, "supports": [ "history" ], "language": "en", "translation": "none" }, { "url": "https://payloadspace.com/astroforge-raised-40m-to-race-for-an-asteroid/", "title": "AstroForge Raised $40M To Race For An Asteroid", "publisher": "Payload", "source_class": "reputable_press", "published": "2024-08-21", "accessed": "2026-09-25", "quote": "A 200-kg spacecraft called Vestri, which will land on the target asteroid to completely characterize its composition; it will fly on IM-3, expected to launch in 2025.", "quote_confirmed_raw": true, "supports": [ "history" ], "language": "en", "translation": "none" }, { "url": "https://aerospaceamerica.aiaa.org/astroforge-preps-for-second-attempt-at-reaching-an-asteroid/", "title": "AstroForge preps for second attempt at reaching an asteroid", "publisher": "Aerospace America (AIAA)", "source_class": "reputable_press", "published": "2026-06-15", "accessed": "2026-09-25", "quote": "AstroForge will choose among them closer to launch.", "quote_confirmed_raw": true, "supports": [ "target_site" ], "language": "en", "translation": "none" }, { "url": "https://aerospaceamerica.aiaa.org/astroforge-preps-for-second-attempt-at-reaching-an-asteroid/", "title": "AstroForge preps for second attempt at reaching an asteroid", "publisher": "Aerospace America (AIAA)", "source_class": "reputable_press", "published": "2026-06-15", "accessed": "2026-09-25", "quote": "AstroForge is self-funding DeepSpace-2, which Gialich said will cost around $10 million.", "quote_confirmed_raw": true, "supports": [ "summary" ], "language": "en", "translation": "none" }, { "url": "https://www.astroforge.com/deepspace-2", "title": "DeepSpace-2 - AstroForge", "publisher": "AstroForge", "source_class": "company_primary", "published": null, "accessed": "2026-09-25", "quote": "LAUNCHING 2027 DEEPSPACE-2 The first commercially viable path to deep space.", "quote_confirmed_raw": true, "supports": [ "launch_date" ], "language": "en", "translation": "none" }, { "url": "https://www.astroforge.com/updates-collection/introducing-autonomy-1-the-first-autonomous-space-mission-powered-by-solo", "title": "Introducing Autonomy-1: The First Autonomous Space Mission, Powered by Solo", "publisher": "AstroForge", "source_class": "company_primary", "published": "2026-09-21", "accessed": "2026-09-25", "quote": "Our next mission, DeepSpace-2, will fly Solo in shadow mode.", "quote_confirmed_raw": true, "supports": [ "phase" ], "language": "en", "translation": "none" }, { "url": "https://aerospaceamerica.aiaa.org/nasa-expects-one-lunar-launch-this-year-moon-base-manager-says/", "title": "NASA expects one lunar launch this year, Moon Base manager says", "publisher": "Aerospace America (AIAA)", "source_class": "reputable_press", "published": "2026-09-15", "accessed": "2026-09-26", "quote": "The next two — Blue Origin’s Mark 1 Endurance and Intuitive Machines’ Nova-C Trinity — are now slated to launch in “the first part of 2027,”", "quote_confirmed_raw": true, "supports": [ "launch_date" ], "language": "en", "translation": "none" } ], "review": { "author_model": "claude-opus-5-5", "reviewer_model": "grok-bot-executor", "reviewer_run": "research/review/polish-deepspace-2-20260926.json", "date": "2026-09-26", "sources_reopened": [ 0, 4, 11, 13 ], "edits_applied": 2, "base_record_sha256": "4f867ea7625c7d5b1fca9978535d084e766e3ca1ab122af50df0d764785c0304", "record_sha256": "f700e73df0ac306a00af3650e5b5c92717505340515d6c4b54aa9dfff456ea15" } }, { "stable_id": "msn-uae-space-agency-emirates-mission-asteroid-belt", "name": "Emirates Mission to the Asteroid Belt (EMA) / MBR Explorer", "summary": "UAE Space Agency mission whose MBR Explorer spacecraft is to fly past six main-belt asteroids and deploy a lander on a seventh in 2034; the agency's 2023 announcement lists preparing for possible future resource extraction and assessing the resource potential of water-rich asteroids among its aims. Assembly, integration and testing were under way in April 2026 ahead of a 2028 launch (launch period starting March 2028 per the 2023 announcement).", "status_basis": "The National (2026-04-27) reports assembly, integration and testing under way; UAE Space Agency announcement via Dubai Media Office (2023-05-29).", "sources": [ { "url": "https://mediaoffice.ae/en/news/2023/may/29-05/mohammed-bin-rashid", "title": "Mohammed bin Rashid: The Emirates Mission to the Asteroid Belt is a significant scientific mission", "publisher": "Government of Dubai Media Office", "source_class": "government_primary", "published": "2023-05-29", "accessed": "2026-09-25", "quote": "prepare the ground for possible future resource extraction from asteroids", "quote_confirmed_raw": true, "supports": [ "objective", "inclusion_basis", "summary" ], "language": "en", "translation": "none" }, { "url": "https://mediaoffice.ae/en/news/2023/may/29-05/mohammed-bin-rashid", "title": "Mohammed bin Rashid: The Emirates Mission to the Asteroid Belt is a significant scientific mission", "publisher": "Government of Dubai Media Office", "source_class": "government_primary", "published": "2023-05-29", "accessed": "2026-09-25", "quote": "assess the resource potential of asteroids and prepare the way for future asteroid resource utilisation", "quote_confirmed_raw": true, "supports": [ "objective", "resources" ], "language": "en", "translation": "none" }, { "url": "https://mediaoffice.ae/en/news/2023/may/29-05/mohammed-bin-rashid", "title": "Mohammed bin Rashid: The Emirates Mission to the Asteroid Belt is a significant scientific mission", "publisher": "Government of Dubai Media Office", "source_class": "government_primary", "published": "2023-05-29", "accessed": "2026-09-25", "quote": "the UAE Space Agency today announced the details and objectives of the EMA", "quote_confirmed_raw": true, "supports": [ "participants", "launch_date", "target_site" ], "language": "en", "translation": "none" }, { "url": "https://www.thenationalnews.com/news/uae/2026/04/27/uaes-mbr-explorer-mission-to-asteroid-belt-on-track-for-2028-launch-as-tests-begin/", "title": "UAE's MBR Explorer mission to asteroid belt on track for 2028 launch as tests begin", "publisher": "The National", "source_class": "reputable_press", "published": "2026-04-27", "accessed": "2026-09-25", "quote": "The MBR Explorer mission is progressing, with assembly, integration and testing under way ahead of its 2028 launch.", "quote_confirmed_raw": true, "supports": [ "phase", "launch_date" ], "language": "en", "translation": "none" } ], "confidence": "medium", "missing_evidence": [ "Launch vehicle (reported as H3) and landing target (reported as 269 Justitia) not confirmed from a primary page.", "Mission partners (MBRSC and LASP) are not recorded as organizations here." ], "last_checked": "2026-09-25", "history": [], "review_state": "verified", "phase": "in_development", "outcome": { "class": "not_applicable", "basis": null, "statement": null }, "participants": [ { "entity_id": "org-uae-space-agency", "role": "operator" } ], "mission_unit": "spacecraft", "host_mission_id": null, "inclusion_basis": "resource_objective_stated", "target_body": "main_belt_asteroid", "target_site": "Seven main-belt asteroids; landing on the seventh (2034)", "mission_type": "prospecting", "objective": "Characterize main-belt asteroids, including the resource potential of water-rich asteroids, to prepare for possible future resource extraction.", "resources": [ { "resource": "volatiles", "evidence_level": "targeted" } ], "launch_vehicle": null, "launch_date": { "value": "2028-03", "precision": "month", "basis": "planned", "qualifier": "window" }, "review": { "author_model": "claude-opus-5-5", "reviewer_model": "claude-sonnet-5", "reviewer_run": "research/review/missions.json", "date": "2026-09-26", "sources_reopened": false, "edits_applied": 0 } }, { "stable_id": "msn-firefly-blue-ghost-m1", "name": "Firefly Blue Ghost Mission 1 (Ghost Riders in the Sky)", "summary": "Firefly's Blue Ghost lander launched 2025-01-15, landed in Mare Crisium on 2025-03-02 and operated for more than 14 days; among its NASA payloads, Honeybee Robotics' Lunar PlanetVac collected, transferred and sorted lunar soil with pressurized gas. This was a sample-collection technology demonstration, not resource extraction or processing.", "mission_unit": "spacecraft", "host_mission_id": null, "participants": [ { "entity_id": "org-firefly-aerospace", "role": "operator" }, { "entity_id": "org-nasa", "role": "customer" }, { "entity_id": "org-honeybee-robotics", "role": "payload_builder" }, { "entity_id": "org-spacex", "role": "launch_provider" } ], "target_body": "moon", "target_site": "Mare Crisium (near Mons Latreille)", "mission_type": "technology_demo", "inclusion_basis": "resource_objective_stated", "objective": "Demonstrate pneumatic collection, transfer and sieving of lunar regolith (Lunar PlanetVac), a technology NASA says could benefit the search for water, helium and other resources.", "resources": [ { "resource": "regolith", "evidence_level": "sampled" } ], "launch_vehicle": "SpaceX Falcon 9", "launch_date": { "value": "2025-01-15", "precision": "day", "basis": "actual" }, "phase": "ended", "outcome": { "class": "success", "basis": "operator_statement", "statement": "Firefly met 100% of our mission objectives for Blue Ghost Mission 1 after performing the first fully successful commercial Moon landing on March 2, completing more than 14 days of surface operations (346 hours of daylight)" }, "status_basis": "Firefly's live-updates page (2025-03-17 entry) and NASA Flight Opportunities page on Lunar PlanetVac results.", "sources": [ { "url": "https://fireflyspace.com/news/blue-ghost-mission-1-live-updates/", "title": "Blue Ghost Mission 1: Live Updates", "publisher": "Firefly Aerospace", "source_class": "company_primary", "published": "2025-03", "accessed": "2026-09-25", "quote": "Firefly met 100% of our mission objectives for Blue Ghost Mission 1 after performing the first fully successful commercial Moon landing on March 2, completing more than 14 days of surface operations (346 hours of daylight)", "quote_confirmed_raw": true, "supports": [ "phase", "outcome" ], "language": "en", "translation": "none" }, { "url": "https://fireflyspace.com/news/blue-ghost-mission-1-live-updates/", "title": "Blue Ghost Mission 1: Live Updates", "publisher": "Firefly Aerospace", "source_class": "company_primary", "published": "2025-03", "accessed": "2026-09-25", "quote": "Lunar PlanetVac for example successfully collected, transferred, and sorted lunar soil from the Moon using pressurized nitrogen gas.", "quote_confirmed_raw": true, "supports": [ "resources", "outcome" ], "language": "en", "translation": "none" }, { "url": "https://fireflyspace.com/news/blue-ghost-mission-1-live-updates/", "title": "Blue Ghost Mission 1: Live Updates", "publisher": "Firefly Aerospace", "source_class": "company_primary", "published": "2025-03", "accessed": "2026-09-25", "quote": "SpaceX's Falcon 9 rocket lifted off from the Kennedy Space Center launch complex 39A at 1:11 am EST, and Blue Ghost is on its way to orbit!", "quote_confirmed_raw": true, "supports": [ "launch_date", "launch_vehicle" ], "language": "en", "translation": "none" }, { "url": "https://www.nasa.gov/missions/artemis/clps/nasa-lander-to-test-vacuum-cleaner-on-moon-for-sample-collection/", "title": "NASA Lander to Test Vacuum Cleaner on Moon for Sample Collection", "publisher": "NASA", "source_class": "government_primary", "published": "2025-01-08", "accessed": "2026-09-25", "quote": "The technology on this CLPS payload could benefit the search for water, helium, and other resources and provide a clearer picture of in situ materials available to NASA and its partners for fabricating lunar habitats and launch pads", "quote_confirmed_raw": true, "supports": [ "inclusion_basis", "objective" ], "language": "en", "translation": "none" }, { "url": "https://www.nasa.gov/missions/artemis/clps/nasa-lander-to-test-vacuum-cleaner-on-moon-for-sample-collection/", "title": "NASA Lander to Test Vacuum Cleaner on Moon for Sample Collection", "publisher": "NASA", "source_class": "government_primary", "published": "2025-01-08", "accessed": "2026-09-25", "quote": "It's designed to efficiently collect and transfer lunar soil from the surface to other science instruments or sample return containers without reliance on gravity.", "quote_confirmed_raw": true, "supports": [ "objective" ], "language": "en", "translation": "none" }, { "url": "https://www.nasa.gov/stmd-flight-opportunities/from-flight-test-to-the-moon-three-payloads/", "title": "From Flight Test to the Moon: Three Payloads", "publisher": "NASA Flight Opportunities", "source_class": "government_primary", "published": null, "accessed": "2026-09-25", "quote": "Lunar PlanetVac successfully collected, transferred, and sorted lunar soil from the Moon", "quote_confirmed_raw": true, "supports": [ "resources", "outcome" ], "language": "en", "translation": "none" }, { "url": "https://fireflyspace.com/missions/blue-ghost-mission-1/", "title": "Blue Ghost Mission 1 (mission page)", "publisher": "Firefly Aerospace", "source_class": "company_primary", "published": null, "accessed": "2026-09-25", "quote": "The Lunar PlanetVac will demonstrate pneumatic sample collection of lunar regolith by collecting and sorting regolith within its sample collection chamber.", "quote_confirmed_raw": true, "supports": [ "objective" ], "language": "en", "translation": "none" } ], "confidence": "high", "missing_evidence": [ "Peer-reviewed LPV results paper (Zacny et al., 2026, doi 10.1007/s44461-026-00012-z; Springer page bot-walled) not fetched." ], "history": [], "last_checked": "2026-09-25", "review_state": "verified", "review": { "author_model": "claude-opus-5-5", "reviewer_model": "claude-sonnet-5", "reviewer_run": "research/review/missions.json", "date": "2026-09-26", "sources_reopened": false, "edits_applied": 0 } }, { "stable_id": "msn-firefly-blue-ghost-m2", "name": "Firefly Blue Ghost Mission 2 (Riders 2 the Dark)", "summary": "Firefly's second lunar mission, a Blue Ghost lander stacked on an Elytra Dark orbiter bound for the lunar far side, is to deploy Fleet Space Technologies' SPIDER passive-seismic payload, which Firefly says will detect water ice deposits in the subsurface. Firefly now lists the launch as no earlier than 2027 (announced in 2023 for 2026).", "mission_unit": "spacecraft", "host_mission_id": null, "participants": [ { "entity_id": "org-firefly-aerospace", "role": "operator" }, { "entity_id": "org-nasa", "role": "customer" }, { "entity_id": "org-fleet-space", "role": "payload_owner" }, { "entity_id": "org-esa", "role": "payload_owner" } ], "target_body": "moon", "target_site": "Lunar far side (specific site not stated in sources reviewed)", "mission_type": "prospecting", "inclusion_basis": "resource_objective_stated", "objective": "Operate Fleet Space's SPIDER seismic (ambient-noise) payload from the lander for up to 14 days to image the subsurface and look for water-ice signatures; this is a seismic survey, not sampling or extraction.", "resources": [ { "resource": "water_ice", "evidence_level": "targeted" } ], "launch_vehicle": null, "launch_date": { "value": "2027", "precision": "year", "basis": "planned", "qualifier": "net" }, "phase": "in_development", "outcome": { "class": "not_applicable", "basis": "inferred", "statement": null }, "status_basis": "Firefly's Blue Ghost Mission 2 page (accessed 2026-09-25) lists it as an upcoming mission set to launch no earlier than 2027.", "sources": [ { "url": "https://fireflyspace.com/missions/blue-ghost-mission-2/", "title": "Blue Ghost + Elytra: Lunar Far Side (mission page)", "publisher": "Firefly Aerospace", "source_class": "company_primary", "published": null, "accessed": "2026-09-25", "quote": "Set to launch no earlier than 2027, the mission will deliver six international payloads", "quote_confirmed_raw": true, "supports": [ "launch_date", "phase" ], "language": "en", "translation": "none" }, { "url": "https://fireflyspace.com/missions/blue-ghost-mission-2/", "title": "Blue Ghost + Elytra: Lunar Far Side (mission page)", "publisher": "Firefly Aerospace", "source_class": "company_primary", "published": null, "accessed": "2026-09-25", "quote": "a seismic device from Fleet Space", "quote_confirmed_raw": true, "supports": [ "participants" ], "language": "en", "translation": "none" }, { "url": "https://fireflyspace.com/news/firefly-announces-agreement-with-fleet-space-to-deliver-payload-to-the-moon/", "title": "Firefly Aerospace Announces Agreement with Fleet Space to Deliver Seismic Payload to Far Side of the Moon", "publisher": "Firefly Aerospace", "source_class": "company_primary", "published": "2023-11-08", "accessed": "2026-09-25", "quote": "Firefly's Blue Ghost lunar lander will deploy Fleet Space's SPIDER payload to detect water ice deposits and examine the mineral profile of the lunar subsurface", "quote_confirmed_raw": true, "supports": [ "inclusion_basis", "objective", "resources" ], "language": "en", "translation": "none" }, { "url": "https://fireflyspace.com/news/firefly-announces-agreement-with-fleet-space-to-deliver-payload-to-the-moon/", "title": "Firefly Aerospace Announces Agreement with Fleet Space to Deliver Seismic Payload to Far Side of the Moon", "publisher": "Firefly Aerospace", "source_class": "company_primary", "published": "2023-11-08", "accessed": "2026-09-25", "quote": "the Australian-backed SPIDER payload will fly on Firefly's Blue Ghost lander as part of Firefly's second lunar mission in 2026", "quote_confirmed_raw": true, "supports": [ "launch_date" ], "language": "en", "translation": "none" }, { "url": "https://www.fleetspace.com/newsroom/fleets-lunar-seismic-technology-heads-to-the-moon-on-fireflys-blue-ghost-lander", "title": "Fleet's Lunar Seismic Technology Heads to the Moon on Firefly's Blue Ghost Lander", "publisher": "Fleet Space Technologies", "source_class": "company_primary", "published": "2023-11-09", "accessed": "2026-09-25", "quote": "develop a geophysical device that will deliver insight about the subsurface of the Moon's South Pole and search for water ice deposits", "quote_confirmed_raw": true, "supports": [ "objective" ], "language": "en", "translation": "none" }, { "url": "https://fireflyspace.com/news/firefly-announces-agreement-with-fleet-space-to-deliver-payload-to-the-moon/", "title": "Firefly Aerospace Announces Agreement with Fleet Space to Deliver Seismic Payload to Far Side of the Moon", "publisher": "Firefly Aerospace", "source_class": "company_primary", "published": "2023-11-08", "accessed": "2026-09-25", "quote": "This data will offer insights into the geological properties of the lunar subsurface and its mineral profile, such as water ice, that can support lunar infrastructure and further regolith exploration.", "quote_confirmed_raw": true, "supports": [ "objective" ], "language": "en", "translation": "none" } ], "confidence": "medium", "missing_evidence": [ "Launch vehicle not stated on the current mission page.", "Exact far-side landing site not stated.", "Date the launch moved from 2026 to NET 2027 not established." ], "history": [ { "field": "launch_date", "old": "2026", "new": "2027 (net)", "changed_on": "2026", "reason": "schedule_slip", "source_index": 3 } ], "last_checked": "2026-09-25", "review_state": "verified", "review": { "author_model": "claude-opus-5-5", "reviewer_model": "claude-sonnet-5", "reviewer_run": "research/review/missions.json", "date": "2026-09-26", "sources_reopened": false, "edits_applied": 0 } }, { "stable_id": "msn-astrobotic-griffin-1", "name": "Griffin Mission One (Griffin-1, NASA Moon Base II)", "summary": "First flight of Astrobotic's Griffin lander (Astrobotic now operates as Voyager Lunar Systems), a NASA CLPS delivery to the Nobile Crater area near the lunar south pole planned for late 2026. After NASA ended VIPER in 2024, its resource-relevant cargo is the NASA Ames/Interlune METAL investigation, which NASA says will study helium-3 abundance in the regolith.", "mission_unit": "spacecraft", "host_mission_id": null, "participants": [ { "entity_id": "org-astrobotic", "role": "operator" }, { "entity_id": "org-nasa", "role": "customer" }, { "entity_id": "org-interlune", "role": "payload_owner" } ], "target_body": "moon", "target_site": "Nobile Crater region, lunar south pole (per NASA)", "mission_type": "prospecting", "inclusion_basis": "resource_objective_stated", "objective": "Deliver NASA payloads including the METAL investigation (NASA Ames with Interlune), which NASA says will study helium-3 abundance in the lunar regolith to inform in-situ resource utilization.", "resources": [ { "resource": "helium_3", "evidence_level": "targeted" } ], "launch_vehicle": null, "launch_date": { "value": "2026-H2", "precision": "half", "basis": "planned", "qualifier": "target" }, "phase": "in_development", "outcome": { "class": "not_applicable", "basis": "inferred", "statement": null }, "status_basis": "NASA's Moon Base Phases page (last updated 2026-08-24) shows the lander being prepared for environmental testing at JPL ahead of a planned late-2026 launch.", "sources": [ { "url": "https://www.nasa.gov/moonbase-phases/", "title": "Moon Base Phases", "publisher": "NASA", "source_class": "government_primary", "published": "2026-08-24", "accessed": "2026-09-25", "quote": "The lander is being prepared for transport to NASA's Jet Propulsion Laboratory, where it will undergo environmental testing ahead of its planned launch to the Moon in late 2026.", "quote_confirmed_raw": true, "supports": [ "phase", "launch_date" ], "language": "en", "translation": "none" }, { "url": "https://www.nasa.gov/moonbase-phases/", "title": "Moon Base Phases", "publisher": "NASA", "source_class": "government_primary", "published": "2026-08-24", "accessed": "2026-09-25", "quote": "the Moon Exploration for Titanium with Active Lighting (METAL) investigation, developed by NASA's Ames Research Center in partnership with Interlune. METAL will study the abundance of helium-3 in the lunar regolith", "quote_confirmed_raw": true, "supports": [ "inclusion_basis", "objective", "resources", "participants" ], "language": "en", "translation": "none" }, { "url": "https://www.nasa.gov/news-release/nasa-provides-update-on-moon-base-rovers-landers-missions/", "title": "NASA Provides Update on Moon Base Rovers, Landers, Missions", "publisher": "NASA", "source_class": "government_primary", "published": "2026-05-26", "accessed": "2026-09-25", "quote": "Moon Base II: Planned for launch later this year, this mission will deliver more than 1,100 pounds of cargo on Astrobotic's Griffin lander, including Astrolab's FLIP rover", "quote_confirmed_raw": true, "supports": [ "participants", "history" ], "language": "en", "translation": "none" }, { "url": "https://www.nasa.gov/event/clps-flight-astrobotics-griffin-mission-one/", "title": "CLPS Flight: Astrobotic's Griffin Mission One", "publisher": "NASA", "source_class": "government_primary", "published": null, "accessed": "2026-09-25", "quote": "The Astrobotic Griffin-1 mission will deliver more than 1,100 pounds of cargo to the Nobile Crater at the lunar South Pole, including the Astrolab FLIP rover", "quote_confirmed_raw": true, "supports": [ "target_site" ], "language": "en", "translation": "none" }, { "url": "https://www.nasa.gov/news-release/nasa-ends-viper-project-continues-moon-exploration/", "title": "NASA Ends VIPER Project, Continues Moon Exploration", "publisher": "NASA", "source_class": "government_primary", "published": "2024-07-17", "accessed": "2026-09-25", "quote": "Astrobotic will continue its Griffin Mission One within its contract with NASA, working toward a launch scheduled for no earlier than fall 2025. The landing without VIPER will provide a flight demonstration of the Griffin lander and its engines.", "quote_confirmed_raw": true, "supports": [ "history" ], "language": "en", "translation": "none" }, { "url": "https://voyagertechnologies.com/press-releases/voyager-awarded-298m-nasa-contract-under-completed-astrobotic-acquisition/", "title": "Voyager awarded $298M NASA contract under completed Astrobotic acquisition", "publisher": "Voyager Technologies", "source_class": "company_primary", "published": "2026-07-13", "accessed": "2026-09-25", "quote": "Astrobotic now operates as Voyager Lunar Systems", "quote_confirmed_raw": true, "supports": [ "participants", "summary" ], "language": "en", "translation": "none" } ], "confidence": "medium", "missing_evidence": [ "Launch vehicle and a launch-provider manifest were not confirmed from a primary source (phase therefore in development, not manifested).", "Whether METAL is mounted on Astrolab's FLIP rover (Interlune/Astrolab 2025 release) or on the lander deck; msn-interlune-metal-camera points here directly, skipping FLIP." ], "last_checked": "2026-09-25", "history": [ { "field": "objective", "old": "Deliver NASA's VIPER water-ice prospecting rover (2020 CLPS award)", "new": "Griffin flight demonstration without VIPER", "changed_on": "2024-07-17", "reason": "reclassification", "source_index": 4 }, { "field": "launch_date", "old": "no earlier than fall 2025", "new": "late 2026 (2026-H2 target)", "changed_on": "2026-05-26", "reason": "schedule_slip", "source_index": 2 } ], "review_state": "verified", "review": { "author_model": "claude-opus-5-5", "reviewer_model": "claude-sonnet-5", "reviewer_run": "research/review/missions.json", "date": "2026-09-26", "sources_reopened": false, "edits_applied": 0 } }, { "stable_id": "msn-ispace-hakuto-r-m1", "name": "HAKUTO-R Mission 1 (ispace M1 lander)", "summary": "ispace's first lunar lander, launched 2022-12-11 on a Falcon 9, reached lunar orbit and began its landing sequence toward Atlas crater on 2023-04-25 UTC (2023-04-26 JST); ispace states it mis-estimated its altitude, exhausted its propellant about 5 km above the surface and free-fell. It was to collect regolith on a landing-gear footpad for an in-place ownership transfer to NASA under a USD 5,000 contract; no collection occurred.", "mission_unit": "spacecraft", "host_mission_id": null, "participants": [ { "entity_id": "org-ispace", "role": "operator" }, { "entity_id": "org-nasa", "role": "customer" }, { "entity_id": "org-spacex", "role": "launch_provider" } ], "target_body": "moon", "target_site": "Atlas crater, 47.5 N 44.4 E (southeastern outer edge of Mare Frigoris / Lacus Somniorum region)", "mission_type": "resource_purchase_demo", "inclusion_basis": "resource_transaction", "objective": "Collect regolith that accumulates on a landing-gear footpad at touchdown, photograph it, and transfer ownership in place to NASA under a December 2020 contract; the regolith was not to be returned to Earth.", "resources": [ { "resource": "regolith", "evidence_level": "targeted" } ], "launch_vehicle": "SpaceX Falcon 9", "launch_date": { "value": "2022-12-11", "precision": "day", "basis": "actual" }, "phase": "ended", "outcome": { "class": "failure", "basis": "operator_statement", "statement": "After reaching the scheduled landing time, the lander continued to descend at a low speed until the propulsion system ran out of fuel. At that time, the controlled descent of the lander ceased, and it is believed to have free-fallen to the Moon's surface." }, "status_basis": "ispace's 2023-05-26 flight-data analysis and 2023-04-26 status update; NASA LRO imaged the impact site on 2023-04-26.", "sources": [ { "url": "https://www.ispace-inc.com/2022/12/11/ispace-mission-1-lander-status-update/", "title": "ispace Mission 1 Lander Status Update", "publisher": "ispace, inc.", "source_class": "company_primary", "published": "2022-12-11", "accessed": "2026-09-25", "quote": "following a successful launch by a SpaceX Falcon 9 rocket from Cape Canaveral Space Force Station, Fla., on December 11, 2022.", "quote_confirmed_raw": true, "supports": [ "launch_date", "launch_vehicle" ], "language": "en", "translation": "official" }, { "url": "https://www.ispace-inc.com/2022/11/17/ispace-announces-mission-1-launch-date/", "title": "ispace Announces Mission 1 Launch Date", "publisher": "ispace, inc.", "source_class": "company_primary", "published": "2022-11-17", "accessed": "2026-09-25", "quote": "ispace announced its primary landing site, the Atlas Crater, located at 47.5°N, 44.4°E, on the southeastern outer edge of Mare Frigoris", "quote_confirmed_raw": true, "supports": [ "target_site" ], "language": "en", "translation": "official" }, { "url": "https://www.ispace-inc.com/2023/04/26/status-update-on-ispace-hakuto-r-mission-1-lunar-lander/", "title": "Status Update on ispace HAKUTO-R Mission 1 Lunar Lander", "publisher": "ispace, inc.", "source_class": "company_primary", "published": "2023-04-26", "accessed": "2026-09-25", "quote": "it has been determined that there is a high probability that the lander eventually made a hard landing on the Moon's surface.", "quote_confirmed_raw": true, "supports": [ "phase", "outcome" ], "language": "en", "translation": "official" }, { "url": "https://www.ispace-inc.com/2023/05/26/ispace-announces-results-of-the-hakuto-r-mission-1-lunar-landing/", "title": "ispace Announces Results of the \"HAKUTO-R\" Mission 1 Lunar Landing", "publisher": "ispace, inc.", "source_class": "company_primary", "published": "2023-05-26", "accessed": "2026-09-25", "quote": "After reaching the scheduled landing time, the lander continued to descend at a low speed until the propulsion system ran out of fuel. At that time, the controlled descent of the lander ceased, and it is believed to have free-fallen to the Moon's surface.", "quote_confirmed_raw": true, "supports": [ "outcome" ], "language": "en", "translation": "official" }, { "url": "https://www.ispace-inc.com/2023/05/26/ispace-announces-results-of-the-hakuto-r-mission-1-lunar-landing/", "title": "ispace Announces Results of the \"HAKUTO-R\" Mission 1 Lunar Landing", "publisher": "ispace, inc.", "source_class": "company_primary", "published": "2023-05-26", "accessed": "2026-09-25", "quote": "While the lander estimated its own altitude to be zero, or on the lunar surface, it was later determined to be at an altitude of approximately 5 kms above the lunar surface.", "quote_confirmed_raw": true, "supports": [ "outcome" ], "language": "en", "translation": "official" }, { "url": "https://www.ispace-inc.com/2023/05/26/ispace-announces-results-of-the-hakuto-r-mission-1-lunar-landing/", "title": "ispace Announces Results of the \"HAKUTO-R\" Mission 1 Lunar Landing", "publisher": "ispace, inc.", "source_class": "company_primary", "published": "2023-05-26", "accessed": "2026-09-25", "quote": "The analysis reveals that the cause of the lander's failure to make a soft landing was due to the software, especially in the phase just prior to landing.", "quote_confirmed_raw": true, "supports": [ "outcome" ], "language": "en", "translation": "official" }, { "url": "https://www.ispace-inc.com/2023/05/26/ispace-announces-results-of-the-hakuto-r-mission-1-lunar-landing/", "title": "ispace Announces Results of the \"HAKUTO-R\" Mission 1 Lunar Landing", "publisher": "ispace, inc.", "source_class": "company_primary", "published": "2023-05-26", "accessed": "2026-09-25", "quote": "announced today that it has reviewed and completed the analysis of the flight data from its HAKUTO-R Mission 1 landing sequence on April 26, 2023.", "quote_confirmed_raw": true, "supports": [ "phase" ], "language": "en", "translation": "official" }, { "url": "https://www.nasa.gov/centers-and-facilities/goddard/nasas-lro-views-impact-site-of-hakuto-r-mission-1-moon-lander/", "title": "NASA's LRO Views Impact Site of HAKUTO-R Mission 1 Moon Lander", "publisher": "NASA Goddard Space Flight Center", "source_class": "government_primary", "published": "2023-05-23", "accessed": "2026-09-25", "quote": "the spacecraft started a controlled descent to the surface to land near Atlas crater.", "quote_confirmed_raw": true, "supports": [ "phase", "target_site" ], "language": "en", "translation": "none" }, { "url": "https://www.nasa.gov/news-release/nasa-selects-companies-to-collect-lunar-resources-for-artemis-demonstrations/", "title": "NASA Selects Companies to Collect Lunar Resources for Artemis Demonstrations (Release 20-118)", "publisher": "NASA", "source_class": "government_primary", "published": "2020-12-03", "accessed": "2026-09-25", "quote": "ispace Japan proposed collection for $5,000 following arrival in 2022 of a lander to Lacus Somniorum on the Moon's northeastern near side.", "quote_confirmed_raw": true, "supports": [ "resources", "inclusion_basis" ], "language": "en", "translation": "none" }, { "url": "https://www.ispace-inc.com/2022/11/08/ispace-receives-license-to-conduct-business-activity-on-the-moon-from-japanese-government/", "title": "ispace Receives License to Conduct Business Activity on the Moon from Japanese Government", "publisher": "ispace, inc.", "source_class": "company_primary", "published": "2022-11-08", "accessed": "2026-09-25", "quote": "During M1, ispace is expected to collect regolith that accumulates on the footpad of the landing gear during the touchdown on the surface, photograph the collected regolith and conduct an \"in-place\" transfer of ownership of the lunar regolith to NASA.", "quote_confirmed_raw": true, "supports": [ "objective", "resources" ], "language": "en", "translation": "official" }, { "url": "https://www.ispace-inc.com/mission-1/", "title": "HAKUTO-R Mission 1 (mission page)", "publisher": "ispace, inc.", "source_class": "company_primary", "published": null, "accessed": "2026-09-25", "quote": "Achieved 8 out of 10 Success Milestones.", "quote_confirmed_raw": true, "supports": [ "outcome" ], "language": "en", "translation": "official" } ], "confidence": "high", "missing_evidence": [ "No record found of the formal close-out of the M1 regolith contract after the loss." ], "history": [ { "field": "target_site", "old": "Lacus Somniorum (NASA award, Dec 2020)", "new": "Atlas crater, 47.5 N 44.4 E (ispace, Nov 2022)", "changed_on": "2022-11-17", "reason": "source_update", "source_index": 1 } ], "last_checked": "2026-09-25", "review_state": "verified", "review": { "author_model": "claude-opus-5-5", "reviewer_model": "claude-sonnet-5", "reviewer_run": "research/review/missions.json", "date": "2026-09-26", "sources_reopened": true, "edits_applied": 0 } }, { "stable_id": "msn-intuitive-machines-clps-south-pole-2030", "name": "Intuitive Machines CLPS south-pole delivery (2026 award, 2030 target)", "summary": "NASA awarded Intuitive Machines $180.4 million on 2026-03-27 to deliver seven payloads, five of them NASA's, to the south polar region, targeted for 2030; they include the MSolo mass spectrometer, which NASA says measures volatiles that can be used as resources, and NIRVSS, designed to detect ices.", "mission_unit": "spacecraft", "host_mission_id": null, "participants": [ { "entity_id": "org-intuitive-machines", "role": "operator" }, { "entity_id": "org-nasa", "role": "customer" } ], "target_body": "moon", "target_site": "Lunar south pole region", "mission_type": "prospecting", "inclusion_basis": "resource_objective_stated", "objective": "Deliver NASA instruments including MSolo and NIRVSS to characterize volatiles and possible ices in south-polar regolith.", "resources": [ { "resource": "volatiles", "evidence_level": "targeted" }, { "resource": "water_ice", "evidence_level": "targeted" } ], "launch_vehicle": null, "launch_date": { "value": "2030", "precision": "year", "basis": "planned", "qualifier": "target" }, "phase": "announced", "outcome": { "class": "not_applicable", "basis": "inferred", "statement": null }, "status_basis": "NASA award announcement of 2026-03-27; no mission name or lander build status published in the source reviewed.", "sources": [ { "url": "https://www.nasa.gov/missions/artemis/clps/nasa-selects-intuitive-machines-to-deliver-artemis-science-tech-to-moon/", "title": "NASA Selects Intuitive Machines to Deliver Artemis Science, Tech to Moon", "publisher": "NASA", "source_class": "government_primary", "published": "2026-03-27", "accessed": "2026-09-25", "quote": "NASA has awarded Intuitive Machines of Houston, $180.4 million to deliver NASA-funded science and technology to the lunar surface", "quote_confirmed_raw": true, "supports": [ "phase", "participants" ], "language": "en", "translation": "none" }, { "url": "https://www.nasa.gov/missions/artemis/clps/nasa-selects-intuitive-machines-to-deliver-artemis-science-tech-to-moon/", "title": "NASA Selects Intuitive Machines to Deliver Artemis Science, Tech to Moon", "publisher": "NASA", "source_class": "government_primary", "published": "2026-03-27", "accessed": "2026-09-25", "quote": "Intuitive Machines is responsible for delivering end-to-end payload services to the lunar surface, targeted to land at the Moon's South Pole region in 2030.", "quote_confirmed_raw": true, "supports": [ "launch_date", "target_site" ], "language": "en", "translation": "none" }, { "url": "https://www.nasa.gov/missions/artemis/clps/nasa-selects-intuitive-machines-to-deliver-artemis-science-tech-to-moon/", "title": "NASA Selects Intuitive Machines to Deliver Artemis Science, Tech to Moon", "publisher": "NASA", "source_class": "government_primary", "published": "2026-03-27", "accessed": "2026-09-25", "quote": "MSolo measures low molecular weight volatiles, which can be used as resources on the lunar surface.", "quote_confirmed_raw": true, "supports": [ "inclusion_basis", "resources" ], "language": "en", "translation": "none" } ], "confidence": "medium", "missing_evidence": [ "Mission name/number (e.g. IM-5) and CLPS task-order designation not given in the NASA article reviewed." ], "history": [], "last_checked": "2026-09-25", "review_state": "verified", "review": { "author_model": "claude-opus-5-5", "reviewer_model": "claude-sonnet-5", "reviewer_run": "research/review/missions.json", "date": "2026-09-26", "sources_reopened": false, "edits_applied": 0 } }, { "stable_id": "msn-intuitive-machines-im-2", "name": "Intuitive Machines IM-2 (Athena lander)", "summary": "Intuitive Machines' second Nova-C lander, Athena, launched 2025-02-26 and touched down near Mons Mouton on 2025-03-06 inside a crater, on its side; the mission ended 2025-03-07. It carried NASA's PRIME-1 ice-drill and mass-spectrometer suite, Lunar Outpost's MAPP rover (with a NASA regolith-collection mechanism) and IM's Grace hopper.", "mission_unit": "spacecraft", "host_mission_id": null, "participants": [ { "entity_id": "org-intuitive-machines", "role": "operator" }, { "entity_id": "org-nasa", "role": "customer" }, { "entity_id": "org-lunar-outpost", "role": "payload_owner" }, { "entity_id": "org-spacex", "role": "launch_provider" } ], "target_body": "moon", "target_site": "Mons Mouton region, lunar south pole (landed inside a nearby crater)", "mission_type": "prospecting", "inclusion_basis": "isru_instrument_carried", "objective": "Deliver NASA's PRIME-1 drill and mass spectrometer to measure volatiles in south-polar regolith, plus a rover to collect regolith for NASA purchase and a hopper to demonstrate water-ice detection in a shadowed crater.", "resources": [ { "resource": "water_ice", "evidence_level": "targeted" }, { "resource": "volatiles", "evidence_level": "targeted" }, { "resource": "regolith", "evidence_level": "targeted" } ], "launch_vehicle": "SpaceX Falcon 9", "launch_date": { "value": "2025-02-26", "precision": "day", "basis": "actual" }, "phase": "ended", "outcome": { "class": "partial", "basis": "operator_statement", "statement": "Images downlinked from Athena on the lunar surface confirmed that Athena was on her side. ... With the direction of the sun, the orientation of the solar panels, and extreme cold temperatures in the crater, Intuitive Machines does not expect Athena to recharge. The mission has concluded and teams are continuing to assess the data collected throughout the mission." }, "status_basis": "IM release of 2025-03-07 and NASA release 25-025 (2025-03-07) state the lander landed on its side and the mission ended early.", "sources": [ { "url": "https://www.manilatimes.net/2025/03/07/tmt-newswire/globenewswire/intuitive-machines-executes-southernmost-lunar-landing-and-operates-payloads/2069351", "title": "Intuitive Machines Executes Southernmost Lunar Landing and Operates Payloads (verbatim GlobeNewswire syndication of the company release)", "publisher": "Intuitive Machines via GlobeNewswire (syndicated by The Manila Times)", "source_class": "company_primary", "published": "2025-03-07", "accessed": "2026-09-25", "quote": "Images downlinked from Athena on the lunar surface confirmed that Athena was on her side.", "quote_confirmed_raw": true, "supports": [ "phase", "outcome" ], "language": "en", "translation": "none" }, { "url": "https://www.manilatimes.net/2025/03/07/tmt-newswire/globenewswire/intuitive-machines-executes-southernmost-lunar-landing-and-operates-payloads/2069351", "title": "Intuitive Machines Executes Southernmost Lunar Landing and Operates Payloads (verbatim GlobeNewswire syndication of the company release)", "publisher": "Intuitive Machines via GlobeNewswire (syndicated by The Manila Times)", "source_class": "company_primary", "published": "2025-03-07", "accessed": "2026-09-25", "quote": "With the direction of the sun, the orientation of the solar panels, and extreme cold temperatures in the crater, Intuitive Machines does not expect Athena to recharge. The mission has concluded and teams are continuing to assess the data collected throughout the mission.", "quote_confirmed_raw": true, "supports": [ "phase", "outcome" ], "language": "en", "translation": "none" }, { "url": "https://www.manilatimes.net/2025/03/07/tmt-newswire/globenewswire/intuitive-machines-executes-southernmost-lunar-landing-and-operates-payloads/2069351", "title": "Intuitive Machines Executes Southernmost Lunar Landing and Operates Payloads (verbatim GlobeNewswire syndication of the company release)", "publisher": "Intuitive Machines via GlobeNewswire (syndicated by The Manila Times)", "source_class": "company_primary", "published": "2025-03-07", "accessed": "2026-09-25", "quote": "landed 250 meters from its intended landing site in the Mons Mouton region of the lunar south pole, inside of a crater", "quote_confirmed_raw": true, "supports": [ "target_site" ], "language": "en", "translation": "none" }, { "url": "https://investors.intuitivemachines.com/news-releases/news-release-details/intuitive-machines-executes-southernmost-lunar-landing-and", "title": "Intuitive Machines Executes Southernmost Lunar Landing and Operates Payloads (investor-relations original; returned HTTP 403 to raw fetch)", "publisher": "Intuitive Machines", "source_class": "company_primary", "published": "2025-03-07", "accessed": "2026-09-25", "quote": "The mission has concluded and teams are continuing to assess the data collected throughout the mission.", "quote_confirmed_raw": false, "supports": [ "phase", "outcome" ], "language": "en", "translation": "none" }, { "url": "https://www.nasa.gov/news-release/nasa-receives-some-data-before-intuitive-machines-ends-lunar-mission/", "title": "NASA Receives Some Data Before Intuitive Machines Ends Lunar Mission (release 25-025)", "publisher": "NASA", "source_class": "government_primary", "published": "2025-03-07", "accessed": "2026-09-25", "quote": "the IM-2 mission included a drill to bring lunar soil to the surface and a mass spectrometer to look for the presence of volatiles, or gases, that could one day help provide fuel or breathable oxygen to future Artemis explorers", "quote_confirmed_raw": true, "supports": [ "objective", "inclusion_basis", "resources" ], "language": "en", "translation": "none" }, { "url": "https://www.nasa.gov/news-release/nasa-receives-some-data-before-intuitive-machines-ends-lunar-mission/", "title": "NASA Receives Some Data Before Intuitive Machines Ends Lunar Mission (release 25-025)", "publisher": "NASA", "source_class": "government_primary", "published": "2025-03-07", "accessed": "2026-09-25", "quote": "Intuitive Machines' IM-2 mission launched at 6:16 p.m., Feb. 26, aboard a SpaceX Falcon 9 rocket from Launch Complex 39A at the agency's Kennedy Space Center in Florida.", "quote_confirmed_raw": true, "supports": [ "launch_date", "launch_vehicle" ], "language": "en", "translation": "none" }, { "url": "https://www.nasa.gov/news-release/nasa-receives-some-data-before-intuitive-machines-ends-lunar-mission/", "title": "NASA Receives Some Data Before Intuitive Machines Ends Lunar Mission (release 25-025)", "publisher": "NASA", "source_class": "government_primary", "published": "2025-03-07", "accessed": "2026-09-25", "quote": "IM-2 touched down at approximately 11:30 a.m. March 6, more than 1,300 feet (400 meters) from its intended landing site", "quote_confirmed_raw": true, "supports": [ "target_site" ], "language": "en", "translation": "none" }, { "url": "https://www.nasa.gov/news-release/nasa-receives-some-data-before-intuitive-machines-ends-lunar-mission/", "title": "NASA Receives Some Data Before Intuitive Machines Ends Lunar Mission (release 25-025)", "publisher": "NASA", "source_class": "government_primary", "published": "2025-03-07", "accessed": "2026-09-25", "quote": "Although Intuitive Machines' Nova-C Hopper and Nokia's 4G/LTE Tipping Point technologies, funded in part by NASA, were only able to complete some objectives", "quote_confirmed_raw": true, "supports": [ "outcome" ], "language": "en", "translation": "none" }, { "url": "https://www.lunaroutpost.com/post/lunar-voyage-1-update", "title": "Lunar Voyage 1 Update", "publisher": "Lunar Outpost", "source_class": "company_primary", "published": "2025-03-07", "accessed": "2026-09-25", "quote": "The Nova-C lander ended up on its side with MAPP's garage wedged upside down under the lander, preventing MAPP's deployment to the lunar surface.", "quote_confirmed_raw": true, "supports": [ "outcome" ], "language": "en", "translation": "none" }, { "url": "https://www.dlr.de/en/latest/news/2025/new-lunar-mission-to-demonstrate-search-for-water-ice-at-moon-s-south-pole", "title": "New lunar mission to demonstrate search for water ice at Moon's south pole", "publisher": "German Aerospace Center (DLR)", "source_class": "government_primary", "published": "2025-02-26", "accessed": "2026-09-25", "quote": "The Lunar Radiometer (LRAD) is integrated into Intuitive Machines' 70-centimetre-high propulsive hopping drone, Grace.", "quote_confirmed_raw": true, "supports": [ "objective" ], "language": "en", "translation": "none" }, { "url": "https://spacepolicyonline.com/news/im-2s-imperfect-landing-due-to-altimeter-interference-south-pole-lighting-conditions/", "title": "IM-2's Imperfect Landing Due to Altimeter Interference, South Pole Lighting Conditions", "publisher": "SpacePolicyOnline", "source_class": "reputable_press", "published": "2025-05-13", "accessed": "2026-09-25", "quote": "Altemus listed three primary contributors to IM-2's imperfect landing. Signal noise and distortion interference with the laser altimeter was one, but the other two were because of the terrain itself.", "quote_confirmed_raw": true, "supports": [ "outcome" ], "language": "en", "translation": "none" } ], "confidence": "high", "missing_evidence": [ "IM's own written root-cause statement (May 2025 earnings materials) not raw-fetched; press account used." ], "history": [], "last_checked": "2026-09-25", "review_state": "verified", "review": { "author_model": "claude-opus-5-5", "reviewer_model": "claude-sonnet-5", "reviewer_run": "research/review/missions.json", "date": "2026-09-26", "sources_reopened": true, "edits_applied": 0 } }, { "stable_id": "msn-ispace-m4", "name": "ispace Mission 4 (ULTRA lander; formerly Mission 6)", "summary": "Planned ispace ULTRA lunar lander mission (launch planned 2029) funded by a Japan Space Strategy Fund grant for high-precision landing near the lunar south pole; ESA's MAGPIE water-ice prospecting rover, led by ispace-EUROPE, is contracted to fly on it.", "mission_unit": "spacecraft", "host_mission_id": null, "participants": [ { "entity_id": "org-ispace", "role": "operator" }, { "entity_id": "org-jaxa", "role": "funder" }, { "entity_id": "org-esa", "role": "customer" }, { "entity_id": "org-ispace-europe", "role": "payload_owner" } ], "target_body": "moon", "target_site": "lunar south polar region (specific site not published)", "mission_type": "prospecting", "inclusion_basis": "resource_objective_stated", "objective": "Deliver ESA's MAGPIE rover to the lunar south polar region to investigate water ice and other volatiles.", "resources": [ { "resource": "water_ice", "evidence_level": "targeted" }, { "resource": "volatiles", "evidence_level": "targeted" } ], "launch_vehicle": null, "launch_date": { "value": "2029", "precision": "year", "basis": "planned", "qualifier": "target" }, "phase": "in_development", "outcome": { "class": "not_applicable", "basis": "inferred", "statement": null }, "status_basis": "ispace mission page and 2026-03-30 statement give a 2029 launch; development began after the January 2026 Space Strategy Fund selection, and an 11.6 billion yen grant was awarded (announced 2026-08-07).", "sources": [ { "url": "https://www.ispace-inc.com/mission-4/", "title": "ispace Mission 4 (mission page)", "publisher": "ispace, inc.", "source_class": "company_primary", "published": null, "accessed": "2026-09-25", "quote": "Mission 4 will be the second mission to feature ispace's new ULTRA lunar lander, a larger and more capable lander design. The mission is currently scheduled for 2029, and is planned to carry lunar surface and orbital payloads.", "quote_confirmed_raw": true, "supports": [ "phase", "launch_date" ], "language": "en", "translation": "official" }, { "url": "https://www.ispace-inc.com/2026/03/30/statement-regarding-certain-reports-in-domestic-media/", "title": "Statement Regarding Certain Reports in Domestic Media", "publisher": "ispace, inc.", "source_class": "company_primary", "published": "2026-03-30", "accessed": "2026-09-25", "quote": "Mission 4: Lunar Lander launch, 2029 (formerly Mission 6)", "quote_confirmed_raw": true, "supports": [ "launch_date", "name" ], "language": "en", "translation": "official" }, { "url": "https://www.ispace-inc.com/2026/01/16/ispace-selected-by-japans-space-strategy-fund-for-high-precision-landing-technology-in-lunar-polar-regions-2/", "title": "ispace Selected by Japan's Space Strategy Fund for \"High Precision Landing Technology in Lunar Polar Regions\"", "publisher": "ispace, inc.", "source_class": "company_primary", "published": "2026-01-16", "accessed": "2026-09-25", "quote": "The technology will be implemented in ispace's Mission 6, with development now underway.", "quote_confirmed_raw": true, "supports": [ "phase" ], "language": "en", "translation": "official" }, { "url": "https://www.ispace-inc.com/2026/01/16/ispace-selected-by-japans-space-strategy-fund-for-high-precision-landing-technology-in-lunar-polar-regions-2/", "title": "ispace Selected by Japan's Space Strategy Fund for \"High Precision Landing Technology in Lunar Polar Regions\"", "publisher": "ispace, inc.", "source_class": "company_primary", "published": "2026-01-16", "accessed": "2026-09-25", "quote": "Funding Limit Up to 20 billion yen", "quote_confirmed_raw": true, "supports": [ "participants" ], "language": "en", "translation": "official" }, { "url": "https://www.ispace-inc.com/2026/08/07/ispace-receives-grant-for-japans-space-strategy-fund-project-high-precision-landing-technology-in-the-lunar-poles-region/", "title": "ispace Receives Grant for Japan's Space Strategy Fund Project \"High-Precision Landing Technology in the Lunar Poles Region\"", "publisher": "ispace, inc.", "source_class": "company_primary", "published": "2026-08-07", "accessed": "2026-09-25", "quote": "Grant Amount: 11.6 billion yen The maximum grant amount remains 20 billion yen.", "quote_confirmed_raw": true, "supports": [ "phase", "participants" ], "language": "en", "translation": "official" }, { "url": "https://www.ispace-inc.com/2026/07/24/esa-awards-ispace-europe-contract-for-execution-of-magpie-esas-first-lunar-rover/", "title": "ESA Awards ispace-EUROPE Contract for Execution of MAGPIE, ESA's First Lunar Rover", "publisher": "ispace EUROPE S.A.", "source_class": "company_primary", "published": "2026-07-24", "accessed": "2026-09-25", "quote": "MAGPIE is scheduled to fly aboard ispace's Mission 4 lunar lander in 2029.", "quote_confirmed_raw": true, "supports": [ "objective", "participants" ], "language": "en", "translation": "none" } ], "confidence": "high", "missing_evidence": [ "Launch vehicle for Mission 4 not announced.", "Landing site not published." ], "history": [ { "field": "name", "old": "Mission 6", "new": "Mission 4", "changed_on": "2026-03-27", "reason": "reclassification", "source_index": 1 } ], "last_checked": "2026-09-25", "review_state": "verified", "review": { "author_model": "claude-opus-5-5", "reviewer_model": "claude-sonnet-5", "reviewer_run": "research/review/missions.json", "date": "2026-09-26", "sources_reopened": false, "edits_applied": 0 } }, { "stable_id": "msn-nasa-lcross", "name": "LCROSS (Lunar Crater Observation and Sensing Satellite)", "summary": "NASA spacecraft launched with the Lunar Reconnaissance Orbiter on 18 June 2009. On 9 October 2009 its spent Centaur upper stage struck the permanently shadowed floor of Cabeus crater near the lunar south pole and the shepherding spacecraft observed the plume before its own impact; NASA announced on 13 November 2009 that water was detected, and Colaprete et al. (2010) estimated water ice at 5.6 +/- 2.9% by mass in the regolith at the impact site.", "status_basis": "Mission ended with the planned impacts on 2009-10-09 (NASA LCROSS page).", "sources": [ { "url": "https://nssdc.gsfc.nasa.gov/planetary/text/lcross_pr_20091113.txt", "title": "LCROSS Impact Data Indicates Water on Moon (NASA press release)", "publisher": "NASA (NSSDC archive)", "source_class": "government_primary", "published": "2009-11-13", "accessed": "2026-09-25", "quote": "indicates that the mission successfully uncovered water during the Oct. 9, 2009 impacts into the permanently shadowed region of Cabeus cater near the moon's south pole", "quote_confirmed_raw": true, "supports": [ "outcome", "resources", "target_site" ], "language": "en", "translation": "none" }, { "url": "https://nssdc.gsfc.nasa.gov/planetary/text/lcross_pr_20091113.txt", "title": "LCROSS Impact Data Indicates Water on Moon (NASA press release)", "publisher": "NASA (NSSDC archive)", "source_class": "government_primary", "published": "2009-11-13", "accessed": "2026-09-25", "quote": "water, and other compounds represent potential resources that could sustain future lunar exploration", "quote_confirmed_raw": true, "supports": [ "inclusion_basis" ], "language": "en", "translation": "none" }, { "url": "https://science.nasa.gov/mission/lcross/", "title": "LCROSS", "publisher": "NASA Science", "source_class": "government_primary", "published": null, "accessed": "2026-09-25", "quote": "Launch June 18, 2009 Target Earth's Moon Objective Confirm the presence of water ice on the Moon", "quote_confirmed_raw": true, "supports": [ "launch_date", "objective" ], "language": "en", "translation": "none" }, { "url": "https://eutils.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/eutils/efetch.fcgi?db=pubmed&id=20966242&rettype=abstract&retmode=text", "title": "Detection of water in the LCROSS ejecta plume (Colaprete et al., Science 2010, doi:10.1126/science.1186986, PMID 20966242)", "publisher": "Science (PubMed abstract via NCBI E-utilities)", "source_class": "peer_reviewed", "published": "2010-10-22", "accessed": "2026-09-25", "quote": "the concentration of water ice in the regolith at the LCROSS impact site is estimated to be 5.6 ± 2.9% by mass", "quote_confirmed_raw": true, "supports": [ "resources", "inclusion_basis" ], "language": "en", "translation": "none" } ], "confidence": "high", "missing_evidence": [ "Launch vehicle not captured from a primary page." ], "last_checked": "2026-09-25", "history": [], "review_state": "verified", "phase": "ended", "outcome": { "class": "success", "basis": "agency_statement", "statement": "indicates that the mission successfully uncovered water during the Oct. 9, 2009 impacts into the permanently shadowed region of Cabeus cater near the moon's south pole" }, "participants": [ { "entity_id": "org-nasa", "role": "operator" } ], "mission_unit": "spacecraft", "host_mission_id": null, "inclusion_basis": "resource_finding_published", "target_body": "moon", "target_site": "Cabeus crater, lunar south pole", "mission_type": "prospecting", "objective": "Confirm the presence of water ice in a permanently shadowed crater at the lunar south pole by impact and plume observation.", "resources": [ { "resource": "water_ice", "evidence_level": "detected" }, { "resource": "volatiles", "evidence_level": "detected" } ], "launch_vehicle": null, "launch_date": { "value": "2009-06-18", "precision": "day", "basis": "actual" }, "review": { "author_model": "claude-opus-5-5", "reviewer_model": "claude-sonnet-5", "reviewer_run": "research/review/missions.json", "date": "2026-09-26", "sources_reopened": false, "edits_applied": 0 } }, { "stable_id": "msn-nasa-lunar-flashlight", "name": "Lunar Flashlight", "summary": "NASA/JPL CubeSat launched on 11 December 2022 to seek surface ice in permanently shadowed craters at the lunar south pole. Its propulsion system could not produce enough thrust to reach lunar orbit, likely because of debris in the thruster fuel lines, and NASA ended the mission in May 2023; NASA reports that several of its technology demonstrations met or exceeded goals.", "status_basis": "JPL release of 2023-05-12 announcing the end of the mission.", "sources": [ { "url": "https://www.jpl.nasa.gov/news/nasa-calls-end-to-lunar-flashlight-after-some-tech-successes/", "title": "NASA Calls End to Lunar Flashlight After Some Tech Successes", "publisher": "NASA Jet Propulsion Laboratory", "source_class": "government_primary", "published": "2023-05-12", "accessed": "2026-09-25", "quote": "Because the CubeSat cannot complete maneuvers to stay in the Earth-Moon system, NASA has called an end to the mission.", "quote_confirmed_raw": true, "supports": [ "phase", "outcome" ], "language": "en", "translation": "none" }, { "url": "https://www.jpl.nasa.gov/news/nasa-calls-end-to-lunar-flashlight-after-some-tech-successes/", "title": "NASA Calls End to Lunar Flashlight After Some Tech Successes", "publisher": "NASA Jet Propulsion Laboratory", "source_class": "government_primary", "published": "2023-05-12", "accessed": "2026-09-25", "quote": "NASA's Lunar Flashlight launched on Dec. 11, 2022, to demonstrate several new technologies, with an ultimate goal to seek out surface ice in the permanently shadowed craters of the Moon's South Pole.", "quote_confirmed_raw": true, "supports": [ "launch_date", "objective", "inclusion_basis" ], "language": "en", "translation": "none" } ], "confidence": "high", "missing_evidence": [ "Exact end-of-mission date not given in the JPL release (published 2023-05-12)." ], "last_checked": "2026-09-25", "history": [], "review_state": "verified", "phase": "ended", "outcome": { "class": "failure", "basis": "agency_statement", "statement": "Because the CubeSat cannot complete maneuvers to stay in the Earth-Moon system, NASA has called an end to the mission." }, "participants": [ { "entity_id": "org-nasa", "role": "operator" } ], "mission_unit": "spacecraft", "host_mission_id": null, "inclusion_basis": "resource_objective_stated", "target_body": "moon", "target_site": "Permanently shadowed craters, lunar south pole (never reached)", "mission_type": "prospecting", "objective": "Seek out surface ice in permanently shadowed craters of the lunar south pole while demonstrating new small-spacecraft technologies.", "resources": [ { "resource": "water_ice", "evidence_level": "targeted" } ], "launch_vehicle": null, "launch_date": { "value": "2022-12-11", "precision": "day", "basis": "actual" }, "review": { "author_model": "claude-opus-5-5", "reviewer_model": "claude-sonnet-5", "reviewer_run": "research/review/missions.json", "date": "2026-09-26", "sources_reopened": false, "edits_applied": 0 } }, { "stable_id": "msn-lunar-outpost-mapp-im2", "name": "Lunar Outpost Lunar Voyage 1 (MAPP rover on IM-2)", "summary": "Lunar Outpost's MAPP rover flew on Intuitive Machines' IM-2 lander to perform the regolith collection under its $1 NASA space-resources contract and carried a neutron spectrometer for water-signature prospecting; because the lander came to rest on its side, MAPP was never deployed and no regolith was collected.", "mission_unit": "payload", "host_mission_id": "msn-intuitive-machines-im-2", "participants": [ { "entity_id": "org-lunar-outpost", "role": "operator" }, { "entity_id": "org-nasa", "role": "customer" }, { "entity_id": "org-intuitive-machines", "role": "carrier" } ], "target_body": "moon", "target_site": "Lunar south pole region (IM-2 landing site near Mons Mouton)", "mission_type": "resource_purchase_demo", "inclusion_basis": "resource_transaction", "objective": "Collect a small quantity of lunar regolith with a wheel-mounted hopper and transfer ownership to NASA under a $1 contract, and take neutron-spectrometer measurements for water signatures.", "resources": [ { "resource": "regolith", "evidence_level": "targeted" }, { "resource": "water_ice", "evidence_level": "targeted" } ], "launch_vehicle": "SpaceX Falcon 9", "launch_date": { "value": "2025-02-26", "precision": "day", "basis": "actual" }, "phase": "ended", "outcome": { "class": "failure", "basis": "operator_statement", "statement": "The Nova-C lander ended up on its side with MAPP's garage wedged upside down under the lander, preventing MAPP's deployment to the lunar surface. Our data paints a clear picture that MAPP survived the landing, would have driven on the lunar surface and achieved our mission objectives had it been given the opportunity." }, "status_basis": "Lunar Outpost's 'Lunar Voyage 1 Update' (2025-03-07) states MAPP was not deployed.", "sources": [ { "url": "https://www.lunaroutpost.com/post/lunar-voyage-1-update", "title": "Lunar Voyage 1 Update", "publisher": "Lunar Outpost", "source_class": "company_primary", "published": "2025-03-07", "accessed": "2026-09-25", "quote": "The Nova-C lander ended up on its side with MAPP's garage wedged upside down under the lander, preventing MAPP's deployment to the lunar surface.", "quote_confirmed_raw": true, "supports": [ "phase", "outcome" ], "language": "en", "translation": "none" }, { "url": "https://www.lunaroutpost.com/post/lunar-voyage-1-update", "title": "Lunar Voyage 1 Update", "publisher": "Lunar Outpost", "source_class": "company_primary", "published": "2025-03-07", "accessed": "2026-09-25", "quote": "Our data paints a clear picture that MAPP survived the landing, would have driven on the lunar surface and achieved our mission objectives had it been given the opportunity.", "quote_confirmed_raw": true, "supports": [ "outcome" ], "language": "en", "translation": "none" }, { "url": "https://www.lunaroutpost.com/post/lunar-voyage-1-update", "title": "Lunar Voyage 1 Update", "publisher": "Lunar Outpost", "source_class": "company_primary", "published": "2025-03-07", "accessed": "2026-09-25", "quote": "Regolith Collection Mechanism for NASA Space Resources Contract", "quote_confirmed_raw": true, "supports": [ "objective", "inclusion_basis" ], "language": "en", "translation": "none" }, { "url": "https://www.lunaroutpost.com/post/lunar-voyage-1-update", "title": "Lunar Voyage 1 Update", "publisher": "Lunar Outpost", "source_class": "company_primary", "published": "2025-03-07", "accessed": "2026-09-25", "quote": "Neutron Spectrometer for water signature prospecting", "quote_confirmed_raw": true, "supports": [ "objective", "resources" ], "language": "en", "translation": "none" }, { "url": "https://www.lunaroutpost.com/post/lunar-outpost-becomes-first-company-to-receive-payment-for-space-resources", "title": "Lunar Outpost Becomes First Company to Receive Payment for Space Resources", "publisher": "Lunar Outpost", "source_class": "company_primary", "published": "2021-08", "accessed": "2026-09-25", "quote": "As part of this contract, Lunar Outpost will collect regolith from a region near the lunar South Pole using a wheel-mounted hopper onboard its MAPP rover.", "quote_confirmed_raw": true, "supports": [ "objective", "inclusion_basis" ], "language": "en", "translation": "none" }, { "url": "https://www.lunaroutpost.com/post/lunar-outpost-becomes-first-company-to-receive-payment-for-space-resources", "title": "Lunar Outpost Becomes First Company to Receive Payment for Space Resources", "publisher": "Lunar Outpost", "source_class": "company_primary", "published": "2021-08", "accessed": "2026-09-25", "quote": "The collection will take place during Lunar Outpost's Q4 2022 mission with Nokia and Intuitive Machines", "quote_confirmed_raw": true, "supports": [ "history" ], "language": "en", "translation": "none" }, { "url": "https://www.nasa.gov/news-release/nasa-selects-companies-to-collect-lunar-resources-for-artemis-demonstrations/", "title": "NASA Selects Companies to Collect Lunar Resources for Artemis Demonstrations (release 20-118)", "publisher": "NASA", "source_class": "government_primary", "published": "2020-12-03", "accessed": "2026-09-25", "quote": "Lunar Outpost proposed collection for $1 following arrival of a lander to the lunar South Pole in 2023.", "quote_confirmed_raw": true, "supports": [ "inclusion_basis" ], "language": "en", "translation": "none" }, { "url": "https://www.nasa.gov/news-release/nasa-receives-some-data-before-intuitive-machines-ends-lunar-mission/", "title": "NASA Receives Some Data Before Intuitive Machines Ends Lunar Mission (release 25-025)", "publisher": "NASA", "source_class": "government_primary", "published": "2025-03-07", "accessed": "2026-09-25", "quote": "Intuitive Machines' IM-2 mission launched at 6:16 p.m., Feb. 26, aboard a SpaceX Falcon 9 rocket from Launch Complex 39A at the agency's Kennedy Space Center in Florida.", "quote_confirmed_raw": true, "supports": [ "launch_date", "launch_vehicle" ], "language": "en", "translation": "none" } ], "confidence": "high", "missing_evidence": [ "Owner/builder of the MAPP neutron spectrometer not named in the sources reviewed." ], "history": [ { "field": "launch_date", "old": "2022-Q4", "new": "2025-02-26", "changed_on": "2025-02", "reason": "schedule_slip", "source_index": 5 } ], "last_checked": "2026-09-25", "review_state": "verified", "review": { "author_model": "claude-opus-5-5", "reviewer_model": "claude-sonnet-5", "reviewer_run": "research/review/missions.json", "date": "2026-09-26", "sources_reopened": false, "edits_applied": 0 } }, { "stable_id": "msn-nasa-lunar-trailblazer", "name": "Lunar Trailblazer", "summary": "NASA small lunar orbiter designed to map the abundance, form and time variation of water on the Moon's surface. It launched on 26 February 2025 as a rideshare on the IM-2 Falcon 9; contact was lost the next day because its solar arrays were not oriented toward the Sun, and NASA ended the mission on 31 July 2025.", "status_basis": "JPL release of 2025-08-04 states the mission ended on July 31 (2025).", "sources": [ { "url": "https://www.jpl.nasa.gov/news/nasas-lunar-trailblazer-moon-mission-ends/", "title": "NASA's Lunar Trailblazer Moon Mission Ends", "publisher": "NASA Jet Propulsion Laboratory", "source_class": "government_primary", "published": "2025-08-04", "accessed": "2026-09-25", "quote": "Despite extensive efforts, mission operators were unable to establish two-way communications after losing contact with the spacecraft the day following its Feb. 26 launch.", "quote_confirmed_raw": true, "supports": [ "phase", "outcome" ], "language": "en", "translation": "none" }, { "url": "https://www.jpl.nasa.gov/news/nasas-lunar-trailblazer-moon-mission-ends/", "title": "NASA's Lunar Trailblazer Moon Mission Ends", "publisher": "NASA Jet Propulsion Laboratory", "source_class": "government_primary", "published": "2025-08-04", "accessed": "2026-09-25", "quote": "The mission aimed to produce high-resolution maps of water on the Moon's surface and determine what form the water is in, how much is there, and how it changes over time.", "quote_confirmed_raw": true, "supports": [ "objective", "inclusion_basis", "resources" ], "language": "en", "translation": "none" }, { "url": "https://www.jpl.nasa.gov/news/nasas-lunar-trailblazer-moon-mission-ends/", "title": "NASA's Lunar Trailblazer Moon Mission Ends", "publisher": "NASA Jet Propulsion Laboratory", "source_class": "government_primary", "published": "2025-08-04", "accessed": "2026-09-25", "quote": "Lunar Trailblazer shared a ride on the second Intuitive Machines robotic lunar lander mission, IM-2, which lifted off at 7:16 p.m. EST on Feb. 26 aboard a SpaceX Falcon 9 rocket", "quote_confirmed_raw": true, "supports": [ "launch_date", "launch_vehicle" ], "language": "en", "translation": "none" }, { "url": "https://www.jpl.nasa.gov/news/nasas-lunar-trailblazer-moon-mission-ends/", "title": "NASA's Lunar Trailblazer Moon Mission Ends", "publisher": "NASA Jet Propulsion Laboratory", "source_class": "government_primary", "published": "2025-08-04", "accessed": "2026-09-25", "quote": "the spacecraft's solar arrays were not properly oriented toward the Sun, which caused its batteries to become depleted", "quote_confirmed_raw": true, "supports": [ "outcome" ], "language": "en", "translation": "none" } ], "confidence": "high", "missing_evidence": [], "last_checked": "2026-09-25", "history": [], "review_state": "verified", "phase": "ended", "outcome": { "class": "failure", "basis": "agency_statement", "statement": "Despite extensive efforts, mission operators were unable to establish two-way communications after losing contact with the spacecraft the day following its Feb. 26 launch." }, "participants": [ { "entity_id": "org-nasa", "role": "operator" } ], "mission_unit": "spacecraft", "host_mission_id": null, "inclusion_basis": "resource_objective_stated", "target_body": "moon", "target_site": "Lunar orbit (global mapping)", "mission_type": "prospecting", "objective": "Produce high-resolution maps of lunar surface water: its form, amount and change over time.", "resources": [ { "resource": "water_ice", "evidence_level": "targeted" }, { "resource": "volatiles", "evidence_level": "targeted" } ], "launch_vehicle": "SpaceX Falcon 9 (rideshare with IM-2)", "launch_date": { "value": "2025-02-26", "precision": "day", "basis": "actual" }, "review": { "author_model": "claude-opus-5-5", "reviewer_model": "claude-sonnet-5", "reviewer_run": "research/review/missions.json", "date": "2026-09-26", "sources_reopened": false, "edits_applied": 0 } }, { "stable_id": "msn-jaxa-isro-lupex", "name": "LUPEX / Chandrayaan-5 (Lunar Polar Exploration mission)", "summary": "Planned JAXA-ISRO lunar south-pole mission: JAXA provides the H3 launch and a rover (payload mass above 350 kg including the rover) and ISRO the lander, to obtain ground-truth data on the quantity, form and distribution of water at the lunar poles. JAXA lists launch no earlier than 2028; ISRO states the Indian government's financial sanction was received on 10 March 2025.", "status_basis": "JAXA LUPEX page (accessed 2026-09-25) gives launch 'No earlier than 2028'; ISRO statement quoted by ThePrint confirms Indian sanction.", "sources": [ { "url": "https://www.exploration.jaxa.jp/e/program/lunarpolar/", "title": "Lunar Polar Exploration Mission", "publisher": "JAXA Space Exploration Center", "source_class": "government_primary", "published": null, "accessed": "2026-09-25", "quote": "JAXA is working with ISRO to plan an international collaborative mission to obtain the data on the quantity and forms of the water resources present on the Moon", "quote_confirmed_raw": true, "supports": [ "objective", "inclusion_basis", "participants", "summary" ], "language": "en", "translation": "none" }, { "url": "https://www.exploration.jaxa.jp/e/program/lunarpolar/", "title": "Lunar Polar Exploration Mission", "publisher": "JAXA Space Exploration Center", "source_class": "government_primary", "published": null, "accessed": "2026-09-25", "quote": "Launch Year No earlier than 2028 Launch Vehicle H3 Rocket", "quote_confirmed_raw": true, "supports": [ "launch_date", "launch_vehicle" ], "language": "en", "translation": "none" }, { "url": "https://theprint.in/science/jaxa-isro-scientists-mission-interface-chandrayaan-5-partnership/3001095/", "title": "JAXA, ISRO scientists meet to finalise Chandrayaan-5 mission interface", "publisher": "ThePrint", "source_class": "reputable_press", "published": null, "accessed": "2026-09-25", "quote": "The approval for the Chandrayaan-5/LUPEX mission was received from the government of India on March 10, 2025, in the form of financial sanction", "quote_confirmed_raw": true, "supports": [ "phase", "history", "date" ], "language": "en", "translation": "none" }, { "url": "https://jatan.space/indian-space-issue-25/", "title": "Newly approved Chandrayaan 5 LUPEX mission will drill for water on the Moon and aid Artemis", "publisher": "Jatan Mehta (jatan.space)", "source_class": "reputable_press", "published": "2025-04-04", "accessed": "2026-09-25", "quote": "the Indian Government's Union Cabinet approved the Chandrayaan 5/LUPEX mission on March 13", "quote_confirmed_raw": true, "supports": [ "date" ], "language": "en", "translation": "none" } ], "confidence": "medium", "missing_evidence": [ "ISRO-JAXA implementing arrangement (reported August 2025) not confirmed from a primary source.", "Earlier reports (2022) of a 2024 LUPEX flight imply schedule slips not recorded as history items for lack of a dated primary source." ], "last_checked": "2026-09-25", "history": [], "review_state": "verified", "phase": "in_development", "outcome": { "class": "not_applicable", "basis": null, "statement": null }, "participants": [ { "entity_id": "org-jaxa", "role": "operator" }, { "entity_id": "org-isro", "role": "operator" } ], "mission_unit": "spacecraft", "host_mission_id": null, "inclusion_basis": "resource_objective_stated", "target_body": "moon", "target_site": "Lunar south polar region (landing site being coordinated)", "mission_type": "prospecting", "objective": "Obtain data on the quantity and forms of lunar polar water to assess whether it can be used for sustainable exploration.", "resources": [ { "resource": "water_ice", "evidence_level": "targeted" }, { "resource": "volatiles", "evidence_level": "targeted" } ], "launch_vehicle": "H3", "launch_date": { "value": "2028", "precision": "year", "basis": "planned", "qualifier": "net" }, "review": { "author_model": "claude-opus-5-5", "reviewer_model": "claude-sonnet-5", "reviewer_run": "research/review/missions.json", "date": "2026-09-26", "sources_reopened": true, "edits_applied": 0 } }, { "stable_id": "msn-magna-petra-halo", "name": "Magna Petra HALO (Helium Availability of Lunar Origin) reconnaissance payload", "summary": "Planned rover-borne measurement of lunar volatiles, including helium-3, with a NASA-developed MSOLO mass spectrometer that ispace-EUROPE contracted (Oct 2025, USD 22 million) to integrate on its micro-rover for Magna Petra. Not flown; its host mission is uncertain after ispace re-planned its missions in March 2026.", "mission_unit": "payload", "host_mission_id": null, "participants": [ { "entity_id": "org-magna-petra", "role": "customer" }, { "entity_id": "org-magna-petra", "role": "payload_owner" }, { "entity_id": "org-ispace-europe", "role": "operator" }, { "entity_id": "org-ispace-us", "role": "carrier" }, { "entity_id": "org-nasa", "role": "payload_builder" } ], "target_body": "moon", "target_site": null, "mission_type": "prospecting", "inclusion_basis": "resource_objective_stated", "objective": "Measure low-molecular-weight volatiles in lunar regolith from a rover in order to infer the presence and concentration of helium-3.", "resources": [ { "resource": "helium_3", "evidence_level": "targeted" }, { "resource": "volatiles", "evidence_level": "targeted" } ], "launch_vehicle": null, "launch_date": null, "phase": "in_development", "status_basis": "Payload service agreement executed Oct 2025 (ispace and Magna Petra releases; ispace results briefing). As announced it would fly on the 'Mission 3' rover aboard ispace-U.S.'s APEX 1.0 lander. On 2026-03-27 ispace merged APEX 1.0 into a new ULTRA lander, renumbered the former ispace-U.S. Mission 3 as Mission 5 (proposed 2030) and said transport contracts with other Mission 3 customers must be amended; ispace's current Mission 3 page (ULTRA, 2028) lists an ispace-EU 'M3P Rover' but does not mention MSOLO or Magna Petra. Launch year therefore left null.", "outcome": { "class": "not_applicable", "basis": "inferred", "statement": null }, "sources": [ { "url": "https://www.ispace-inc.com/2025/10/06/ispace-and-magna-petra-corp-sign-payload-service-agreement-to-deliver-nasas-msolo-instrument-to-the-moon/", "title": "ispace and Magna Petra Corp. sign Payload Service Agreement to deliver NASA's MSOLO instrument to the Moon", "publisher": "ispace, inc.", "source_class": "company_primary", "published": "2025-10-06", "accessed": "2026-09-25", "quote": "ispace-EUROPE and Magna Petra Corp. sign total amount of $22 million USD Payload Service Agreement (PSA) to carry NASA's MSOLO instrument to the lunar surface on the Mission 3 rover.", "quote_confirmed_raw": true, "supports": [ "participants", "phase", "mission_unit" ], "language": "en", "translation": "none" }, { "url": "https://www.ispace-inc.com/2025/10/06/ispace-and-magna-petra-corp-sign-payload-service-agreement-to-deliver-nasas-msolo-instrument-to-the-moon/", "title": "ispace and Magna Petra Corp. sign Payload Service Agreement to deliver NASA's MSOLO instrument to the Moon", "publisher": "ispace, inc.", "source_class": "company_primary", "published": "2025-10-06", "accessed": "2026-09-25", "quote": "The Mission 3 rover will fly on ispace technologies U.S.' (ispace-U.S.) APEX 1.0. lunar lander", "quote_confirmed_raw": true, "supports": [ "participants", "host_mission_id" ], "language": "en", "translation": "none" }, { "url": "https://www.nasa.gov/centers-and-facilities/kennedy/nasa-moon-observing-instrument-to-get-another-shot-at-lunar-ops", "title": "NASA Moon Observing Instrument to Get Another Shot at Lunar Ops", "publisher": "NASA", "source_class": "government_primary", "published": "2025-04-28", "accessed": "2026-09-25", "quote": "Under the new agreement, a second MSOLO, mounted on a commercial rover, will launch to the Moon no earlier than 2026.", "quote_confirmed_raw": true, "supports": [ "launch_date", "objective" ], "language": "en", "translation": "none" }, { "url": "https://www.nasa.gov/centers-and-facilities/kennedy/nasa-moon-observing-instrument-to-get-another-shot-at-lunar-ops", "title": "NASA Moon Observing Instrument to Get Another Shot at Lunar Ops", "publisher": "NASA", "source_class": "government_primary", "published": "2025-04-28", "accessed": "2026-09-25", "quote": "it will measure low molecular weight volatiles in hopes of inferring the presence of rare isotopes, such as Helium-3", "quote_confirmed_raw": true, "supports": [ "objective", "resources" ], "language": "en", "translation": "none" }, { "url": "https://d2xlcgjnpyakn4.cloudfront.net/wp-content/uploads/2026/06/Transcript-of-Financial-Results-Briefing-for-Q2-of-Fiscal-Year-Ending-March-2026.pdf", "title": "Transcript of Financial Results Briefing for Q2 of Fiscal Year Ending March 2026", "publisher": "ispace, inc.", "source_class": "company_primary", "published": "2025-11-17", "accessed": "2026-09-25", "quote": "will be allocated to Mission 3, scheduled for launch in 2027", "quote_confirmed_raw": true, "supports": [ "launch_date", "history" ], "language": "en", "translation": "none" }, { "url": "https://www.ispace-inc.com/2026/03/27/ispace-announces-new-ultra-lunar-lander-integrating-japanese-and-u-s-lander-models/", "title": "ispace Announces New \"ULTRA\" Lunar Lander Integrating Japanese and U.S. Lander Models", "publisher": "ispace, inc.", "source_class": "company_primary", "published": "2026-03-27", "accessed": "2026-09-25", "quote": "Amendments to the transport contracts with other Mission 3 customers are necessary and will also be revised and updated.", "quote_confirmed_raw": true, "supports": [ "phase", "launch_date", "status_basis" ], "language": "en", "translation": "none" }, { "url": "https://www.ispace-inc.com/2026/03/27/ispace-announces-new-ultra-lunar-lander-integrating-japanese-and-u-s-lander-models/", "title": "ispace Announces New \"ULTRA\" Lunar Lander Integrating Japanese and U.S. Lander Models", "publisher": "ispace, inc.", "source_class": "company_primary", "published": "2026-03-27", "accessed": "2026-09-25", "quote": "ispace-U.S. has updated its first U.S. mission to 2030", "quote_confirmed_raw": true, "supports": [ "launch_date", "history" ], "language": "en", "translation": "none" }, { "url": "https://www.ispace-inc.com/mission-3/", "title": "Mission 3 ULTRA", "publisher": "ispace, inc.", "source_class": "company_primary", "published": null, "accessed": "2026-09-25", "quote": "It will first be used for Mission 3, currently planned to launch in 2028.", "quote_confirmed_raw": true, "supports": [ "host_mission_id", "status_basis" ], "language": "en", "translation": "none" } ], "confidence": "medium", "missing_evidence": [ "Which ispace flight (current Mission 3 ULTRA 2028, or Mission 5, formerly ispace-U.S. Mission 3, proposed 2030) now carries the rover with MSOLO has not been stated by ispace or Magna Petra.", "No landing site published for HALO.", "Magna Petra's release is dated 'October 7th 2025' in its text while ispace's release is dated October 6, 2025." ], "history": [ { "field": "launch_date", "old": "no earlier than 2026 (NASA)", "new": "2027 (ispace Mission 3)", "changed_on": "2025-11-17", "reason": "schedule_slip", "source_index": 4 }, { "field": "launch_date", "old": "2027 (ispace Mission 3)", "new": "unknown: former ispace-U.S. Mission 3 renumbered Mission 5, proposed 2030; transport contracts to be amended", "changed_on": "2026-03-27", "reason": "schedule_slip", "source_index": 5 } ], "last_checked": "2026-09-25", "review_state": "verified", "review": { "author_model": "claude-opus-5-5", "reviewer_model": "claude-sonnet-5", "reviewer_run": "research/review/missions.json", "date": "2026-09-26", "sources_reopened": false, "edits_applied": 0 } }, { "stable_id": "msn-ispace-europe-magpie", "name": "MAGPIE (Mission for Advanced Geophysics and Polar Ice Exploration) rover", "summary": "ESA-funded lunar rover mission, with ispace-EUROPE as mission prime, to investigate water ice, other volatiles and regolith properties near the lunar south pole using an instrumented drill with volatile analyzer, a neutron spectrometer and ground-penetrating radar; launch is planned for 2029 on ispace Mission 4. ESA awarded the EUR 65 million Phase 2 contract in July 2026.", "mission_unit": "payload", "host_mission_id": "msn-ispace-m4", "participants": [ { "entity_id": "org-ispace-europe", "role": "operator" }, { "entity_id": "org-ispace-europe", "role": "payload_builder" }, { "entity_id": "org-esa", "role": "customer" }, { "entity_id": "org-esa", "role": "funder" }, { "entity_id": "org-ispace", "role": "carrier" } ], "target_body": "moon", "target_site": "lunar south polar region", "mission_type": "prospecting", "inclusion_basis": "resource_objective_stated", "objective": "Characterise the distribution and stability of water ice and other volatiles and map hydrogen in the lunar south polar region to assess their resource potential.", "resources": [ { "resource": "water_ice", "evidence_level": "targeted" }, { "resource": "volatiles", "evidence_level": "targeted" } ], "launch_vehicle": null, "launch_date": { "value": "2029", "precision": "year", "basis": "planned", "qualifier": "target" }, "phase": "in_development", "outcome": { "class": "not_applicable", "basis": "inferred", "statement": null }, "status_basis": "Phase 2 (full mission development) began 2026-07-01 under a EUR 65 million ESA contract announced 2026-07-24; signing ceremony 2026-09-01.", "sources": [ { "url": "https://www.ispace-inc.com/2026/07/24/esa-awards-ispace-europe-contract-for-execution-of-magpie-esas-first-lunar-rover/", "title": "ESA Awards ispace-EUROPE Contract for Execution of MAGPIE, ESA's First Lunar Rover", "publisher": "ispace EUROPE S.A.", "source_class": "company_primary", "published": "2026-07-24", "accessed": "2026-09-25", "quote": "The contract, valued at €65 million, funds the full remaining delivery of the MAGPIE mission, including rover and payload development, manufacture, testing, transportation to the lunar surface and lunar surface operations.", "quote_confirmed_raw": true, "supports": [ "phase", "participants" ], "language": "en", "translation": "none" }, { "url": "https://www.ispace-inc.com/2026/07/24/esa-awards-ispace-europe-contract-for-execution-of-magpie-esas-first-lunar-rover/", "title": "ESA Awards ispace-EUROPE Contract for Execution of MAGPIE, ESA's First Lunar Rover", "publisher": "ispace EUROPE S.A.", "source_class": "company_primary", "published": "2026-07-24", "accessed": "2026-09-25", "quote": "MAGPIE is scheduled to fly aboard ispace's Mission 4 lunar lander in 2029.", "quote_confirmed_raw": true, "supports": [ "host_mission_id", "launch_date" ], "language": "en", "translation": "none" }, { "url": "https://www.ispace-inc.com/2026/07/24/esa-awards-ispace-europe-contract-for-execution-of-magpie-esas-first-lunar-rover/", "title": "ESA Awards ispace-EUROPE Contract for Execution of MAGPIE, ESA's First Lunar Rover", "publisher": "ispace EUROPE S.A.", "source_class": "company_primary", "published": "2026-07-24", "accessed": "2026-09-25", "quote": "ESA has agreed to funding the development and flight of MAGPIE, Europe's first lunar polar ice exploration rover, led by ispace-EUROPE", "quote_confirmed_raw": true, "supports": [ "participants" ], "language": "en", "translation": "none" }, { "url": "https://www.ispace-inc.com/2026/09/02/esa-and-ispace-europe-mark-official-signing-of-europes-first-lunar-polar-ice-exploration-rover-mission/", "title": "ESA and ispace-EUROPE Mark Official Signing of Europe's First Lunar Polar Ice Exploration Rover Mission", "publisher": "ispace EUROPE S.A.", "source_class": "company_primary", "published": "2026-09-02", "accessed": "2026-09-25", "quote": "will investigate the Moon's south polar region - focusing on the distribution and stability of water ice and other lunar volatiles, as well as the properties of the regolith.", "quote_confirmed_raw": true, "supports": [ "objective", "resources" ], "language": "en", "translation": "none" }, { "url": "https://www.ispace-inc.com/2025/09/10/ispace-europe-completes-mission-definition-review-for-esa-backed-magpie-mission-advancing-europes-first-lunar-polar-resource-prospecting-rover/", "title": "ispace-EUROPE Completes Mission Definition Review for ESA-backed MAGPIE mission", "publisher": "ispace EUROPE S.A.", "source_class": "company_primary", "published": "2025-09-10", "accessed": "2026-09-25", "quote": "The mission will travel to the Moon's south polar region to investigate the presence of water ice, map the distribution of hydrogen, and study the geological history of this unique environment.", "quote_confirmed_raw": true, "supports": [ "objective", "resources" ], "language": "en", "translation": "none" }, { "url": "https://www.ispace-inc.com/2026/09/02/esa-and-ispace-europe-mark-official-signing-of-europes-first-lunar-polar-ice-exploration-rover-mission/", "title": "ESA and ispace-EUROPE Mark Official Signing of Europe's First Lunar Polar Ice Exploration Rover Mission", "publisher": "ispace EUROPE S.A.", "source_class": "company_primary", "published": "2026-09-02", "accessed": "2026-09-25", "quote": "The Open University, United Kingdom - providing an Ion Trap Mass Spectrometer Volatile Analyzer", "quote_confirmed_raw": true, "supports": [ "summary" ], "language": "en", "translation": "none" }, { "url": "https://www.ispace-inc.com/2025/06/03/ispace-europe-and-the-european-space-agency-sign-agreement-for-phase-1-of-lunar-exploration-rover-mission-magpie/", "title": "ispace-EUROPE and the European Space Agency Sign Agreement for Phase 1 of Lunar Exploration Rover Mission (MAGPIE)", "publisher": "ispace EUROPE S.A.", "source_class": "company_primary", "published": "2025-06-03", "accessed": "2026-09-25", "quote": "ispace's MAGPIE concept was selected and awarded a pre-phase A contract on Dec. 12, 2024. Under the Phase 1 extension agreement, ispace-EUROPE will collaborate with ESA on the implementation of the lunar exploration mission. In aggregate, the value of the contracts for the two phases is €2,695,000", "quote_confirmed_raw": true, "supports": [ "history" ], "language": "en", "translation": "none" } ], "confidence": "high", "missing_evidence": [ "ESA's own MAGPIE article (esa.int, 'ESA's first lunar rover rolls forward') returned HTTP 403 to raw fetch and WebFetch; ESA-side wording not quote-checked." ], "history": [], "last_checked": "2026-09-25", "review_state": "verified", "review": { "author_model": "claude-opus-5-5", "reviewer_model": "claude-sonnet-5", "reviewer_run": "research/review/missions.json", "date": "2026-09-26", "sources_reopened": false, "edits_applied": 0 } }, { "stable_id": "msn-nasa-mars-2020-perseverance", "name": "Mars 2020 Perseverance rover", "summary": "NASA Mars rover that launched on 30 July 2020 and landed in Jezero Crater on 18 February 2021. It is recorded here only as the host of the MOXIE oxygen-production experiment (msn-nasa-moxie); its primary objectives are astrobiology and sample caching.", "status_basis": "NASA mission page (accessed 2026-09-25) labels Perseverance an active mission.", "sources": [ { "url": "https://science.nasa.gov/mission/mars-2020-perseverance/", "title": "Mars 2020: Perseverance Rover", "publisher": "NASA Science", "source_class": "government_primary", "published": null, "accessed": "2026-09-25", "quote": "The Mars 2020 Perseverance Rover is searching for signs of ancient microbial life", "quote_confirmed_raw": true, "supports": [ "phase", "objective" ], "language": "en", "translation": "none" }, { "url": "https://science.nasa.gov/mission/mars-2020-perseverance/", "title": "Mars 2020: Perseverance Rover", "publisher": "NASA Science", "source_class": "government_primary", "published": null, "accessed": "2026-09-25", "quote": "Launch / Landing July 30, 2020 / Feb. 18, 2021", "quote_confirmed_raw": true, "supports": [ "launch_date" ], "language": "en", "translation": "none" }, { "url": "https://www.nasa.gov/news-release/nasas-perseverance-mars-rover-extracts-first-oxygen-from-red-planet/", "title": "NASA's Perseverance Mars Rover Extracts First Oxygen from Red Planet", "publisher": "NASA", "source_class": "government_primary", "published": "2021-04-21", "accessed": "2026-09-25", "quote": "The test took place April 20, the 60th Martian day, or sol, since the mission landed Feb. 18.", "quote_confirmed_raw": true, "supports": [ "history", "outcome" ], "language": "en", "translation": "none" } ], "confidence": "high", "missing_evidence": [ "This site's mission-type categories do not include a science category for the rover, so no mission type is shown.", "Launch vehicle not captured from a primary page." ], "last_checked": "2026-09-25", "history": [], "review_state": "verified", "phase": "surface_operations", "outcome": { "class": "not_applicable", "basis": null, "statement": null }, "participants": [ { "entity_id": "org-nasa", "role": "operator" } ], "mission_unit": "spacecraft", "host_mission_id": null, "inclusion_basis": "isru_instrument_carried", "target_body": "mars", "target_site": "Jezero Crater", "mission_type": "transport", "objective": "Seek signs of ancient microbial life and collect rock and regolith samples; resource relevance is limited to carrying MOXIE.", "resources": [], "launch_vehicle": null, "launch_date": { "value": "2020-07-30", "precision": "day", "basis": "actual" }, "review": { "author_model": "claude-opus-5-5", "reviewer_model": "claude-sonnet-5", "reviewer_run": "research/review/missions.json", "date": "2026-09-26", "sources_reopened": false, "edits_applied": 0 } }, { "stable_id": "msn-masten-mission-one", "name": "Masten Mission One (XL-1 lander, NASA CLPS task order TO19C)", "summary": "Planned Masten XL-1 lander flight to the lunar south pole carrying NASA instruments, several aimed at lunar volatiles and resources (MSolo, NIRVSS, the Neutron Spectrometer System on MoonRanger, L-CIRiS); it never launched. NASA's Inspector General reports the task order was terminated after Masten's 2022 bankruptcy, with USD 66.1 million already paid.", "mission_unit": "spacecraft", "host_mission_id": null, "participants": [ { "entity_id": "org-masten-space-systems", "role": "operator" }, { "entity_id": "org-nasa", "role": "customer" }, { "entity_id": "org-spacex", "role": "launch_provider" } ], "target_body": "moon", "target_site": "lunar south pole", "mission_type": "prospecting", "inclusion_basis": "isru_instrument_carried", "objective": "Deliver and operate NASA instruments to characterize south-polar surface composition and volatiles, including hydrogen as an indicator of buried water, and (separately contracted) collect a regolith sample for sale to NASA.", "resources": [ { "resource": "water_ice", "evidence_level": "targeted" }, { "resource": "volatiles", "evidence_level": "targeted" }, { "resource": "regolith", "evidence_level": "targeted" } ], "launch_vehicle": "SpaceX (vehicle not specified in retrieved sources)", "launch_date": { "value": "2023-11", "precision": "month", "basis": "planned" }, "phase": "cancelled", "status_basis": "NASA OIG report IG-24-013 (2024-06-06) states two CLPS task orders were terminated, one of which had been paid USD 66.1 million of USD 81.3 million (Masten's), and that Masten's payloads will be assigned to future CLPS or Artemis missions.", "outcome": { "class": "not_applicable", "basis": "agency_statement", "statement": "As a result of this bankruptcy, NASA lost the $66 million in milestone payments made to Masten and is in the process of settling recoveries." }, "sources": [ { "url": "https://www.nasa.gov/news-release/nasa-awards-contract-to-deliver-science-tech-to-moon-ahead-of-human-missions/", "title": "NASA Awards Contract to Deliver Science, Tech to Moon Ahead of Human Missions", "publisher": "NASA", "source_class": "government_primary", "published": "2020-04-08", "accessed": "2026-09-25", "quote": "NASA has selected Masten Space Systems of Mojave, California, to deliver and operate eight payloads - with nine science and technology instruments - to the Moon's South Pole in 2022", "quote_confirmed_raw": true, "supports": [ "participants", "target_site", "launch_date" ], "language": "en", "translation": "none" }, { "url": "https://www.nasa.gov/news-release/nasa-awards-contract-to-deliver-science-tech-to-moon-ahead-of-human-missions/", "title": "NASA Awards Contract to Deliver Science, Tech to Moon Ahead of Human Missions", "publisher": "NASA", "source_class": "government_primary", "published": "2020-04-08", "accessed": "2026-09-25", "quote": "Mass Spectrometer Observing Lunar Operations ( MSolo ) is a device to measure potentially accessible resources on the Moon's surface.", "quote_confirmed_raw": true, "supports": [ "inclusion_basis", "resources" ], "language": "en", "translation": "none" }, { "url": "https://www.nasa.gov/news-release/nasa-awards-contract-to-deliver-science-tech-to-moon-ahead-of-human-missions/", "title": "NASA Awards Contract to Deliver Science, Tech to Moon Ahead of Human Missions", "publisher": "NASA", "source_class": "government_primary", "published": "2020-04-08", "accessed": "2026-09-25", "quote": "The MoonRanger will carry the Neutron Spectrometer System , which will measure the concentration of hydrogen in the Moon's regolith - a possible indication of the existence of buried water.", "quote_confirmed_raw": true, "supports": [ "resources", "objective" ], "language": "en", "translation": "none" }, { "url": "https://oig.nasa.gov/wp-content/uploads/2024/06/final-report-ig-24-013-nasas-commercial-lunar-payload-services-initiative.pdf", "title": "NASA's Commercial Lunar Payload Services Initiative (IG-24-013)", "publisher": "NASA Office of Inspector General", "source_class": "government_primary", "published": "2024-06-06", "accessed": "2026-09-25", "quote": "Further, two task orders were terminated, one of which had already been paid $66.1 million of the $81.3 million task order value based on milestones performed.", "quote_confirmed_raw": true, "supports": [ "phase", "status_basis" ], "language": "en", "translation": "none" }, { "url": "https://oig.nasa.gov/wp-content/uploads/2024/06/final-report-ig-24-013-nasas-commercial-lunar-payload-services-initiative.pdf", "title": "NASA's Commercial Lunar Payload Services Initiative (IG-24-013)", "publisher": "NASA Office of Inspector General", "source_class": "government_primary", "published": "2024-06-06", "accessed": "2026-09-25", "quote": "As a result of this bankruptcy, NASA lost the $66 million in milestone payments made to Masten and is in the process of settling recoveries.", "quote_confirmed_raw": true, "supports": [ "outcome" ], "language": "en", "translation": "none" }, { "url": "https://spaceflightnow.com/2022/07/29/masten-space-systems-one-of-nasas-moon-landing-contractors-files-for-bankruptcy/", "title": "Masten Space Systems, a NASA moon landing contractor, files for bankruptcy", "publisher": "Spaceflight Now", "source_class": "reputable_press", "published": "2022-07-29", "accessed": "2026-09-25", "quote": "Masten last year announced the launch of its first lunar mission - called Masten Mission One - would be delayed nearly a year to November 2023.", "quote_confirmed_raw": true, "supports": [ "launch_date", "history" ], "language": "en", "translation": "none" }, { "url": "https://spaceflightnow.com/2022/07/29/masten-space-systems-one-of-nasas-moon-landing-contractors-files-for-bankruptcy/", "title": "Masten Space Systems, a NASA moon landing contractor, files for bankruptcy", "publisher": "Spaceflight Now", "source_class": "reputable_press", "published": "2022-07-29", "accessed": "2026-09-25", "quote": "Masten selected SpaceX to launch its XL-1 lunar lander mission, and owes the launch provider $4.6 million.", "quote_confirmed_raw": true, "supports": [ "launch_vehicle", "participants" ], "language": "en", "translation": "none" } ], "confidence": "high", "missing_evidence": [ "Exact date of NASA's termination of task order TO19C not found.", "Masten's own mission page (masten.aero) unreachable; specific landing site (reported elsewhere as near Haworth crater) not confirmed from a retrieved primary source.", "Status of the separate USD 15,000 NASA regolith-purchase contract after the bankruptcy not found." ], "history": [ { "field": "launch_date", "old": "2022 (NASA award; Dec 2022 per Masten)", "new": "2023-11", "changed_on": "2021", "reason": "schedule_slip", "source_index": 5 }, { "field": "phase", "old": "in_development", "new": "cancelled", "changed_on": "2022", "reason": "source_update", "source_index": 3 } ], "last_checked": "2026-09-25", "review_state": "verified", "review": { "author_model": "claude-opus-5-5", "reviewer_model": "claude-sonnet-5", "reviewer_run": "research/review/missions.json", "date": "2026-09-26", "sources_reopened": false, "edits_applied": 0 } }, { "stable_id": "msn-interlune-metal-camera", "name": "METAL multispectral camera (Interlune / NASA Ames) on Griffin-1", "summary": "Multispectral camera that Interlune says it built with NASA Ames to image lunar regolith and estimate helium-3 from titanium and regolith-maturity proxies. NASA lists it as the METAL investigation on the Griffin-1 lander; Interlune says it rides on Astrolab's FLIP rover. Launch is planned for late 2026.", "mission_unit": "instrument", "host_mission_id": "msn-astrobotic-griffin-1", "participants": [ { "entity_id": "org-interlune", "role": "operator" }, { "entity_id": "org-interlune", "role": "payload_owner" }, { "entity_id": "org-nasa", "role": "payload_builder" }, { "entity_id": "org-astrolab", "role": "carrier" }, { "entity_id": "org-astrobotic", "role": "carrier" } ], "target_body": "moon", "target_site": "Nobile Crater region, lunar South Pole (Griffin-1 landing site per NASA)", "mission_type": "prospecting", "inclusion_basis": "resource_objective_stated", "objective": "Image lunar regolith to map titanium (ilmenite) content and regolith maturity, which Interlune and NASA use as proxies to estimate helium-3 abundance.", "resources": [ { "resource": "helium_3", "evidence_level": "targeted" } ], "launch_vehicle": null, "launch_date": { "value": "2026-H2", "precision": "half", "basis": "planned", "qualifier": "target" }, "phase": "manifested", "outcome": { "class": "not_applicable", "basis": "inferred", "statement": null }, "status_basis": "Manifested: the 2025-08-05 joint Interlune/Astrolab release names the payload for Astrolab's FLIP rover (Astrolab operates the host rover), and NASA's Moon Base Phases page (updated 2026-08-24) lists METAL among Griffin-1 payloads with launch planned in late 2026. Not launched as of 2026-09-25.", "sources": [ { "url": "https://www.interlune.space/press-release/interlune-to-fly-multispectral-camera-on-astrolab-flip-rover-to-measure-helium-3-on-the-moon", "title": "Interlune to Fly Multispectral Camera on Astrolab FLIP Rover to Measure Helium-3 on the Moon", "publisher": "Interlune", "source_class": "company_primary", "published": "2025-08-05", "accessed": "2026-09-25", "quote": "The Interlune payload is a multispectral camera built, tested, and developed in partnership with NASA's Ames Research Center in California's Silicon Valley, whose images will be used to estimate helium-3 quantities and concentration in Moon dirt, or regolith.", "quote_confirmed_raw": true, "supports": [ "objective", "participants", "resources", "phase" ], "language": "en", "translation": "none" }, { "url": "https://www.nasa.gov/moonbase-phases/", "title": "Moon Base Phases (living page; last updated 2026-08-24)", "publisher": "NASA", "source_class": "government_primary", "published": null, "accessed": "2026-09-25", "quote": "the Moon Exploration for Titanium with Active Lighting (METAL) investigation, developed by NASA's Ames Research Center in partnership with Interlune. METAL will study the abundance of helium-3 in the lunar regolith", "quote_confirmed_raw": true, "supports": [ "name", "participants", "objective", "host_mission_id" ], "language": "en", "translation": "none" }, { "url": "https://www.nasa.gov/moonbase-phases/", "title": "Moon Base Phases (living page; last updated 2026-08-24)", "publisher": "NASA", "source_class": "government_primary", "published": null, "accessed": "2026-09-25", "quote": "The lander is being prepared for transport to NASA's Jet Propulsion Laboratory, where it will undergo environmental testing ahead of its planned launch to the Moon in late 2026.", "quote_confirmed_raw": true, "supports": [ "launch_date", "phase" ], "language": "en", "translation": "none" }, { "url": "https://www.astrobotic.com/griffin-1-lunar-lander-unveiled-ahead-of-environmental-testing/", "title": "Griffin-1 Lunar Lander Unveiled Ahead of Environmental Testing", "publisher": "Astrobotic", "source_class": "company_primary", "published": "2026-06-15", "accessed": "2026-09-25", "quote": "The spacecraft is completing final integration activities and is scheduled to launch in late 2026.", "quote_confirmed_raw": true, "supports": [ "launch_date", "history" ], "language": "en", "translation": "none" }, { "url": "https://www.astrobotic.com/griffin-1-mission-update/", "title": "Griffin-1 Mission Update", "publisher": "Astrobotic", "source_class": "company_primary", "published": "2025-10-24", "accessed": "2026-09-25", "quote": "The team is targeting the next viable launch window, which opens in July 2026.", "quote_confirmed_raw": true, "supports": [ "history" ], "language": "en", "translation": "none" }, { "url": "https://www.geekwire.com/2025/interlune-moon-mining-vermeer-maybell-quantum-doe/", "title": "Interlune announces deals for moon mining equipment - and for selling lunar helium-3", "publisher": "GeekWire", "source_class": "reputable_press", "published": "2025-05-07", "accessed": "2026-09-25", "quote": "Our first mission, Crescent Moon, is coming up at the end of this year, 2025", "quote_confirmed_raw": true, "supports": [ "history", "name" ], "language": "en", "translation": "none" }, { "url": "https://www.nasa.gov/event/clps-flight-astrobotics-griffin-mission-one/", "title": "Moon Base: Astrobotic Griffin-1 (event page; last updated 2026-09-01)", "publisher": "NASA", "source_class": "government_primary", "published": null, "accessed": "2026-09-25", "quote": "The Astrobotic Griffin-1 mission will deliver more than 1,100 pounds of cargo to the Nobile Crater at the lunar South Pole, including the Astrolab FLIP rover", "quote_confirmed_raw": true, "supports": [ "target_site", "host_mission_id" ], "language": "en", "translation": "none" }, { "url": "https://www.geekwire.com/2026/interlune-raises-5m-for-initiatives-that-go-beyond-mining-the-moon/", "title": "Interlune raises $5M for initiatives that go beyond mining the moon", "publisher": "GeekWire", "source_class": "reputable_press", "published": "2026-09-15", "accessed": "2026-09-25", "quote": "The company is planning to send its first payload - a mineralogical mapping instrument - to the moon later this year aboard Voyager Technologies' Griffin-1 lander", "quote_confirmed_raw": true, "supports": [ "phase", "launch_date" ], "language": "en", "translation": "none" } ], "confidence": "medium", "missing_evidence": [ "No single source states that NASA's METAL investigation and Interlune's FLIP multispectral camera are the same instrument; the match rests on identical description, partners, and host", "The mission name 'Crescent Moon' appears only in press quoting an Interlune employee", "Launch vehicle for Griffin-1 not confirmed from a primary source" ], "last_checked": "2026-09-25", "review_state": "verified", "history": [ { "field": "launch_date", "old": "2025 (end of year, per Interlune staff quoted by GeekWire)", "new": "2026-07 (NET, Astrobotic)", "changed_on": "2025-10-24", "reason": "schedule_slip", "source_index": 4 }, { "field": "launch_date", "old": "2026-07 (NET)", "new": "2026-H2 (late 2026)", "changed_on": "2026-06-15", "reason": "schedule_slip", "source_index": 3 } ], "review": { "author_model": "claude-opus-5-5", "reviewer_model": "claude-sonnet-5", "reviewer_run": "research/review/missions.json", "date": "2026-09-26", "sources_reopened": false, "edits_applied": 0 } }, { "stable_id": "msn-moon-express-mx-1e", "name": "Moon Express MX-1E first lunar mission (Google Lunar XPRIZE attempt)", "summary": "Planned single-engine robotic lander, contracted in 2015 to launch on Rocket Lab's Electron and covered by a favorable FAA payload review in 2016; it never flew. Its flight plan was a technology demonstration (landing and hop) with no stated resource-measurement objective.", "mission_unit": "spacecraft", "host_mission_id": null, "participants": [ { "entity_id": "org-moon-express", "role": "operator" } ], "target_body": "moon", "target_site": null, "mission_type": "technology_demo", "inclusion_basis": "cited_by_authorization", "objective": "Land a small commercial lander, hop 500 m and return imagery to meet Google Lunar XPRIZE rules, as the first step of a company plan aimed at lunar resources; no resource instrument was part of the announced flight.", "resources": [], "launch_vehicle": "Rocket Lab Electron", "launch_date": null, "phase": "stalled", "status_basis": "Last evidenced phase. No primary source states that MX-1E was cancelled. Moon Express said on 9 Feb 2020 (as quoted on Wikipedia) 'There is no upcoming launch with RocketLab', i.e. the Electron manifest lapsed; Wikipedia states the launch 'has been cancelled' but cites only those posts. No dated activity has been recorded since, so the phase is stalled rather than cancelled.", "outcome": { "class": "not_applicable", "basis": "operator_statement", "statement": "There is no upcoming launch with RocketLab. We contracted with RocketLab back in 2015 for a GLXP attempt. We are currently focused on efforts supporting NASA under our Commercial Lunar Payload Services (CLPS) contract" }, "sources": [ { "url": "https://www.prnewswire.com/news-releases/moon-express-signs-historic-launch-agreement-for-private-missions-to-the-moon-300152825.html", "title": "Moon Express signs historic launch agreement for private missions to the Moon", "publisher": "Moon Express, Inc. (via PR Newswire)", "source_class": "company_primary", "published": "2015-10-01", "accessed": "2026-09-25", "quote": "Under the launch services contract, Rocket Lab will use its Electron rocket system to launch three missions of Moon Express' MX-1 lunar lander spacecraft.", "quote_confirmed_raw": true, "supports": [ "launch_vehicle", "participants" ], "language": "en", "translation": "none" }, { "url": "https://www.prnewswire.com/news-releases/moon-express-signs-historic-launch-agreement-for-private-missions-to-the-moon-300152825.html", "title": "Moon Express signs historic launch agreement for private missions to the Moon", "publisher": "Moon Express, Inc. (via PR Newswire)", "source_class": "company_primary", "published": "2015-10-01", "accessed": "2026-09-25", "quote": "Two launches of MX-1 have been manifested with Rocket Lab for 2017", "quote_confirmed_raw": true, "supports": [ "launch_date", "history" ], "language": "en", "translation": "none" }, { "url": "https://www.prnewswire.com/news-releases/us-government-approves-plan-for-moon-express-to-become-first-private-company-to-venture-beyond-earths-orbit-300308628.html", "title": "US Government Approves Plan For Moon Express To Become First Private Company To Venture Beyond Earth's Orbit", "publisher": "Moon Express, Inc. (via PR Newswire)", "source_class": "company_primary", "published": "2016-08-03", "accessed": "2026-09-25", "quote": "The company submitted its historic application for a 2017 commercial lunar mission to the Federal Aviation Administration (FAA)", "quote_confirmed_raw": true, "supports": [ "inclusion_basis" ], "language": "en", "translation": "none" }, { "url": "https://www.geekwire.com/2017/moon-express-unveils-roadmap-giant-leaps-lunar-surface-back/", "title": "Moon Express unveils its roadmap for giant leaps to the lunar surface ... and back again", "publisher": "GeekWire", "source_class": "reputable_press", "published": "2017-07-12", "accessed": "2026-09-25", "quote": "For the XPRIZE mission, the MX-1E would be sent into low Earth orbit aboard an Electron, and then make its way to the moon during a four- to five-day cruise.", "quote_confirmed_raw": true, "supports": [ "objective", "mission_type" ], "language": "en", "translation": "none" }, { "url": "https://www.cnbc.com/2017/11/30/moon-express-says-first-launch-happening-in-2018.html", "title": "Moon Express says first launch is 'definitely' happening in 2018", "publisher": "CNBC", "source_class": "reputable_press", "published": "2017-11-30", "accessed": "2026-09-25", "quote": "In January, the company said that it was targeting a date in late 2017 to send its lander to the moon. But that has been pushed back until 2018.", "quote_confirmed_raw": true, "supports": [ "launch_date", "history" ], "language": "en", "translation": "none" }, { "url": "https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Moon_Express", "title": "Moon Express (quoting @MoonEx posts of 9 February 2020)", "publisher": "Wikipedia", "source_class": "directory_or_aggregator", "published": null, "accessed": "2026-09-25", "quote": "There is no upcoming launch with RocketLab. We contracted with RocketLab back in 2015 for a GLXP attempt.", "quote_confirmed_raw": true, "supports": [ "phase", "outcome", "history" ], "language": "en", "translation": "none" } ], "confidence": "low", "missing_evidence": [ "No primary statement of cancellation or termination of the MX-1E program or the Rocket Lab contract.", "Original @MoonEx posts (9 Feb 2020) not retrieved; quoted via Wikipedia.", "Target site changed over time: GeekWire (2017) reported a landing near the lunar equator with the site not yet chosen; later plans (per Wikipedia/MoonLIGHT, aggregator) named Malapert Mountain. Not resolved from primary sources." ], "history": [ { "field": "launch_date", "old": "2017", "new": "2018", "changed_on": "2017-11-30", "reason": "schedule_slip", "source_index": 4 }, { "field": "phase", "old": "manifested", "new": "in_development", "changed_on": "2020-02-09", "reason": "source_update", "source_index": 5 }, { "field": "launch_date", "old": "2018 (later reported as July 2020 by aggregators)", "new": "none (no launch planned)", "changed_on": "2020-02-09", "reason": "source_update", "source_index": 5 }, { "field": "phase", "old": "in_development", "new": "stalled", "changed_on": "2026-09-26", "reason": "reclassification" } ], "last_checked": "2026-09-25", "review_state": "verified", "review": { "author_model": "claude-opus-5-5", "reviewer_model": "claude-sonnet-5", "reviewer_run": "research/review/missions.json", "date": "2026-09-26", "sources_reopened": false, "edits_applied": 1 } }, { "stable_id": "msn-nasa-moxie", "name": "MOXIE (Mars Oxygen In-Situ Resource Utilization Experiment)", "summary": "NASA instrument on the Perseverance rover that produced oxygen from Martian atmospheric carbon dioxide by solid oxide electrolysis. First production was on 20 April 2021 (about 5 grams); by its 16th and final run on 7 August 2023 it had produced 122 grams in total, with a peak rate of 12 grams per hour at 98% purity or better, per NASA. Hoffman et al. (2022) describe it as \"the first demonstration of ISRU on another planet\".", "status_basis": "NASA/JPL release of 2023-09-06 reports the 16th and final run and the end of operations.", "sources": [ { "url": "https://www.nasa.gov/missions/mars-2020-perseverance/perseverance-rover/nasas-oxygen-generating-experiment-moxie-completes-mars-mission/", "title": "NASA's Oxygen-Generating Experiment MOXIE Completes Mars Mission", "publisher": "NASA Jet Propulsion Laboratory", "source_class": "government_primary", "published": "2023-09-06", "accessed": "2026-09-25", "quote": "Since Perseverance landed on Mars in 2021, MOXIE has generated a total of 122 grams of oxygen", "quote_confirmed_raw": true, "supports": [ "outcome", "resources", "phase" ], "language": "en", "translation": "none" }, { "url": "https://www.nasa.gov/missions/mars-2020-perseverance/perseverance-rover/nasas-oxygen-generating-experiment-moxie-completes-mars-mission/", "title": "NASA's Oxygen-Generating Experiment MOXIE Completes Mars Mission", "publisher": "NASA Jet Propulsion Laboratory", "source_class": "government_primary", "published": "2023-09-06", "accessed": "2026-09-25", "quote": "On its 16th run, on Aug. 7, the instrument made 9.8 grams of oxygen.", "quote_confirmed_raw": true, "supports": [ "outcome", "phase" ], "language": "en", "translation": "none" }, { "url": "https://www.nasa.gov/news-release/nasas-perseverance-mars-rover-extracts-first-oxygen-from-red-planet/", "title": "NASA's Perseverance Mars Rover Extracts First Oxygen from Red Planet", "publisher": "NASA", "source_class": "government_primary", "published": "2021-04-21", "accessed": "2026-09-25", "quote": "The test took place April 20, the 60th Martian day, or sol, since the mission landed Feb. 18.", "quote_confirmed_raw": true, "supports": [ "history", "outcome" ], "language": "en", "translation": "none" }, { "url": "https://pmc.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/articles/PMC9432831/", "title": "Mars Oxygen ISRU Experiment (MOXIE)-Preparing for human Mars exploration (Hoffman et al., Science Advances 2022)", "publisher": "Science Advances (via PubMed Central)", "source_class": "peer_reviewed", "published": "2022-08-31", "accessed": "2026-09-25", "quote": "producing oxygen by solid oxide electrolysis of carbon dioxide in the martian atmosphere", "quote_confirmed_raw": true, "supports": [ "objective", "mission_type", "resources" ], "language": "en", "translation": "none" } ], "confidence": "high", "missing_evidence": [ "The instrument builder (MIT and partners) is not recorded as a participating organization." ], "last_checked": "2026-09-25", "history": [], "review_state": "verified", "phase": "ended", "outcome": { "class": "success", "basis": "agency_statement", "statement": "MOXIE successfully completed all of its technical requirements and was operated at a variety of conditions throughout a full Mars year" }, "participants": [ { "entity_id": "org-nasa", "role": "payload_owner" } ], "mission_unit": "instrument", "host_mission_id": "msn-nasa-mars-2020-perseverance", "inclusion_basis": "isru_instrument_carried", "target_body": "mars", "target_site": "Jezero Crater", "mission_type": "isru_demo", "objective": "Demonstrate production of oxygen from the carbon dioxide of the Martian atmosphere as a technology precursor for propellant and life-support oxygen.", "resources": [ { "resource": "oxygen", "evidence_level": "processed_demo" } ], "launch_vehicle": null, "launch_date": { "value": "2020-07-30", "precision": "day", "basis": "actual" }, "review": { "author_model": "claude-opus-5-5", "reviewer_model": "claude-sonnet-5", "reviewer_run": "research/review/missions.json", "date": "2026-09-26", "sources_reopened": true, "edits_applied": 0 } }, { "last_checked": "2026-09-25", "review_state": "verified", "history": [], "missing_evidence": [ "Operator final root-cause determination: the March 2025 debrief gives leading theories only, while Payload (June 2026) states the solar array deployment system failed.", "FCC license record for Odin's deep-space communications (Space.com reports an FCC grant on 18 Oct 2024); no authorization record for that reported grant is included.", "Consistent spacecraft mass: operator pages give 100 kg, 105 kg and 120 kg.", "UTC launch date: operator gives 26 February 2025 (US time); secondary sources give 27 February 2025 (UTC)." ], "host_mission_id": null, "stable_id": "msn-astroforge-odin", "name": "Odin", "summary": "AstroForge's roughly 100-kilogram deep-space spacecraft, launched on 26 February 2025 (US time) as a secondary payload on the Falcon 9 that carried Intuitive Machines' IM-2 lunar lander, intended to fly by and image the suspected metallic near-Earth asteroid 2022 OB5. The operator received only faint early signals (partly via an amateur radio operator), could not establish reliable two-way command, and on 6 March 2025 stated that the chance of further contact was minimal; the operator had defined reaching deep space past the Moon as its main objective and the asteroid flyby as a secondary objective, which was not achieved.", "participants": [ { "entity_id": "org-astroforge", "role": "operator" }, { "entity_id": "org-spacex", "role": "launch_provider" } ], "mission_unit": "spacecraft", "target_body": "near_earth_asteroid", "target_site": "2022 OB5", "mission_type": "flyby", "objective": "Fly by near-Earth asteroid 2022 OB5 and capture images to help determine whether it is metallic (operator statement).", "resources": [ { "resource": "platinum_group_metals", "evidence_level": "targeted" } ], "inclusion_basis": "resource_objective_stated", "launch_vehicle": "Falcon 9 (Intuitive Machines IM-2 launch)", "launch_date": { "value": "2025-02-26", "precision": "day", "basis": "actual" }, "phase": "ended", "outcome": { "class": "failure", "basis": "operator_statement", "statement": "The chance of talking with Odin is minimal, as at this point, the accuracy of its position is becoming an issue." }, "status_basis": "Operator debrief dated 6 March 2025; operator mission page lists Odin as launched 2025 with no later contact reported.", "confidence": "high", "sources": [ { "url": "https://www.astroforge.com/updates-collection/odint-mission-debrief", "title": "Odin't: A Complete Debrief of Our Deep Space Mission", "publisher": "AstroForge", "source_class": "company_primary", "published": "2025-03-06", "accessed": "2026-09-25", "quote": "Odin launched successfully as a secondary payload on the Intuitive Machines IM-2 mission, riding a SpaceX Falcon 9 to deep space.", "quote_confirmed_raw": true, "supports": [ "launch_vehicle", "participants", "host_mission_id" ], "language": "en", "translation": "none" }, { "url": "https://www.astroforge.com/updates-collection/odint-mission-debrief", "title": "Odin't: A Complete Debrief of Our Deep Space Mission", "publisher": "AstroForge", "source_class": "company_primary", "published": "2025-03-06", "accessed": "2026-09-25", "quote": "The chance of talking with Odin is minimal, as at this point, the accuracy of its position is becoming an issue.", "quote_confirmed_raw": true, "supports": [ "outcome", "phase" ], "language": "en", "translation": "none" }, { "url": "https://www.astroforge.com/updates-collection/odint-mission-debrief", "title": "Odin't: A Complete Debrief of Our Deep Space Mission", "publisher": "AstroForge", "source_class": "company_primary", "published": "2025-03-06", "accessed": "2026-09-25", "quote": "Our leading theory involves potential complications with solar panel deployment.", "quote_confirmed_raw": true, "supports": [ "summary" ], "language": "en", "translation": "none" }, { "url": "https://www.astroforge.com/odin-mission", "title": "Odin Mission - AstroForge", "publisher": "AstroForge", "source_class": "company_primary", "published": null, "accessed": "2026-09-25", "quote": "Odin launched on February 26, 2025 with the goal of capturing critical images of asteroid 2022 OB5", "quote_confirmed_raw": true, "supports": [ "launch_date", "target_site", "objective" ], "language": "en", "translation": "none" }, { "url": "https://www.astroforge.com/updates-collection/mission-2-preview", "title": "Mission 2 Preview: Moving at Unprecedented Speed", "publisher": "AstroForge", "source_class": "company_primary", "published": "2025-02-24", "accessed": "2026-09-25", "quote": "So our main objective for this mission is to make it past the moon and into Deep Space.", "quote_confirmed_raw": true, "supports": [ "summary" ], "language": "en", "translation": "none" }, { "url": "https://www.astroforge.com/updates-collection/mission-2-preview", "title": "Mission 2 Preview: Moving at Unprecedented Speed", "publisher": "AstroForge", "source_class": "company_primary", "published": "2025-02-24", "accessed": "2026-09-25", "quote": "The second objective is to do a fly-by of our target asteroid, 2022 OB5.", "quote_confirmed_raw": true, "supports": [ "objective", "target_site" ], "language": "en", "translation": "none" }, { "url": "https://payloadspace.com/astroforge-completes-its-deepspace-2-spacecraft/", "title": "AstroForge Completes its DeepSpace-2 Spacecraft", "publisher": "Payload", "source_class": "reputable_press", "published": "2026-06-05", "accessed": "2026-09-25", "quote": "had its mission cut short 530,000 miles from Earth after its solar array deployment system failed, leaving Odin powerless", "quote_confirmed_raw": true, "supports": [ "summary" ], "language": "en", "translation": "none" } ], "review": { "author_model": "claude-opus-5-5", "reviewer_model": "claude-sonnet-5", "reviewer_run": "research/review/missions.json", "date": "2026-09-26", "sources_reopened": true, "edits_applied": 0 } }, { "stable_id": "msn-nasa-osiris-rex", "name": "OSIRIS-REx (Origins, Spectral Interpretation, Resource Identification, and Security-Regolith Explorer)", "summary": "NASA spacecraft launched on 8 September 2016 that collected material from near-Earth asteroid Bennu and delivered 121.6 grams to Earth on 24 September 2023. NASA's initial analysis reported high carbon content and water-bearing clay minerals; the spacecraft continues as OSIRIS-APEX toward asteroid Apophis (2029).", "status_basis": "Sample delivered 2023-09-24; the spacecraft's follow-on OSIRIS-APEX mission is out of scope here.", "sources": [ { "url": "https://science.nasa.gov/mission/osiris-rex/", "title": "OSIRIS-REx", "publisher": "NASA Science", "source_class": "government_primary", "published": null, "accessed": "2026-09-25", "quote": "Launched on Sept. 8, 2016, the Origins, Spectral Interpretation, Resource Identification, and Security-Regolith Explorer", "quote_confirmed_raw": true, "supports": [ "launch_date" ], "language": "en", "translation": "none" }, { "url": "https://science.nasa.gov/blogs/osiris-rex/2016/09/08/whats-in-a-name-new-mission-age-old-questions/", "title": "What's in a Name? New Mission, Age-old Questions", "publisher": "NASA Science", "source_class": "government_primary", "published": "2016-09-08", "accessed": "2026-09-25", "quote": "Resource Identification - Map the chemistry and mineralogy of a primitive, carbon-rich asteroid.", "quote_confirmed_raw": true, "supports": [ "objective", "inclusion_basis" ], "language": "en", "translation": "none" }, { "url": "https://science.nasa.gov/blogs/osiris-rex/2024/02/15/nasa-announces-osiris-rex-bulk-sample-mass/", "title": "NASA Announces OSIRIS-REx Bulk Sample Mass", "publisher": "NASA Science", "source_class": "government_primary", "published": "2024-02-15", "accessed": "2026-09-25", "quote": "NASA's OSIRIS-REx spacecraft delivered 4.29 ounces (121.6 grams) of material from asteroid Bennu when it returned to Earth on Sep. 24, 2023", "quote_confirmed_raw": true, "supports": [ "outcome", "resources" ], "language": "en", "translation": "none" }, { "url": "https://www.nasa.gov/news-release/nasas-bennu-asteroid-sample-contains-carbon-water/", "title": "NASA's Bennu Asteroid Sample Contains Carbon, Water", "publisher": "NASA", "source_class": "government_primary", "published": "2023-10-11", "accessed": "2026-09-25", "quote": "The bounty of carbon-rich material and the abundant presence of water-bearing clay minerals are just the tip of the cosmic iceberg.", "quote_confirmed_raw": true, "supports": [ "summary" ], "language": "en", "translation": "none" }, { "url": "https://science.nasa.gov/mission/osiris-rex/", "title": "OSIRIS-REx", "publisher": "NASA Science", "source_class": "government_primary", "published": null, "accessed": "2026-09-25", "quote": "the spacecraft was renamed OSIRIS-APEX and sent on a new mission to explore asteroid Apophis in 2029", "quote_confirmed_raw": true, "supports": [ "phase" ], "language": "en", "translation": "none" } ], "confidence": "high", "missing_evidence": [ "Inclusion rests on NASA's named 'Resource Identification' objective; no peer-reviewed resource-framed finding is cited on this record." ], "last_checked": "2026-09-25", "history": [], "review_state": "verified", "phase": "ended", "outcome": { "class": "success", "basis": "agency_statement", "statement": "NASA's OSIRIS-REx spacecraft delivered 4.29 ounces (121.6 grams) of material from asteroid Bennu when it returned to Earth on Sep. 24, 2023" }, "participants": [ { "entity_id": "org-nasa", "role": "operator" } ], "mission_unit": "spacecraft", "host_mission_id": null, "inclusion_basis": "resource_objective_stated", "target_body": "near_earth_asteroid", "target_site": "Asteroid (101955) Bennu", "mission_type": "sample_return", "objective": "Return a sample of carbon-rich asteroid Bennu; NASA lists 'Resource Identification' (mapping the chemistry and mineralogy of a primitive, carbon-rich asteroid) among the mission's objectives.", "resources": [ { "resource": "regolith", "evidence_level": "sampled" } ], "launch_vehicle": null, "launch_date": { "value": "2016-09-08", "precision": "day", "basis": "actual" }, "review": { "author_model": "claude-opus-5-5", "reviewer_model": "claude-sonnet-5", "reviewer_run": "research/review/missions.json", "date": "2026-09-26", "sources_reopened": false, "edits_applied": 0 } }, { "stable_id": "msn-nasa-prime-1", "name": "PRIME-1 (Polar Resources Ice Mining Experiment-1)", "summary": "NASA payload combining the TRIDENT drill (built by Honeybee Robotics) and the MSOLO mass spectrometer, flown on Intuitive Machines' IM-2 Athena lander, which landed on its side in a crater near Mons Mouton on 6 March 2025 and ended operations after roughly half a day. NASA reports the drill's auger, full extension, percussion and core heater were exercised and that MSOLO recorded scans in which the detected gases were attributed to the lander and Earth; NASA does not report a drilled regolith sample or any detection of lunar water.", "status_basis": "NASA release 25-025 (2025-03-07) and NASA article updated 2025-04-29; launch date is NASA's Eastern-time date (NTRS slides give 27 Feb 2025 00:16 UTC).", "sources": [ { "url": "https://www.nasa.gov/news-release/nasa-receives-some-data-before-intuitive-machines-ends-lunar-mission/", "title": "NASA Receives Some Data Before Intuitive Machines Ends Lunar Mission", "publisher": "NASA", "source_class": "government_primary", "published": "2025-03-07", "accessed": "2026-09-25", "quote": "detected elements likely due to the gases emitted from the lander's propulsion system", "quote_confirmed_raw": true, "supports": [ "outcome", "phase" ], "language": "en", "translation": "none" }, { "url": "https://www.nasa.gov/news-release/nasa-receives-some-data-before-intuitive-machines-ends-lunar-mission/", "title": "NASA Receives Some Data Before Intuitive Machines Ends Lunar Mission", "publisher": "NASA", "source_class": "government_primary", "published": "2025-03-07", "accessed": "2026-09-25", "quote": "While this mission didn't achieve all of its objectives for NASA, the work that went into the payload development is already informing other agency and commercial efforts", "quote_confirmed_raw": true, "supports": [ "outcome" ], "language": "en", "translation": "none" }, { "url": "https://www.nasa.gov/missions/artemis/nasas-lunar-drill-technology-passes-tests-on-the-moon/", "title": "NASA's Lunar Drill Technology Passes Tests on the Moon", "publisher": "NASA", "source_class": "government_primary", "published": "2025-04-29", "accessed": "2026-09-25", "quote": "researchers believe from the initial data that the gases detected were all anthropogenic", "quote_confirmed_raw": true, "supports": [ "outcome", "resources" ], "language": "en", "translation": "none" }, { "url": "https://www.nasa.gov/missions/artemis/nasas-lunar-drill-technology-passes-tests-on-the-moon/", "title": "NASA's Lunar Drill Technology Passes Tests on the Moon", "publisher": "NASA", "source_class": "government_primary", "published": "2025-04-29", "accessed": "2026-09-25", "quote": "The lightweight, low-power augering drill built by Honeybee Robotics, known as TRIDENT, is 1 meter long", "quote_confirmed_raw": true, "supports": [ "participants" ], "language": "en", "translation": "none" }, { "url": "https://www.nasa.gov/missions/artemis/nasas-lunar-drill-technology-passes-tests-on-the-moon/", "title": "NASA's Lunar Drill Technology Passes Tests on the Moon", "publisher": "NASA", "source_class": "government_primary", "published": "2025-04-29", "accessed": "2026-09-25", "quote": "Intuitive Machines' IM-2 mission launched to the Moon on Feb. 26, 2025, from NASA Kennedy's Launch Complex 39A", "quote_confirmed_raw": true, "supports": [ "launch_date", "host_mission_id" ], "language": "en", "translation": "none" }, { "url": "https://www.nasa.gov/centers-and-facilities/kennedy/nasas-polar-ice-experiment-paves-way-for-future-moon-missions/", "title": "NASA's Polar Ice Experiment Paves Way for Future Moon Missions", "publisher": "NASA Kennedy Space Center", "source_class": "government_primary", "published": "2025-02-12", "accessed": "2026-09-25", "quote": "will drill into the Moon's surface to collect samples", "quote_confirmed_raw": true, "supports": [ "objective", "inclusion_basis" ], "language": "en", "translation": "none" }, { "url": "https://ntrs.nasa.gov/api/citations/20260003150/downloads/MSolo%20PRIME-1%20overview%20and%20results%20-%20LSSW.pdf", "title": "PRIME-1: MSolo Overview and Results (MSolo Science Team, LSSW presentation)", "publisher": "NASA Technical Reports Server", "source_class": "mission_data", "published": "2026-04", "accessed": "2026-09-25", "quote": "We captured 43 scans, 40 complete scans, 3 partial scans.", "quote_confirmed_raw": true, "supports": [ "outcome", "target_site" ], "language": "en", "translation": "none" } ], "confidence": "high", "missing_evidence": [ "No peer-reviewed PRIME-1 results paper located; NASA said results would be published." ], "last_checked": "2026-09-25", "history": [], "review_state": "verified", "phase": "ended", "outcome": { "class": "partial", "basis": "agency_statement", "statement": "While this mission didn't achieve all of its objectives for NASA, the work that went into the payload development is already informing other agency and commercial efforts" }, "participants": [ { "entity_id": "org-nasa", "role": "payload_owner" }, { "entity_id": "org-honeybee-robotics", "role": "payload_builder" }, { "entity_id": "org-intuitive-machines", "role": "carrier" } ], "mission_unit": "payload", "host_mission_id": "msn-intuitive-machines-im-2", "inclusion_basis": "resource_objective_stated", "target_body": "moon", "target_site": "Mons Mouton region, lunar south pole; landed in a crater off target (NASA text says about 400 m, NASA caption about 820 ft, NTRS slides about 500 m)", "mission_type": "technology_demo", "objective": "Demonstrate drilling into the lunar south polar surface with on-site mass-spectrometer analysis of gases released from the cuttings, to characterize subsurface volatiles such as water ice.", "resources": [ { "resource": "water_ice", "evidence_level": "targeted" }, { "resource": "volatiles", "evidence_level": "targeted" } ], "launch_vehicle": null, "launch_date": { "value": "2025-02-26", "precision": "day", "basis": "actual" }, "review": { "author_model": "claude-opus-5-5", "reviewer_model": "claude-sonnet-5", "reviewer_run": "research/review/missions.json", "date": "2026-09-26", "sources_reopened": true, "edits_applied": 0 } }, { "stable_id": "msn-esa-prospect", "name": "PROSPECT (Package for Resource Observation, in-Situ Prospecting for Exploration, Characterisation & Testing)", "summary": "ESA drill (ProSEED) and miniature laboratory (ProSPA) package designed to drill beneath the lunar polar surface, extract samples, measure cold-trapped volatiles such as water ice and test oxygen extraction from regolith. It was built for Russia's Luna-27 lander until ESA ended lunar cooperation with Roscosmos in April 2022, when ESA expected a 2025 CLPS flight; it is now assigned to Intuitive Machines' IM-4 flight to Mons Mouton (NASA task order CP-22), which NASA lists for 2027.", "status_basis": "ESA video page (2026-06) and NASA CP-22 page name PROSPECT on IM-4; NASA IM-4 launch listing shows 2027.", "sources": [ { "url": "https://www.esa.int/ESA_Multimedia/Videos/2026/06/Prospect_mission_animation", "title": "Prospect mission animation", "publisher": "European Space Agency", "source_class": "government_primary", "published": "2026-06", "accessed": "2026-09-25", "quote": "Prospect will reach the lunar surface with the Intuitive Machines' Nova-C lunar lander on the IM-4 mission", "quote_confirmed_raw": true, "supports": [ "phase", "host_mission_id", "participants" ], "language": "en", "translation": "none" }, { "url": "https://www.esa.int/ESA_Multimedia/Videos/2026/06/Prospect_mission_animation", "title": "Prospect mission animation", "publisher": "European Space Agency", "source_class": "government_primary", "published": "2026-06", "accessed": "2026-09-25", "quote": "The mini lab will also test in-situ resource utilisation, such as oxygen extraction from lunar regolith", "quote_confirmed_raw": true, "supports": [ "objective", "resources", "inclusion_basis" ], "language": "en", "translation": "none" }, { "url": "https://science.nasa.gov/lunar-science/clps-deliveries/cp-22-science/", "title": "CLPS CP-22 Science", "publisher": "NASA Science", "source_class": "government_primary", "published": null, "accessed": "2026-09-25", "quote": "We will use PROSPECT and L-CIRiS to help locate nearby chemical compounds that could provide water, oxygen, fuel, and building materials", "quote_confirmed_raw": true, "supports": [ "phase", "objective", "participants" ], "language": "en", "translation": "none" }, { "url": "https://www.nasa.gov/event/clps-flight-intuitive-machines-im-4-2/", "title": "CLPS Flight: Intuitive Machines IM-4", "publisher": "NASA", "source_class": "government_primary", "published": null, "accessed": "2026-09-25", "quote": "Intuitive Machines' IM-4 will deliver science and technology to Mons Mouton near the Moon's South Pole", "quote_confirmed_raw": true, "supports": [ "target_site", "launch_date", "host_mission_id" ], "language": "en", "translation": "none" }, { "url": "https://spacepolicyonline.com/news/esa-ends-lunar-cooperation-with-russia-turns-to-nasa-commercial-partners/", "title": "ESA Ends Lunar Cooperation with Russia, Turns to NASA, Commercial Partners", "publisher": "SpacePolicyOnline.com", "source_class": "reputable_press", "published": "2022-04-13", "accessed": "2026-09-25", "quote": "Luna-27 is another lander that was to use the PILOT precision navigation and landing system and deliver the PROSPECT drill and mass spectrometer to find and analyze subsurface water ice and other chemicals.", "quote_confirmed_raw": true, "supports": [ "history" ], "language": "en", "translation": "none" }, { "url": "https://spacepolicyonline.com/news/esa-ends-lunar-cooperation-with-russia-turns-to-nasa-commercial-partners/", "title": "ESA Ends Lunar Cooperation with Russia, Turns to NASA, Commercial Partners", "publisher": "SpacePolicyOnline.com", "source_class": "reputable_press", "published": "2022-04-13", "accessed": "2026-09-25", "quote": "The drill, being built by Leonardo, will fly on the 2025 CLPS mission", "quote_confirmed_raw": true, "supports": [ "history" ], "language": "en", "translation": "none" }, { "url": "https://sci.esa.int/documents/34161/35992/1567260390250-ESA_Space_Resources_Strategy.pdf", "title": "ESA Space Resources Strategy", "publisher": "European Space Agency", "source_class": "government_primary", "published": "2019-05", "accessed": "2026-09-25", "quote": "The first utilisation of space resources will be on the Moon; a source of water, oxygen, metals and other materials.", "quote_confirmed_raw": true, "supports": [ "summary" ], "language": "en", "translation": "none" } ], "confidence": "high", "missing_evidence": [ "ESA's own PROSPECT articles (esa.int) returned HTTP 403; flight assignment confirmed via the 2026 ESA video page and NASA pages.", "Name expansion differs: NASA's CP-22 page uses '... Exploration, Commercial exploitation and Transportation'; ESA's 2026 page uses '... Exploration, Characterisation & Testing'.", "Host flight record not created: NASA lists PROSPECT on Intuitive Machines IM-4." ], "last_checked": "2026-09-25", "history": [ { "field": "host_mission_id", "old": "Luna-27 (Roscosmos lander)", "new": "NASA CLPS delivery (2025 expected)", "changed_on": "2022-04-13", "reason": "source_update", "source_index": 5 } ], "review_state": "verified", "phase": "manifested", "outcome": { "class": "not_applicable", "basis": null, "statement": null }, "participants": [ { "entity_id": "org-esa", "role": "payload_owner" }, { "entity_id": "org-intuitive-machines", "role": "carrier" }, { "entity_id": "org-nasa", "role": "customer" } ], "mission_unit": "payload", "host_mission_id": null, "inclusion_basis": "isru_instrument_carried", "target_body": "moon", "target_site": "Mons Mouton, lunar south pole region", "mission_type": "prospecting", "objective": "Drill into polar regolith, extract samples and determine the origin and abundance of cold-trapped volatiles; test oxygen extraction from regolith.", "resources": [ { "resource": "water_ice", "evidence_level": "targeted" }, { "resource": "volatiles", "evidence_level": "targeted" }, { "resource": "oxygen", "evidence_level": "targeted" } ], "launch_vehicle": null, "launch_date": { "value": "2027", "precision": "year", "basis": "planned", "qualifier": "target" }, "review": { "author_model": "claude-opus-5-5", "reviewer_model": "claude-sonnet-5", "reviewer_run": "research/review/missions.json", "date": "2026-09-26", "sources_reopened": false, "edits_applied": 0 } }, { "stable_id": "msn-interlune-prospect-moon", "name": "Prospect Moon (Interlune payload suite)", "summary": "Interlune payload suite funded by a NASA SBIR Phase III contract (about $6.9 million, signed 2026-02-24). It would collect and size-sort regolith, release solar-wind volatiles, and measure helium-3 and other gases with a mass spectrometer. Interlune says it will be ready for launch in 2028 on a CLPS lander not yet named.", "mission_unit": "payload", "host_mission_id": null, "participants": [ { "entity_id": "org-interlune", "role": "operator" }, { "entity_id": "org-interlune", "role": "payload_owner" }, { "entity_id": "org-nasa", "role": "funder" } ], "target_body": "moon", "target_site": "Nearside equatorial mare site (per Interlune's 2025 LPSC abstract; not restated in 2026 sources)", "mission_type": "prospecting", "inclusion_basis": "resource_objective_stated", "objective": "Measure solar-wind volatiles, including helium-3 and hydrogen, released from lunar regolith on the surface, and test the sample-handling and gas-release steps of Interlune's planned harvester.", "resources": [ { "resource": "helium_3", "evidence_level": "targeted" }, { "resource": "volatiles", "evidence_level": "targeted" }, { "resource": "regolith", "evidence_level": "targeted" } ], "launch_vehicle": null, "launch_date": null, "phase": "in_development", "outcome": { "class": "not_applicable", "basis": "inferred", "statement": null }, "status_basis": "In development: NASA SBIR Phase III contract 80NSSC26C0002 ($6,893,204, signed 2026-02-24, period to 2027-09-01) per USAspending; NASA and Interlune describe engineering-unit and flight-hardware build.", "sources": [ { "url": "https://api.usaspending.gov/api/v2/awards/CONT_AWD_80NSSC26C0002_8000_-NONE-_-NONE-/", "title": "USAspending.gov award record 80NSSC26C0002 (API)", "publisher": "U.S. Department of the Treasury, USAspending.gov", "source_class": "government_primary", "published": "2026-02-24", "accessed": "2026-09-25", "quote": "PROSPECT MOON: A LUNAR RESOURCE TECHNOLOGY DEMONSTRATION AND PROSPECTING MISSION", "quote_confirmed_raw": true, "supports": [ "name", "phase", "participants" ], "language": "en", "translation": "none" }, { "url": "https://www.nasa.gov/technology/nasa-fosters-development-of-lunar-resource-seeking-technologies/", "title": "NASA Fosters Development of Lunar Resource-Seeking Technologies", "publisher": "NASA", "source_class": "government_primary", "published": "2026-05-04", "accessed": "2026-09-25", "quote": "The payload is designed to collect lunar regolith samples, sort particles by size, extract solar wind volatile gases, and measure their quantities.", "quote_confirmed_raw": true, "supports": [ "objective", "resources", "mission_type" ], "language": "en", "translation": "none" }, { "url": "https://www.interlune.space/press-release/interlune-awarded-6-9-million-contract-from-nasa-for-lunar-resource-development", "title": "Interlune Awarded $6.9 Million Contract from NASA for Lunar Resource Development", "publisher": "Interlune", "source_class": "company_primary", "published": "2026-05-04", "accessed": "2026-09-25", "quote": "The Interlune payload, which will be ready for launch in 2028, builds on prior work with NASA's Flight Opportunities program and the National Science Foundation (NSF)", "quote_confirmed_raw": true, "supports": [ "launch_date", "history" ], "language": "en", "translation": "none" }, { "url": "https://www.interlune.space/press-release/interlune-awarded-6-9-million-contract-from-nasa-for-lunar-resource-development", "title": "Interlune Awarded $6.9 Million Contract from NASA for Lunar Resource Development", "publisher": "Interlune", "source_class": "company_primary", "published": "2026-05-04", "accessed": "2026-09-25", "quote": "It has been designed to fly on one of the commercial robotic landers developed for NASA's Commercial Lunar Payload Services (CLPS) program.", "quote_confirmed_raw": true, "supports": [ "host_mission_id" ], "language": "en", "translation": "none" }, { "url": "https://www.hou.usra.edu/meetings/lpsc2025/pdf/1185.pdf", "title": "Prospect Moon: Interlune's Commercial Mission to the Lunar Surface (LPSC 2025 abstract 1185, E. A. Frank)", "publisher": "Lunar and Planetary Institute / USRA (abstract authored by Interlune)", "source_class": "company_primary", "published": "2025-03", "accessed": "2026-09-25", "quote": "Prospect Moon is Interlune's upcoming prospecting mission. It will launch in 2027 and land on the lunar surface at a nearside, equatorial mare site.", "quote_confirmed_raw": true, "supports": [ "target_site", "history" ], "language": "en", "translation": "none" } ], "confidence": "high", "missing_evidence": [ "No lander, CLPS task order, or launch vehicle assigned", "Interlune's X post (not raw-checked) says the payload will be ready for lander integration in fall 2027; the release says ready for launch in 2028" ], "last_checked": "2026-09-26", "review_state": "verified", "history": [ { "field": "launch_date", "old": "2027", "new": "2028", "changed_on": "2026-05-04", "reason": "schedule_slip", "source_index": 2 } ], "review": { "author_model": "claude-opus-5-5", "reviewer_model": "gpt-6-astra", "reviewer_run": "research/review/astra-hard-area-corrections-20260926.json", "date": "2026-09-26", "sources_reopened": [ 2, 3 ], "edits_applied": 1, "base_record_sha256": "dcc1fe331073579e3ba7cd1ce9984962246dfec01893d7a905eb05dd4c1ad79f" } }, { "stable_id": "msn-ispace-m2-resilience", "name": "SMBC x HAKUTO-R Venture Moon (ispace Mission 2, RESILIENCE lander)", "summary": "ispace's second lunar lander, RESILIENCE, launched 2025-01-15 on a Falcon 9 and attempted to land in Mare Frigoris; NASA reports a hard landing on 2025-06-05 UTC (2025-06-06 JST), which ispace attributes to a laser rangefinder hardware anomaly. It carried ispace-EUROPE's Tenacious rover (regolith scoop for a NASA ownership transfer) and a Takasago water-electrolysis payload using Earth-supplied water; neither operated on the surface.", "mission_unit": "spacecraft", "host_mission_id": null, "participants": [ { "entity_id": "org-ispace", "role": "operator" }, { "entity_id": "org-ispace-europe", "role": "payload_owner" }, { "entity_id": "org-nasa", "role": "customer" }, { "entity_id": "org-spacex", "role": "launch_provider" } ], "target_body": "moon", "target_site": "Mare Frigoris, primary site near 60.5 N 4.6 W", "mission_type": "resource_purchase_demo", "inclusion_basis": "resource_transaction", "objective": "Collect regolith on a lander footpad (to be photographed by the Tenacious rover) and a separate scoop sample via Tenacious, each for in-place ownership transfer to NASA under the two December 2020 contracts.", "resources": [ { "resource": "regolith", "evidence_level": "targeted" } ], "launch_vehicle": "SpaceX Falcon 9", "launch_date": { "value": "2025-01-15", "precision": "day", "basis": "actual" }, "phase": "ended", "outcome": { "class": "failure", "basis": "operator_statement", "statement": "As of 8:00 a.m. on June 6, 2025, mission controllers have determined that it is unlikely that communication with the lander will be restored and therefore completing Success 9, is not achievable. It has been decided to conclude the mission." }, "status_basis": "ispace status update of 2025-06-06 and technical cause analysis of 2025-06-24; NASA LRO imaged the impact site on 2025-06-11.", "sources": [ { "url": "https://www.ispace-inc.com/2025/01/15/ispace-completes-success-2-of-mission-2-milestones/", "title": "ispace Completes Success 2 of Mission 2 Milestones", "publisher": "ispace, inc.", "source_class": "company_primary", "published": "2025-01-15", "accessed": "2026-09-25", "quote": "its RESILIENCE lunar lander has successfully deployed from a SpaceX Falcon 9 rocket following its launch at 1:11 a.m., Wednesday, Jan. 15, 2025 (U.S. Eastern Time).", "quote_confirmed_raw": true, "supports": [ "launch_date", "launch_vehicle" ], "language": "en", "translation": "official" }, { "url": "https://www.ispace-inc.com/2024/09/12/ispace-announces-launch-timing-resilience-lander-progress-and-planned-lunar-landing-zone-during-mission-2-update-press-conference/", "title": "ispace Announces Launch Timing, RESILIENCE Lander Progress and Planned Lunar Landing Zone During Mission 2 Update Press Conference", "publisher": "ispace, inc.", "source_class": "company_primary", "published": "2024-09-12", "accessed": "2026-09-25", "quote": "its primary landing site for Mission 2 will be near the center of Mare Frigoris (Sea of Cold), 60.5 degrees north latitude and 4.6 degrees west longitude", "quote_confirmed_raw": true, "supports": [ "target_site" ], "language": "en", "translation": "official" }, { "url": "https://www.ispace-inc.com/2025/06/06/status-update-on-ispace-mission-2-smbc-x-hakuto-r-venture-moon/", "title": "Status Update on ispace Mission 2 SMBC x HAKUTO-R Venture Moon", "publisher": "ispace, inc.", "source_class": "company_primary", "published": "2025-06-06", "accessed": "2026-09-25", "quote": "As of 8:00 a.m. on June 6, 2025, mission controllers have determined that it is unlikely that communication with the lander will be restored and therefore completing Success 9, is not achievable. It has been decided to conclude the mission.", "quote_confirmed_raw": true, "supports": [ "phase", "outcome" ], "language": "en", "translation": "official" }, { "url": "https://www.ispace-inc.com/2025/06/06/status-update-on-ispace-mission-2-smbc-x-hakuto-r-venture-moon/", "title": "Status Update on ispace Mission 2 SMBC x HAKUTO-R Venture Moon", "publisher": "ispace, inc.", "source_class": "company_primary", "published": "2025-06-06", "accessed": "2026-09-25", "quote": "The laser rangefinder used to measure the distance to the lunar surface experienced delays in obtaining valid measurement values. As a result, the lander was unable to decelerate sufficiently to reach the required speed for the planned lunar landing.", "quote_confirmed_raw": true, "supports": [ "outcome" ], "language": "en", "translation": "official" }, { "url": "https://www.ispace-inc.com/2025/06/24/ispace-releases-technical-cause-analysis-for-hakuto-r-mission-2/", "title": "ispace Releases Technical Cause Analysis for HAKUTO-R Mission 2", "publisher": "ispace, inc.", "source_class": "company_primary", "published": "2025-06-24", "accessed": "2026-09-25", "quote": "Through subsequent and further analysis of telemetry data acquired from the lander confirmed that the technical cause of the hard landing was an anomaly in the LRF hardware.", "quote_confirmed_raw": true, "supports": [ "outcome" ], "language": "en", "translation": "official" }, { "url": "https://www.nasa.gov/missions/lro/nasas-lro-views-ispace-hakuto-r-mission-2-moon-lander-impact-site/", "title": "NASA's LRO Views ispace HAKUTO-R Mission 2 Moon Lander Impact Site", "publisher": "NASA Goddard Space Flight Center", "source_class": "government_primary", "published": "2025-06-20", "accessed": "2026-09-25", "quote": "captured photos of the site where the ispace Mission 2 SMBC x HAKUTO-R Venture Moon (RESILIENCE) lunar lander experienced a hard landing on June 5, 2025, UTC.", "quote_confirmed_raw": true, "supports": [ "phase", "outcome" ], "language": "en", "translation": "none" }, { "url": "https://www.ispace-inc.com/2024/12/17/ispace-obtains-license-to-conduct-lunar-surface-operations-from-japanese-government-for-second-mission/", "title": "ispace Obtains License to Conduct Lunar Surface Operations from Japanese Government for Second Mission", "publisher": "ispace, inc.", "source_class": "company_primary", "published": "2024-12-17", "accessed": "2026-09-25", "quote": "the micro rover will use a scoop to pick up regolith from the lunar surface, photograph the regolith in the scoop and conduct an \"in-place\" transfer of ownership of the lunar regolith to NASA.", "quote_confirmed_raw": true, "supports": [ "objective", "resources" ], "language": "en", "translation": "official" }, { "url": "https://www.ispace-inc.com/2024/12/17/ispace-obtains-license-to-conduct-lunar-surface-operations-from-japanese-government-for-second-mission/", "title": "ispace Obtains License to Conduct Lunar Surface Operations from Japanese Government for Second Mission", "publisher": "ispace, inc.", "source_class": "company_primary", "published": "2024-12-17", "accessed": "2026-09-25", "quote": "The license, granted under Japan's Act on the Promotion of Business Activities for the Exploration and Development of Space Resources (Space Resources Act), was provided by the Cabinet Office in advance of ispace's planned Mission 2", "quote_confirmed_raw": true, "supports": [ "objective" ], "language": "en", "translation": "official" }, { "url": "https://www.ispace-inc.com/2025/01/15/ispace-completes-success-2-of-mission-2-milestones/", "title": "ispace Completes Success 2 of Mission 2 Milestones", "publisher": "ispace, inc.", "source_class": "company_primary", "published": "2025-01-15", "accessed": "2026-09-25", "quote": "Water electrolyzer equipment : From Takasago Thermal Engineering Co.", "quote_confirmed_raw": true, "supports": [ "summary" ], "language": "en", "translation": "official" }, { "url": "https://www.ispace-inc.com/2025/05/09/ispace-and-takasago-thermal-engineering-co-ltd-agree-to-explore-thermal-mining-technology-for-water-extraction-on-the-moon/", "title": "ispace and Takasago Thermal Engineering Co., Ltd. Agree to Explore Thermal Mining Technology for Water Extraction on the Moon", "publisher": "ispace, inc.", "source_class": "company_primary", "published": "2025-05-09", "accessed": "2026-09-25", "quote": "On ispace's Mission 2, \"SMBC x HAKUTO-R VENTURE MOON\" Takasago developed the main payload, water electrolysis equipment, to attempt to split water into molecules on the Moon.", "quote_confirmed_raw": true, "supports": [ "summary" ], "language": "en", "translation": "official" }, { "url": "https://www.ispace-inc.com/2025/10/06/ispace-announces-third-party-allotment-of-new-shares-to-kurita-water-industries/", "title": "ispace Announces Third-Party Allotment of New Shares to Kurita Water Industries", "publisher": "ispace, inc.", "source_class": "company_primary", "published": "2025-10-06", "accessed": "2026-09-25", "quote": "Kurita Water Industries provided ultra-pure water used in the water electrolysis device developed by Takasago Thermal Engineering Co., Ltd. that flew as a payload on ispace's Mission 2.", "quote_confirmed_raw": true, "supports": [ "summary" ], "language": "en", "translation": "official" }, { "url": "https://www.ispace-inc.com/2022/09/22/ispace-receives-interim-payment-on-lunar-regolith-transfer-contract-from-nasa/", "title": "ispace Receives Interim Payment on Lunar Regolith Transfer Contract from NASA", "publisher": "ispace, inc.", "source_class": "company_primary", "published": "2022-09-22", "accessed": "2026-09-25", "quote": "currently planned for launch as early as November 2022 and 2024.", "quote_confirmed_raw": true, "supports": [ "launch_date" ], "language": "en", "translation": "official" }, { "url": "https://www.ispace-inc.com/2024/12/17/ispace-obtains-license-to-conduct-lunar-surface-operations-from-japanese-government-for-second-mission/", "title": "ispace Obtains License to Conduct Lunar Surface Operations from Japanese Government for Second Mission", "publisher": "ispace, inc.", "source_class": "company_primary", "published": "2024-12-17", "accessed": "2026-09-25", "quote": "in advance of ispace's planned Mission 2 set to launch on a SpaceX Falcon 9 rocket from Cape Canaveral, Fla., no earlier than January 2025.", "quote_confirmed_raw": true, "supports": [ "launch_date" ], "language": "en", "translation": "official" }, { "url": "https://www.ispace-inc.com/2026/03/27/external-review-task-force-delivers-report-following-conclusion-of-hakuto-r-mission-2/", "title": "External Review Task Force Delivers Report Following Conclusion of HAKUTO-R Mission 2", "publisher": "ispace, inc.", "source_class": "company_primary", "published": "2026-03-27", "accessed": "2026-09-25", "quote": "The External Review Task Force was commissioned following a technical cause analysis of the hard landing suffered by ispace's RESILIENCE lunar lander as part of HAKUTO-R Mission 2 on June 6, 2025.", "quote_confirmed_raw": true, "supports": [ "outcome" ], "language": "en", "translation": "official" } ], "confidence": "high", "missing_evidence": [ "No record found of the formal close-out of the two NASA regolith contracts after the Mission 2 loss." ], "history": [ { "field": "launch_date", "old": "2023 (planned arrival, NASA award Dec 2020)", "new": "2024 (planned, ispace Sept 2022)", "changed_on": "2022-09-22", "reason": "schedule_slip", "source_index": 11 }, { "field": "launch_date", "old": "2024 (planned)", "new": "no earlier than January 2025", "changed_on": "2024-12-17", "reason": "schedule_slip", "source_index": 12 } ], "last_checked": "2026-09-25", "review_state": "verified", "review": { "author_model": "claude-opus-5-5", "reviewer_model": "claude-sonnet-5", "reviewer_run": "research/review/missions.json", "date": "2026-09-26", "sources_reopened": true, "edits_applied": 0 } }, { "stable_id": "msn-ispace-europe-tenacious", "name": "TENACIOUS micro-rover (ispace-EUROPE)", "summary": "Micro-rover of about 5 kg built by ispace-EUROPE, with an Epiroc-developed shovel, to scoop and photograph lunar regolith for an in-place ownership transfer to NASA; it was authorized under Luxembourg's 2017 space resources law but was lost aboard the RESILIENCE lander before deployment.", "mission_unit": "payload", "host_mission_id": "msn-ispace-m2-resilience", "participants": [ { "entity_id": "org-ispace-europe", "role": "operator" }, { "entity_id": "org-ispace-europe", "role": "payload_builder" }, { "entity_id": "org-nasa", "role": "customer" }, { "entity_id": "org-luxembourg-space-agency", "role": "funder" }, { "entity_id": "org-ispace", "role": "carrier" } ], "target_body": "moon", "target_site": "Mare Frigoris (RESILIENCE landing site)", "mission_type": "resource_purchase_demo", "inclusion_basis": "resource_transaction", "objective": "Use a front-mounted shovel to pick up lunar regolith, photograph it in the scoop, and transfer ownership in place to NASA under ispace-EUROPE's December 2020 USD 5,000 contract.", "resources": [ { "resource": "regolith", "evidence_level": "targeted" } ], "launch_vehicle": "SpaceX Falcon 9", "launch_date": { "value": "2025-01-15", "precision": "day", "basis": "actual" }, "phase": "ended", "outcome": { "class": "failure", "basis": "inferred", "statement": "As of 8:00 a.m. on June 6, 2025, mission controllers have determined that it is unlikely that communication with the lander will be restored and therefore completing Success 9, is not achievable. It has been decided to conclude the mission." }, "status_basis": "Rover was stowed on the RESILIENCE lander, which ispace declared lost on 2025-06-06 (JST); no rover-specific post-mission statement was found.", "sources": [ { "url": "https://www.ispace-inc.com/2025/01/08/ispace-europe-secures-first-ever-mission-authorization-under-luxembourgs-space-resources-law/", "title": "ispace-EUROPE Secures First-Ever Mission Authorization Under Luxembourg's Space Resources Law", "publisher": "ispace EUROPE S.A.", "source_class": "company_primary", "published": "2025-01-08", "accessed": "2026-09-25", "quote": "has obtained a mission authorization under the 2017 Luxembourg Space Resources Law to operate the TENACIOUS Micro Rover during the upcoming ispace, inc. (ispace), Mission 2.", "quote_confirmed_raw": true, "supports": [ "inclusion_basis" ], "language": "en", "translation": "none" }, { "url": "https://www.ispace-inc.com/2025/01/08/ispace-europe-secures-first-ever-mission-authorization-under-luxembourgs-space-resources-law/", "title": "ispace-EUROPE Secures First-Ever Mission Authorization Under Luxembourg's Space Resources Law", "publisher": "ispace EUROPE S.A.", "source_class": "company_primary", "published": "2025-01-08", "accessed": "2026-09-25", "quote": "The TENACIOUS Micro Rover, designed for lunar exploration and resource utilization, will execute key operations, including the collection and transfer of ownership of lunar regolith for ispace-EUROPE to execute a 2020 regolith contract signed with NASA.", "quote_confirmed_raw": true, "supports": [ "objective", "resources" ], "language": "en", "translation": "none" }, { "url": "https://www.ispace-inc.com/2024/12/17/ispace-obtains-license-to-conduct-lunar-surface-operations-from-japanese-government-for-second-mission/", "title": "ispace Obtains License to Conduct Lunar Surface Operations from Japanese Government for Second Mission", "publisher": "ispace, inc.", "source_class": "company_primary", "published": "2024-12-17", "accessed": "2026-09-25", "quote": "the micro rover will use a scoop to pick up regolith from the lunar surface, photograph the regolith in the scoop and conduct an \"in-place\" transfer of ownership of the lunar regolith to NASA.", "quote_confirmed_raw": true, "supports": [ "objective" ], "language": "en", "translation": "official" }, { "url": "https://www.ispace-inc.com/2023/11/16/ispace-announces-mission-2-with-unveiling-of-micro-rover-design/", "title": "ispace Announces Mission 2 with Unveiling of Micro Rover Design", "publisher": "ispace, inc.", "source_class": "company_primary", "published": "2023-11-16", "accessed": "2026-09-25", "quote": "Once on the lunar surface, operators plan to use the shovel to collect a sample of lunar regolith and photograph the collection with the camera mounted on the rover.", "quote_confirmed_raw": true, "supports": [ "objective" ], "language": "en", "translation": "official" }, { "url": "https://www.ispace-inc.com/2023/11/16/ispace-announces-mission-2-with-unveiling-of-micro-rover-design/", "title": "ispace Announces Mission 2 with Unveiling of Micro Rover Design", "publisher": "ispace, inc.", "source_class": "company_primary", "published": "2023-11-16", "accessed": "2026-09-25", "quote": "The micro rover is being developed with co-funding from the Luxembourg Space Agency through a European Space Agency contract with the Luxembourg National Space Programme, LuxIMPULSE.", "quote_confirmed_raw": true, "supports": [ "participants" ], "language": "en", "translation": "official" }, { "url": "https://www.ispace-inc.com/2025/01/08/ispace-europe-secures-first-ever-mission-authorization-under-luxembourgs-space-resources-law/", "title": "ispace-EUROPE Secures First-Ever Mission Authorization Under Luxembourg's Space Resources Law", "publisher": "ispace EUROPE S.A.", "source_class": "company_primary", "published": "2025-01-08", "accessed": "2026-09-25", "quote": "The TENACIOUS micro rover is 26 cm tall, 31.5 cm wide, 54 cm long, and weighs approximately 5 kg.", "quote_confirmed_raw": true, "supports": [ "summary" ], "language": "en", "translation": "none" }, { "url": "https://www.nasa.gov/news-release/nasa-selects-companies-to-collect-lunar-resources-for-artemis-demonstrations/", "title": "NASA Selects Companies to Collect Lunar Resources for Artemis Demonstrations (Release 20-118)", "publisher": "NASA", "source_class": "government_primary", "published": "2020-12-03", "accessed": "2026-09-25", "quote": "ispace Europe proposed collection for $5,000 following arrival in 2023 of a lander to the lunar South Pole.", "quote_confirmed_raw": true, "supports": [ "resources", "inclusion_basis" ], "language": "en", "translation": "none" }, { "url": "https://www.ispace-inc.com/2025/01/15/ispace-completes-success-2-of-mission-2-milestones/", "title": "ispace Completes Success 2 of Mission 2 Milestones", "publisher": "ispace, inc.", "source_class": "company_primary", "published": "2025-01-15", "accessed": "2026-09-25", "quote": "TENACIOUS micro rover : Developed by ispace-EUROPE, this rover will explore the landing site, collect lunar regolith, and relay data back to the lander.", "quote_confirmed_raw": true, "supports": [ "launch_date" ], "language": "en", "translation": "official" }, { "url": "https://www.ispace-inc.com/2025/06/06/status-update-on-ispace-mission-2-smbc-x-hakuto-r-venture-moon/", "title": "Status Update on ispace Mission 2 SMBC x HAKUTO-R Venture Moon", "publisher": "ispace, inc.", "source_class": "company_primary", "published": "2025-06-06", "accessed": "2026-09-25", "quote": "As of 8:00 a.m. on June 6, 2025, mission controllers have determined that it is unlikely that communication with the lander will be restored and therefore completing Success 9, is not achievable. It has been decided to conclude the mission.", "quote_confirmed_raw": true, "supports": [ "phase", "outcome" ], "language": "en", "translation": "official" } ], "confidence": "high", "missing_evidence": [ "No ispace-EUROPE statement specific to the rover's fate; outcome inferred from the host lander's loss." ], "history": [], "last_checked": "2026-09-25", "review_state": "verified", "review": { "author_model": "claude-opus-5-5", "reviewer_model": "claude-sonnet-5", "reviewer_run": "research/review/missions.json", "date": "2026-09-26", "sources_reopened": false, "edits_applied": 0 } }, { "last_checked": "2026-09-25", "review_state": "verified", "history": [], "missing_evidence": [ "NASA, ISS National Lab or Voyager Space confirmation of the demonstration.", "Cargo vehicle and exact delivery date.", "The ISS and Bishop airlock have no mission record here, so no host mission is linked.", "The 23 Sept 2025 release described testing 'in the vacuum of space in an airlock on the exterior of the ISS', while the 2 Oct 2025 release describes evaluation inside the Bishop airlock simulating orbital conditions." ], "host_mission_id": null, "stable_id": "msn-transastra-capture-bag-iss-demo", "name": "TransAstra 1-meter Capture Bag ISS demonstration", "summary": "A 1-meter inflatable Capture Bag delivered to the International Space Station in September 2025 and deployed inside Voyager Space's Bishop airlock, where astronauts evaluated it under simulated orbital conditions; TransAstra reported the demonstration complete on 2 October 2025. The bag is intended for capturing orbital debris and, in larger versions, small asteroids; no asteroid material was involved.", "participants": [ { "entity_id": "org-transastra", "role": "operator" }, { "entity_id": "org-nasa", "role": "funder" } ], "mission_unit": "payload", "target_body": "other", "target_site": "International Space Station (Bishop airlock)", "mission_type": "technology_demo", "objective": "Validate design features of an inflatable capture structure intended to envelop orbital debris and, at larger scale, small asteroids for resource use (operator statement).", "resources": [], "inclusion_basis": "resource_objective_stated", "launch_vehicle": null, "launch_date": { "value": "2025-09", "precision": "month", "basis": "actual" }, "phase": "ended", "outcome": { "class": "success", "basis": "operator_statement", "statement": "TransAstra completed a successful demonstration of its Capture Bag technology on the ISS on Oct. 2, 2025." }, "status_basis": "Operator press release dated 2 October 2025.", "confidence": "medium", "sources": [ { "url": "https://www.newswire.com/news/transastra-demonstrates-asteroid-capture-and-orbital-debris-cleanup-22651131", "title": "TransAstra Demonstrates Asteroid Capture and Orbital Debris Cleanup Technology", "publisher": "Trans Astronautica Corporation (via Newswire)", "source_class": "company_primary", "published": "2025-10-02", "accessed": "2026-09-25", "quote": "TransAstra completed a successful demonstration of its Capture Bag technology on the ISS on Oct. 2, 2025.", "quote_confirmed_raw": true, "supports": [ "outcome", "phase" ], "language": "en", "translation": "none" }, { "url": "https://www.newswire.com/news/transastra-demonstrates-asteroid-capture-and-orbital-debris-cleanup-22651131", "title": "TransAstra Demonstrates Asteroid Capture and Orbital Debris Cleanup Technology", "publisher": "Trans Astronautica Corporation (via Newswire)", "source_class": "company_primary", "published": "2025-10-02", "accessed": "2026-09-25", "quote": "The Capture Bag was deployed in Voyager Space's Bishop airlock, where astronauts conducted evaluations simulating orbital conditions.", "quote_confirmed_raw": true, "supports": [ "target_site", "summary" ], "language": "en", "translation": "none" }, { "url": "https://www.newswire.com/news/transastra-demonstrates-asteroid-capture-and-orbital-debris-cleanup-22651131", "title": "TransAstra Demonstrates Asteroid Capture and Orbital Debris Cleanup Technology", "publisher": "Trans Astronautica Corporation (via Newswire)", "source_class": "company_primary", "published": "2025-10-02", "accessed": "2026-09-25", "quote": "The Capture Bag was built and flight-qualified through NASA and Space Force SBIR funding.", "quote_confirmed_raw": true, "supports": [ "participants" ], "language": "en", "translation": "none" }, { "url": "https://www.newswire.com/news/transastra-secures-5m-to-scale-asteroid-capture-technology-with-nasa-22644719", "title": "TransAstra Secures $5M to Scale Asteroid Capture Technology With NASA and Private Investment", "publisher": "Trans Astronautica Corporation (via Newswire)", "source_class": "company_primary", "published": "2025-09-23", "accessed": "2026-09-25", "quote": "TransAstra's 1-meter Capture Bag was delivered to the International Space Station (ISS)", "quote_confirmed_raw": true, "supports": [ "launch_date" ], "language": "en", "translation": "none" }, { "url": "https://www.newswire.com/news/transastra-secures-5m-to-scale-asteroid-capture-technology-with-nasa-22644719", "title": "TransAstra Secures $5M to Scale Asteroid Capture Technology With NASA and Private Investment", "publisher": "Trans Astronautica Corporation (via Newswire)", "source_class": "company_primary", "published": "2025-09-23", "accessed": "2026-09-25", "quote": "The 10-meter bag is also big enough to capture small asteroids for enclosure to enable mining operations in space.", "quote_confirmed_raw": true, "supports": [ "objective", "inclusion_basis" ], "language": "en", "translation": "none" } ], "review": { "author_model": "claude-opus-5-5", "reviewer_model": "claude-sonnet-5", "reviewer_run": "research/review/missions.json", "date": "2026-09-26", "sources_reopened": false, "edits_applied": 0 } }, { "stable_id": "msn-nasa-viper", "name": "VIPER (Volatiles Investigating Polar Exploration Rover)", "summary": "NASA ice-prospecting rover built for a 100-day mission at the lunar south pole. NASA announced on 17 July 2024 that it would discontinue the project over cost growth and launch delays, then on 19 September 2025 awarded Blue Origin CLPS task order CS-7 (potential value $190 million) with an option to deliver VIPER on a second Blue Moon MK1 lander targeting late 2027; NASA will decide on that option after Blue Origin's first MK1 flight, which had not flown as of the last check.", "status_basis": "NASA release 25-064 (2025-09-19): the award base covers accommodation design and an offload demonstration, with delivery subject to a separate option. The late-2027 target is for landing; no primary launch date is established. Whether the delivery option has subsequently been exercised was not established in this review.", "sources": [ { "url": "https://www.nasa.gov/news-release/nasa-ends-viper-project-continues-moon-exploration/", "title": "NASA Ends VIPER Project, Continues Moon Exploration", "publisher": "NASA", "source_class": "government_primary", "published": "2024-07-17", "accessed": "2026-09-25", "quote": "NASA stated cost increases, delays to the launch date, and the risks of future cost growth as the reasons to stand down on the mission.", "quote_confirmed_raw": true, "supports": [ "history" ], "language": "en", "translation": "none" }, { "url": "https://www.nasa.gov/news-release/nasa-selects-blue-origin-to-deliver-viper-rover-to-moons-south-pole/", "title": "NASA Selects Blue Origin to Deliver VIPER Rover to Moon's South Pole", "publisher": "NASA", "source_class": "government_primary", "published": "2025-09-19", "accessed": "2026-09-25", "quote": "Blue Origin will deliver VIPER to the lunar surface in late 2027, using a second Blue Moon MK1 lander, which is in production.", "quote_confirmed_raw": true, "supports": [ "phase", "launch_date", "participants", "host_mission_id", "history" ], "language": "en", "translation": "none" }, { "url": "https://www.nasa.gov/news-release/nasa-selects-blue-origin-to-deliver-viper-rover-to-moons-south-pole/", "title": "NASA Selects Blue Origin to Deliver VIPER Rover to Moon's South Pole", "publisher": "NASA", "source_class": "government_primary", "published": "2025-09-19", "accessed": "2026-09-25", "quote": "NASA will make the decision to exercise that option after the execution and review of the base task and of Blue Origin's first flight of the Blue Moon MK1 lander.", "quote_confirmed_raw": true, "supports": [ "phase", "status_basis" ], "language": "en", "translation": "none" }, { "url": "https://science.nasa.gov/mission/viper/", "title": "VIPER", "publisher": "NASA Science", "source_class": "government_primary", "published": null, "accessed": "2026-09-25", "quote": "On September 19, 2025, NASA announced that VIPER and its instruments will be delivered to Mons Mouton by a Blue Origin Blue Moon MK-1 lander as part of task order CS-7.", "quote_confirmed_raw": true, "supports": [ "target_site", "participants", "phase" ], "language": "en", "translation": "none" }, { "url": "https://spacepolicyonline.com/news/nasa-awards-initial-moon-base-rover-and-lander-contracts/", "title": "NASA Awards Initial Moon Base Rover and Lander Contracts", "publisher": "SpacePolicyOnline.com", "source_class": "reputable_press", "published": "2026-05-26", "accessed": "2026-09-25", "quote": "It's now expected to launch on Blue Origin's second MK1 mission next year.", "quote_confirmed_raw": true, "supports": [ "launch_date", "phase" ], "language": "en", "translation": "none" }, { "url": "https://www.nasa.gov/news-release/nasa-ends-viper-project-continues-moon-exploration/", "title": "NASA Ends VIPER Project, Continues Moon Exploration", "publisher": "NASA", "source_class": "government_primary", "published": "2024-07-17", "accessed": "2026-09-25", "quote": "additional schedule and supply chain delays pushed VIPER's readiness date to September 2025", "quote_confirmed_raw": true, "supports": [ "history" ], "language": "en", "translation": "none" } ], "confidence": "medium", "missing_evidence": [ "Whether NASA has exercised the delivery option under task order CS-7 after its September 2025 announcement has not been established from the primary pages reviewed." ], "last_checked": "2026-09-26", "history": [ { "field": "launch_date", "old": "2023 (late)", "new": "2024 (late)", "changed_on": "2022", "reason": "schedule_slip", "source_index": 0 }, { "field": "launch_date", "old": "2024 (late)", "new": "2025-09 (rover readiness)", "changed_on": "2024", "reason": "schedule_slip", "source_index": 5 }, { "field": "phase", "old": "in_development", "new": "cancelled", "changed_on": "2024-07-17", "reason": "source_update", "source_index": 0 }, { "field": "phase", "old": "cancelled", "new": "in_development", "changed_on": "2025-09-19", "reason": "source_update", "source_index": 1 }, { "field": "participants.carrier", "old": "org-astrobotic (Griffin lander, CLPS)", "new": "org-blue-origin (Blue Moon MK1, task order CS-7)", "changed_on": "2025-09-19", "reason": "source_update", "source_index": 1 } ], "review_state": "verified", "phase": "in_development", "outcome": { "class": "not_applicable", "basis": null, "statement": null }, "participants": [ { "entity_id": "org-nasa", "role": "operator" }, { "entity_id": "org-blue-origin", "role": "carrier" } ], "mission_unit": "payload", "host_mission_id": "msn-blue-origin-blue-moon-mk1-viper", "inclusion_basis": "resource_objective_stated", "target_body": "moon", "target_site": "Mons Mouton, lunar south pole region", "mission_type": "prospecting", "objective": "Search for and map volatile resources such as water ice at the lunar south pole during a 100-day surface mission.", "resources": [ { "resource": "water_ice", "evidence_level": "targeted" }, { "resource": "volatiles", "evidence_level": "targeted" } ], "launch_vehicle": null, "launch_date": null, "review": { "author_model": "claude-opus-5-5", "reviewer_model": "gpt-6-astra", "reviewer_run": "research/review/astra-mission-date-fixes-20260926.json", "date": "2026-09-26", "sources_reopened": [ 1, 2, 3 ], "edits_applied": 3, "base_record_sha256": "9cf4ae01a7ad28dc628313ebd53211c1adfb1f49217b28795d97c03d2bd5cc8f" } } ], "authorizations": [ { "stable_id": "auth-us-moon-express-2016", "name": "FAA-led interagency payload review: Moon Express MX-1E (2016)", "summary": "The FAA FY2016 Performance and Accountability Report records a favorable payload determination for the Moon Express MX-1E mission. Company releases describe the interagency review of its proposed 2017 lunar mission; this is not recorded as a resource-extraction permit.", "status": "granted", "status_basis": "The FAA FY2016 report confirms the favorable payload determination for MX-1E. Company releases describe the application and interagency consultation; the original determination letter and its exact date, conditions, and subsequent disposition have not been retrieved.", "sources": [ { "url": "http://web.archive.org/web/2016id_/http://moonexpress.com:80/news/us-government-approves-plan-moon-express-become-first-private-company-venture-beyond-earths-orbit/", "title": "U.S. Government Approves Plan for Moon Express to become First Private Company to Venture Beyond Earth's Orbit (archived company release, 3 August 2016)", "publisher": "Moon Express, Inc. (archived by Internet Archive)", "source_class": "company_primary", "published": "2016-08-03", "accessed": "2026-09-25", "quote": "The framework of the interagency approval surrounds Moon Express' proposed 'Mission Approval' arrangement that utilizes existing payload review and launch license processes under authorities of the Secretary of Transportation, and adds to them a series of voluntary disclosures intended to provide the Federal Government with sufficient information to help fulfill its supervisory obligations under the Outer Space Treaty.", "quote_confirmed_raw": true, "supports": [ "scope", "instrument_type", "legal_basis_ids" ], "language": "en", "translation": "none" }, { "url": "http://web.archive.org/web/2016id_/http://moonexpress.com:80/news/us-government-approves-plan-moon-express-become-first-private-company-venture-beyond-earths-orbit/", "title": "Moon Express release - interagency consultation", "publisher": "Moon Express, Inc. (archived by Internet Archive)", "source_class": "company_primary", "published": "2016-08-03", "accessed": "2026-09-25", "quote": "Moon Express received the green light for pursuing its 2017 lunar mission following in depth consultations with the FAA, the White House, the State Department, NASA and other federal agencies.", "quote_confirmed_raw": true, "supports": [ "authority", "date_granted" ], "language": "en", "translation": "none" }, { "url": "http://web.archive.org/web/2016id_/http://moonexpress.com:80/news/us-government-approves-plan-moon-express-become-first-private-company-venture-beyond-earths-orbit/", "title": "Moon Express release - first-of-kind claim", "publisher": "Moon Express, Inc. (archived by Internet Archive)", "source_class": "company_primary", "published": "2016-08-03", "accessed": "2026-09-25", "quote": "Moon Express has become the first private company approved to literally go out of this world as a pioneer of commercial space missions beyond Earth's orbit.", "quote_confirmed_raw": true, "supports": [ "first_of_kind" ], "language": "en", "translation": "none" }, { "url": "http://web.archive.org/web/2016id_/http://moonexpress.com:80/news/moon-express-becomes-first-private-company-history-initiate-commercial-lunar-mission-approval-process-u-s-government/", "title": "Moon Express Becomes First Private Company in History to Initiate a Commercial Lunar Mission Approval Process with the U.S. Government (archived company release, 8 April 2016)", "publisher": "Moon Express, Inc. (archived by Internet Archive)", "source_class": "company_primary", "published": "2016-04-08", "accessed": "2026-09-25", "quote": "Moon Express made history as the first private space company to request the U.S government to conduct a payload review of its spacecraft and plans leading to regulatory approval of a commercial mission to the Moon in 2017.", "quote_confirmed_raw": true, "supports": [ "instrument_type", "scope" ], "language": "en", "translation": "none" }, { "url": "http://web.archive.org/web/2016id_/http://moonexpress.com:80/news/moon-express-becomes-first-private-company-history-initiate-commercial-lunar-mission-approval-process-u-s-government/", "title": "Moon Express April 2016 release - submission to FAA AST", "publisher": "Moon Express, Inc. (archived by Internet Archive)", "source_class": "company_primary", "published": "2016-04-08", "accessed": "2026-09-25", "quote": "Moon Express initiated the review process through a submission to the Federal Aviation Administration Office of Commercial Space Transportation (FAA AST)", "quote_confirmed_raw": true, "supports": [ "authority" ], "language": "en", "translation": "none" }, { "url": "https://uscode.house.gov/view.xhtml?req=granuleid:USC-prelim-title51-section50904&num=0&edition=prelim", "title": "51 U.S.C. 50904(c) (payload review authority)", "publisher": "Office of the Law Revision Counsel, U.S. House of Representatives", "source_class": "legislation", "published": null, "accessed": "2026-09-25", "quote": "The Secretary of Transportation shall establish whether all required licenses, authorizations, and permits required for a payload have been obtained.", "quote_confirmed_raw": true, "supports": [ "legal_basis_ids" ], "language": "en", "translation": "none", "quote_locator": { "article": "51 U.S.C. 50904(c)" } }, { "url": "https://www.faa.gov/about/office_org/headquarters_offices/afn/offices/finance/offices/budget/par/fy16-par.pdf", "title": "FAA FY 2016 Performance and Accountability Report: aviation timeline", "publisher": "Federal Aviation Administration", "source_class": "government_primary", "published": null, "accessed": "2026-09-26", "quote": "FAA makes a favorable payload determination for the Moon Express MX-1E mission", "supports": [ "summary", "status_basis", "instrument_type", "instrument_native_name" ], "quote_confirmed_raw": true, "language": "en", "translation": "none", "quote_locator": { "page": 11 } } ], "confidence": "medium", "missing_evidence": [ "Original FAA payload determination letter (signatory, full conditions and scope) not retrieved; the FAA annual report corroborates the act but not those details.", "Exact date of the determination: the company announced it on 3 August 2016; the FAA decision date may be earlier.", "The MX-1E mission never launched (see msn-moon-express-mx-1e); whether the determination was ever formally closed or lapsed is not documented." ], "last_checked": "2026-09-26", "history": [ { "field": "sources", "old": "Company releases and statutory context only", "new": "FAA FY2016 report corroborates the payload determination", "changed_on": "2026-09-26", "reason": "source_update", "source_index": 6 } ], "review_state": "verified", "jurisdiction": "US", "authority": "U.S. Department of Transportation, Federal Aviation Administration, Office of Commercial Space Transportation (FAA AST), after consultation with the White House, State Department, NASA and other agencies (per company)", "legal_basis_ids": [ "law-us-commercial-space-launch-act-chapter-509" ], "pinpoint": "51 U.S.C. 50904(c) (payload review); implementing FAA payload-review regulation of 2016 not retrieved", "instrument_type": "favorable_payload_determination", "instrument_native_name": "favorable payload determination (FAA FY2016 report)", "holder_id": "org-moon-express", "holder_name_as_written": "Moon Express, Inc.", "mission_id": "msn-moon-express-mx-1e", "date_granted": { "value": "2016", "precision": "year", "basis": "actual", "note": "announced by the company on 2016-08-03; government decision date not retrieved" }, "scope": "Company states: approval of its proposed 2017 lunar mission via its 'Mission Approval' arrangement using existing payload review and launch license processes, with voluntary disclosures. The FAA annual report confirms the favorable payload determination but does not reproduce its conditions. This instrument is not recorded as a resource-extraction or resource-ownership authorization.", "resources_covered": [], "first_of_kind": { "scope": "first U.S. government approval of a private mission beyond Earth orbit (company claim)", "asserted_by": "company", "source_index": 2 }, "review": { "author_model": "gpt-6-astra", "reviewer_model": "gpt-5.6-sol", "reviewer_run": "research/review/sol-moon-express-20260926.json", "date": "2026-09-26", "sources_reopened": [ 6 ], "edits_applied": 0, "base_record_sha256": "4d118dc7409bd0f32bce1e3dcfa741b3a68ff83951f1942dcb8894419b4292b6" } }, { "stable_id": "auth-japan-ispace-2022", "name": "Japan Space Resources Act permit to ispace for HAKUTO-R Mission 1 (2022)", "summary": "On 4 November 2022 Japan's Prime Minister (Cabinet Office) granted ispace, inc. permit No. 衛星22-019 with a space resources business activity plan for Mission 1: collecting lunar regolith on the lander's footpads and transferring its ownership in place to NASA. It was the first permit under the 2021 Act. The lander did not complete a soft landing on 26 April 2023 (operator statement), so the planned regolith collection and ownership transfer did not take place.", "status": "granted", "status_basis": "Cabinet Office permit list (dated 令和4年11月4日, No. 衛星22-019, 株式会社ispace). No revocation found. Mission ended with loss of the lander (operator statement), so the permitted activity was never carried out.", "sources": [ { "url": "https://www8.cao.go.jp/space/application/resource/application.html", "title": "宇宙資源法に関する申請受付について - 許可案件一覧 (list of permits)", "publisher": "Cabinet Office, National Space Policy Secretariat", "source_class": "government_primary", "published": null, "accessed": "2026-09-25", "quote": "令和4年11月4日 衛星22-019 株式会社ispace", "quote_confirmed_raw": true, "supports": [ "date_granted", "holder_name_as_written", "status" ], "language": "ja", "translation": "none" }, { "url": "https://www8.cao.go.jp/space/application/resource/application.html", "title": "宇宙資源法に関する申請受付について - 主な許可の件数 (permit counts by fiscal year)", "publisher": "Cabinet Office, National Space Policy Secretariat", "source_class": "government_primary", "published": null, "accessed": "2026-09-25", "quote": "令和3年度 0 令和4年度 1", "quote_confirmed_raw": true, "supports": [ "first_of_kind" ], "language": "ja", "translation": "none" }, { "url": "https://www.ispace-inc.com/2022/11/08/ispace-receives-license-to-conduct-business-activity-on-the-moon-from-japanese-government/", "title": "ispace Receives License to Conduct Business Activity on the Moon from Japanese Government (8 November 2022)", "publisher": "ispace, inc.", "source_class": "company_primary", "published": "2022-11-08", "accessed": "2026-09-25", "quote": "The approval, the first granted under Japan's recently enacted Act on the Promotion of Business Activities for the Exploration and Development of Space Resources (Space Resources Act), is effective as of November 4, 2022", "quote_confirmed_raw": true, "supports": [ "date_granted", "first_of_kind" ], "language": "en", "translation": "none" }, { "url": "https://www.ispace-inc.com/2022/11/08/ispace-receives-license-to-conduct-business-activity-on-the-moon-from-japanese-government/", "title": "ispace license release - scope", "publisher": "ispace, inc.", "source_class": "company_primary", "published": "2022-11-08", "accessed": "2026-09-25", "quote": "During M1, ispace is expected to collect regolith that accumulates on the footpad of the landing gear during the touchdown on the surface, photograph the collected regolith and conduct an \"in-place\" transfer of ownership of the lunar regolith to NASA.", "quote_confirmed_raw": true, "supports": [ "scope", "resources_covered" ], "language": "en", "translation": "none" }, { "url": "https://www.ispace-inc.com/2022/11/08/ispace-receives-license-to-conduct-business-activity-on-the-moon-from-japanese-government/", "title": "ispace license release - no return to Earth", "publisher": "ispace, inc.", "source_class": "company_primary", "published": "2022-11-08", "accessed": "2026-09-25", "quote": "Under the contract, the lunar regolith will not be returned to Earth.", "quote_confirmed_raw": true, "supports": [ "scope" ], "language": "en", "translation": "none" }, { "url": "https://www.ispace-inc.com/2023/05/26/ispace-announces-results-of-the-hakuto-r-mission-1-lunar-landing/", "title": "ispace Announces Results of the HAKUTO-R Mission 1 Lunar Landing (26 May 2023)", "publisher": "ispace, inc.", "source_class": "company_primary", "published": "2023-05-26", "accessed": "2026-09-25", "quote": "Although the lander did not complete a soft landing, the cause has been identified and improvements are being incorporated into Mission 2 and Mission 3.", "quote_confirmed_raw": true, "supports": [ "status_basis" ], "language": "en", "translation": "none" } ], "confidence": "high", "missing_evidence": [ "Text of the Mission 1 business activity plan published by the Cabinet Office (https://www8.cao.go.jp/space/application/resource/application/pdf/bap_j_22019.pdf) could not be extracted (font encoding); scope wording relies on ispace's release." ], "last_checked": "2026-09-25", "history": [], "review_state": "verified", "jurisdiction": "JP", "authority": "Prime Minister of Japan (内閣総理大臣), administered by the Cabinet Office National Space Policy Secretariat (内閣府宇宙開発戦略推進事務局)", "legal_basis_ids": [ "law-japan-space-resources-2021", "law-japan-space-activities-2016" ], "pinpoint": "Space Resources Act (Act No. 83 of 2021) Art. 3(1)-(3) and Art. 5; Space Activities Act (Act No. 76 of 2016) Art. 20(1)", "instrument_type": "national_space_resources_authorization", "instrument_native_name": "宇宙資源の探査及び開発の許可 (permit number 衛星22-019)", "holder_id": "org-ispace", "holder_name_as_written": "株式会社ispace", "mission_id": "msn-ispace-hakuto-r-m1", "date_granted": { "value": "2022-11-04", "precision": "day" }, "scope": "Per ispace: collect regolith that accumulates on the landing-gear footpads at touchdown, photograph it, and conduct an in-place transfer of ownership of the regolith to NASA under NASA's December 2020 contract; the regolith was not to be returned to Earth. Passive collection by footpad accumulation only; no excavation or processing.", "resources_covered": [ "regolith" ], "first_of_kind": { "scope": "first permit under Japan's Space Resources Act (Act No. 83 of 2021)", "asserted_by": "regulator", "source_index": 1 }, "review": { "author_model": "claude-opus-5-5", "reviewer_model": "claude-sonnet-5", "reviewer_run": "research/review/legal-and-authorizations.json", "date": "2026-09-26", "sources_reopened": true, "edits_applied": 0 } }, { "stable_id": "auth-luxembourg-ispace-europe-2024", "name": "Luxembourg space resources mission authorisation to ispace EUROPE S.A. for the TENACIOUS micro-rover (2024)", "summary": "On 22 November 2024 Luxembourg granted ispace EUROPE S.A. an authorisation under the Law of 20 July 2017 for commercial exploration and use of space resources on the Moon: micro-rover operations to collect lunar regolith for NASA's purchase agreement, plus surface exploration, during ispace Mission 2. It is the first and, as of 2026-09-25, only entry in Luxembourg's register. The lander carrying the rover was lost in a likely hard landing on 6 June 2025 and ispace concluded the mission, so the authorised rover operations did not take place.", "status": "granted", "status_basis": "Luxembourg Space Agency register lists the authorisation dated 22 November 2024; confirmed by Luxembourg's COPUOS statement (May 2025) and Article XI notification A/AC.105/1363. No revocation found.", "sources": [ { "url": "https://space-agency.public.lu/dam-assets/old-website/publications/2025/draft-registry-sr-authorisations-final.pdf", "title": "Authorisation(s) granted under the Law of 20 July 2017 on Exploration and Use of Space Resources (register)", "publisher": "Luxembourg Space Agency", "source_class": "government_primary", "published": "2025", "accessed": "2026-09-25", "quote": "ispace EUROPE S. A. 22 November 2024 The authorised mission encompasses the exploration and use of space resources for commercial purposes including micro-rover operations needed for this objective. It involves collecting lunar regolith to fulfil resources purchase agreement with NASA, as well as conducting lunar surface exploration activities.", "quote_confirmed_raw": true, "supports": [ "date_granted", "holder_name_as_written", "scope", "status" ], "language": "en", "translation": "none", "quote_locator": { "article": null, "page": 1 } }, { "url": "https://www.unoosa.org/documents/pdf/copuos/lsc/2025/Statements/Thursday8PM/8_Luxembourg.pdf", "title": "Intervention du Luxembourg, 64e session du Sous-Comité juridique du CUPEEA, point 8 (mai 2025)", "publisher": "Government of Luxembourg (statement posted by UNOOSA)", "source_class": "government_primary", "published": "2025-05-08", "accessed": "2026-09-25", "quote": "le 22 novembre 2024, le Luxembourg a accordé à l'entreprise ispace Europe l'agrément pour effectuer une mission d'exploration et d'utilisation des ressources spatiales sur la surface lunaire", "quote_confirmed_raw": true, "supports": [ "date_granted", "instrument_native_name" ], "language": "fr", "translation": "none", "quote_locator": { "article": null, "page": 1 } }, { "url": "https://www.unoosa.org/documents/pdf/copuos/lsc/2025/Statements/Thursday8PM/8_Luxembourg.pdf", "title": "Intervention du Luxembourg - first-of-kind statement", "publisher": "Government of Luxembourg (statement posted by UNOOSA)", "source_class": "government_primary", "published": "2025-05-08", "accessed": "2026-09-25", "quote": "il s'agit de la première autorisation accordée en Europe pour permettre l'exploration et l'utilisation des ressources spatiales dans le cadre de mission à des fins commerciales", "quote_confirmed_raw": true, "supports": [ "first_of_kind" ], "language": "fr", "translation": "none", "quote_locator": { "article": null, "page": 2 } }, { "url": "https://documents.un.org/api/symbol/access?s=A/AC.105/1363&l=en&t=pdf", "title": "A/AC.105/1363 - Note verbale dated 11 April 2025 from the Permanent Mission of Luxembourg (Article XI notification, ispace EUROPE S.A.)", "publisher": "United Nations, COPUOS", "source_class": "government_primary", "published": "2025-04-24", "accessed": "2026-09-25", "quote": "ispace EUROPE S.A. holds an authorization granted by Luxembourg under the Law of 20 July 2017 on the Exploration and Use of Space Resources", "quote_confirmed_raw": true, "supports": [ "status", "scope" ], "language": "en", "translation": "none", "quote_locator": { "article": null, "page": 3 } }, { "url": "https://documents.un.org/api/symbol/access?s=A/AC.105/1363&l=en&t=pdf", "title": "A/AC.105/1363 - location of activity", "publisher": "United Nations, COPUOS", "source_class": "government_primary", "published": "2025-04-24", "accessed": "2026-09-25", "quote": "The mission of ispace EUROPE S.A. will be carried out within the radius of approximately 100 metres from the landing location", "quote_confirmed_raw": true, "supports": [ "scope" ], "language": "en", "translation": "none", "quote_locator": { "article": null, "page": 2 } }, { "url": "https://2022.ispace-inc.com/news-en/?p=6660", "title": "ispace-EUROPE Secures First-Ever Mission Authorization Under Luxembourg's Space Resources Law (8 January 2025)", "publisher": "ispace, inc. / ispace-EUROPE S.A.", "source_class": "company_primary", "published": "2025-01-08", "accessed": "2026-09-25", "quote": "The approval, issued by the Luxembourg Ministry of the Economy, positions ispace-EUROPE as a global leader in space resource commercialization", "quote_confirmed_raw": true, "supports": [ "authority" ], "language": "en", "translation": "none" }, { "url": "https://2022.ispace-inc.com/news-en/?p=6558", "title": "ispace Mission 2 license release - TENACIOUS regolith method", "publisher": "ispace, inc.", "source_class": "company_primary", "published": "2024-12-17", "accessed": "2026-09-25", "quote": "the micro rover will use a scoop to pick up regolith from the lunar surface, photograph the regolith in the scoop and conduct an \"in-place\" transfer of ownership of the lunar regolith to NASA", "quote_confirmed_raw": true, "supports": [ "scope" ], "language": "en", "translation": "none" }, { "url": "https://www.ispace-inc.com/2025/06/06/status-update-on-ispace-mission-2-smbc-x-hakuto-r-venture-moon/", "title": "Status Update on ispace Mission 2 SMBC x HAKUTO-R VENTURE MOON (6 June 2025)", "publisher": "ispace, inc.", "source_class": "company_primary", "published": "2025-06-06", "accessed": "2026-09-25", "quote": "It has been decided to conclude the mission.", "quote_confirmed_raw": true, "supports": [ "summary" ], "language": "en", "translation": "none" } ], "confidence": "high", "missing_evidence": [ "Authorisation instrument itself (ministerial decision text, conditions) is not published; scope relies on the register description and the Article XI notification." ], "last_checked": "2026-09-25", "history": [], "review_state": "verified", "jurisdiction": "LU", "authority": "Ministers in charge of the economy and space activities (Luxembourg Ministry of the Economy); register maintained by the Luxembourg Space Agency", "legal_basis_ids": [ "law-luxembourg-space-resources-2017" ], "pinpoint": "Law of 20 July 2017, Art. 2(1) and Art. 3 (written mission authorisation for commercial exploration and use of space resources); Art. 1 (ownership)", "instrument_type": "national_space_resources_authorization", "instrument_native_name": "agrément (mission authorisation under the Law of 20 July 2017)", "holder_id": "org-ispace-europe", "holder_name_as_written": "ispace EUROPE S. A.", "mission_id": "msn-ispace-europe-tenacious", "date_granted": { "value": "2024-11-22", "precision": "day" }, "scope": "Register: 'exploration and use of space resources for commercial purposes including micro-rover operations needed for this objective', involving collecting lunar regolith to fulfil a resources purchase agreement with NASA and conducting lunar surface exploration. Article XI notification: activity within about 100 m of the Mare Frigoris landing site; Luxembourg is not a launching State and registers no space objects for the mission. Per ispace, the rover was to scoop regolith, photograph it and transfer ownership in place to NASA.", "resources_covered": [ "regolith" ], "first_of_kind": { "scope": "first authorisation under Luxembourg's Law of 20 July 2017 and, per Luxembourg, the first in Europe for commercial space resource exploration and use", "asserted_by": "regulator", "source_index": 2 }, "review": { "author_model": "claude-opus-5-5", "reviewer_model": "claude-sonnet-5", "reviewer_run": "research/review/legal-and-authorizations.json", "date": "2026-09-26", "sources_reopened": true, "edits_applied": 0 } }, { "stable_id": "auth-japan-ispace-2024", "name": "Japan Space Resources Act permit to ispace for Mission 2 (RESILIENCE) (2024)", "summary": "On 17 December 2024 Japan's Prime Minister (Cabinet Office) granted ispace, inc. permit No. 衛星24-025 with a business activity plan to collect lunar regolith on the RESILIENCE lander's footpads during Mission 2 and transfer its ownership to a customer (NASA). The lander was lost in a likely hard landing on 6 June 2025 and ispace concluded the mission, so the planned collection and transfer did not take place.", "status": "granted", "status_basis": "Cabinet Office permit list (dated 令和6年12月17日, No. 衛星24-025, 株式会社ispace). No revocation found. Operator states the lander likely hard-landed and the mission was concluded.", "sources": [ { "url": "https://www8.cao.go.jp/space/application/resource/application.html", "title": "宇宙資源法に関する申請受付について - 許可案件一覧 (list of permits)", "publisher": "Cabinet Office, National Space Policy Secretariat", "source_class": "government_primary", "published": null, "accessed": "2026-09-25", "quote": "令和6年12月17日 衛星24-025 株式会社ispace", "quote_confirmed_raw": true, "supports": [ "date_granted", "holder_name_as_written", "status" ], "language": "ja", "translation": "none" }, { "url": "https://www8.cao.go.jp/space/application/resource/application/pdf/bap_j_24025.pdf", "title": "事業活動計画書 (business activity plan) for permit 衛星24-025", "publisher": "Cabinet Office, National Space Policy Secretariat", "source_class": "government_primary", "published": "2024-12", "accessed": "2026-09-25", "quote": "月面着陸ミッション 2(以下「M2」という。)において、月面における堆積層(以下 「レゴリス」という。)を採取し、カスタマ相手の取引を行うことを目的とする。", "quote_confirmed_raw": true, "supports": [ "scope" ], "language": "ja", "translation": "none", "quote_locator": { "article": "1 目的 (purpose)", "page": 2 } }, { "url": "https://www8.cao.go.jp/space/application/resource/application/pdf/bap_j_24025.pdf", "title": "事業活動計画書 - 5 事業活動の内容 (content of activities)", "publisher": "Cabinet Office, National Space Policy Secretariat", "source_class": "government_primary", "published": "2024-12", "accessed": "2026-09-25", "quote": "ispace は堆積したレゴリスの存在を撮影画像により確認した上で、その所有権につい て運用終了措置実施以前に ispace からカスタマに移転する商業取引を行う。運用中に物理 的な受け渡し行為を伴うものではない。", "quote_confirmed_raw": true, "supports": [ "scope" ], "language": "ja", "translation": "none", "quote_locator": { "article": "5 事業活動の内容", "page": 4 } }, { "url": "https://2022.ispace-inc.com/news-en/?p=6558", "title": "ispace Obtains License to Conduct Lunar Surface Operations from Japanese Government for Second Mission (17 December 2024)", "publisher": "ispace, inc.", "source_class": "company_primary", "published": "2024-12-17", "accessed": "2026-09-25", "quote": "During the mission, ispace is expected to collect regolith that accumulates on the footpad of the landing gear of the RESILIENCE lunar lander during the touchdown on the surface, photograph the collected regolith with the TENACIOUS micro rover and conduct an \"in-place\" transfer of ownership of the lunar regolith to NASA.", "quote_confirmed_raw": true, "supports": [ "scope" ], "language": "en", "translation": "none" }, { "url": "https://www.unoosa.org/documents/pdf/spacelaw/treatyimplementation/ost/AC105_1355E.pdf", "title": "A/AC.105/1355 - Note verbale dated 19 March 2025 from the Permanent Mission of Japan (Article XI notification, ispace Lander Mission 2)", "publisher": "United Nations, COPUOS", "source_class": "government_primary", "published": "2025-03-21", "accessed": "2026-09-25", "quote": "Special consideration: commercial transaction with the National Aeronautics and Space Administration of the United States of America for lunar regolith acquisition", "quote_confirmed_raw": true, "supports": [ "scope" ], "language": "en", "translation": "none", "quote_locator": { "article": null, "page": 2 } }, { "url": "https://www.ispace-inc.com/2025/06/06/status-update-on-ispace-mission-2-smbc-x-hakuto-r-venture-moon/", "title": "Status Update on ispace Mission 2 SMBC x HAKUTO-R VENTURE MOON (6 June 2025)", "publisher": "ispace, inc.", "source_class": "company_primary", "published": "2025-06-06", "accessed": "2026-09-25", "quote": "Based on these circumstances, it is currently assumed that the lander likely performed a hard landing on the lunar surface.", "quote_confirmed_raw": true, "supports": [ "status_basis" ], "language": "en", "translation": "none" } ], "confidence": "high", "missing_evidence": [], "last_checked": "2026-09-25", "history": [], "review_state": "verified", "jurisdiction": "JP", "authority": "Prime Minister of Japan (内閣総理大臣), administered by the Cabinet Office National Space Policy Secretariat (内閣府宇宙開発戦略推進事務局)", "legal_basis_ids": [ "law-japan-space-resources-2021", "law-japan-space-activities-2016" ], "pinpoint": "Space Resources Act (Act No. 83 of 2021) Art. 3(1)-(3) and Art. 5; Space Activities Act (Act No. 76 of 2016) Art. 20(1)", "instrument_type": "national_space_resources_authorization", "instrument_native_name": "宇宙資源の探査及び開発の許可 (permit number 衛星24-025)", "holder_id": "org-ispace", "holder_name_as_written": "株式会社ispace", "mission_id": "msn-ispace-m2-resilience", "date_granted": { "value": "2024-12-17", "precision": "day" }, "scope": "Business activity plan (Cabinet Office): collect lunar regolith that passively accumulates on the lander footpads at touchdown, confirm it with images from the micro rover's camera, and transfer ownership to the customer before end-of-operations measures, with no physical handover; planned for about 14 days after landing in the first half of 2025. Japan's Article XI notification names the customer transaction as one with NASA for lunar regolith acquisition.", "resources_covered": [ "regolith" ], "review": { "author_model": "claude-opus-5-5", "reviewer_model": "claude-sonnet-5", "reviewer_run": "research/review/legal-and-authorizations.json", "date": "2026-09-26", "sources_reopened": true, "edits_applied": 0 } } ], "legal-frameworks": [ { "stable_id": "law-artemis-accords", "name": "Artemis Accords (2020)", "summary": "Non-binding political commitments among signatory states on civil exploration of the Moon, Mars, comets and asteroids. Section 10 affirms that space resource extraction does not inherently constitute national appropriation under OST Art. II and commits signatories to inform the UN Secretary-General of extraction activities.", "status": "non_binding_in_effect", "status_basis": "Signed text states the Accords 'represent a political commitment'; NASA reports 76 signatory nations as of 25 September 2026.", "sources": [ { "url": "https://www.nasa.gov/wp-content/uploads/2022/11/Artemis-Accords-signed-13Oct2020.pdf", "title": "The Artemis Accords (signed text, 13 October 2020)", "publisher": "NASA", "source_class": "government_primary", "published": "2020-10-13", "accessed": "2026-09-25", "quote": "The Signatories affirm that the extraction of space resources does not inherently constitute national appropriation under Article II of the Outer Space Treaty, and that contracts and other legal instruments relating to space resources should be consistent with that Treaty.", "quote_confirmed_raw": true, "supports": [ "resource_provisions" ], "language": "en", "translation": "none", "quote_locator": { "article": "Section 10(2)", "page": 6 } }, { "url": "https://www.nasa.gov/wp-content/uploads/2022/11/Artemis-Accords-signed-13Oct2020.pdf", "title": "The Artemis Accords - Section 10(3)", "publisher": "NASA", "source_class": "government_primary", "published": "2020-10-13", "accessed": "2026-09-25", "quote": "The Signatories commit to informing the Secretary-General of the United Nations as well as the public and the international scientific community of their space resource extraction activities in accordance with the Outer Space Treaty.", "quote_confirmed_raw": true, "supports": [ "resource_provisions" ], "language": "en", "translation": "none", "quote_locator": { "article": "Section 10(3)", "page": 6 } }, { "url": "https://www.nasa.gov/wp-content/uploads/2022/11/Artemis-Accords-signed-13Oct2020.pdf", "title": "The Artemis Accords - Section 1 (nature)", "publisher": "NASA", "source_class": "government_primary", "published": "2020-10-13", "accessed": "2026-09-25", "quote": "The Accords represent a political commitment to the principles described herein", "quote_confirmed_raw": true, "supports": [ "level", "status" ], "language": "en", "translation": "none", "quote_locator": { "article": "Section 1", "page": 4 } }, { "url": "https://www.nasa.gov/wp-content/uploads/2022/11/Artemis-Accords-signed-13Oct2020.pdf", "title": "The Artemis Accords - Section 13 (adoption)", "publisher": "NASA", "source_class": "government_primary", "published": "2020-10-13", "accessed": "2026-09-25", "quote": "Adopted on October 13, 2020, in the English language.", "quote_confirmed_raw": true, "supports": [ "adopted_date" ], "language": "en", "translation": "none", "quote_locator": { "article": "Section 13", "page": 9 } }, { "url": "https://www.nasa.gov/artemis-accords/", "title": "Artemis Accords - NASA", "publisher": "NASA", "source_class": "government_primary", "published": "2026-09-25", "accessed": "2026-09-25", "quote": "On September 25, 2026, San Marino became the 76th nation to sign the accords.", "quote_confirmed_raw": true, "supports": [ "parties_or_signatories" ], "language": "en", "translation": "none" }, { "url": "https://www.nasa.gov/wp-content/uploads/2024/10/signatories-02.pdf", "title": "Artemis Accords - List of the Signatories by Date", "publisher": "NASA", "source_class": "government_primary", "published": "2026-09-25", "accessed": "2026-09-25", "quote": "75 Côte d'Ivoire 09/24/2026 76 San Marino 09/25/2026", "quote_confirmed_raw": true, "supports": [ "parties_or_signatories", "history" ], "language": "en", "translation": "none", "quote_locator": { "article": null, "page": 4 } } ], "confidence": "high", "missing_evidence": [ "Signatory count changes frequently; re-check NASA and U.S. State Department lists before publication." ], "last_checked": "2026-09-25", "history": [ { "field": "parties_or_signatories.count", "old": 75, "new": 76, "changed_on": "2026-09-25", "reason": "source_update", "source_index": 5 } ], "review_state": "verified", "level": "multilateral_principles", "scope": "multilateral", "jurisdiction": null, "citation": "The Artemis Accords: Principles for Cooperation in the Civil Exploration and Use of the Moon, Mars, Comets, and Asteroids for Peaceful Purposes (13 October 2020)", "adopted_date": { "value": "2020-10-13", "precision": "day" }, "in_force_date": null, "resource_provisions": { "paraphrase": "Section 10: utilization of space resources can benefit humankind; extraction and utilization should comply with the OST; signatories affirm that extraction does not inherently constitute national appropriation under OST Art. II; signatories commit to inform the UN Secretary-General, the public and the scientific community of their extraction activities; and intend to contribute to multilateral efforts including at COPUOS.", "quote": "The Signatories affirm that the extraction of space resources does not inherently constitute national appropriation under Article II of the Outer Space Treaty, and that contracts and other legal instruments relating to space resources should be consistent with that Treaty.", "source_index": 0 }, "parties_or_signatories": { "count": 76, "as_of": "2026-09-25", "source": "NASA Artemis Accords page and signatory list PDF (San Marino, 76th, 25 September 2026)", "source_index": 4 }, "review": { "author_model": "claude-opus-5-5", "reviewer_model": "claude-sonnet-5", "reviewer_run": "research/review/legal-and-authorizations.json", "date": "2026-09-26", "sources_reopened": true, "edits_applied": 0 } }, { "stable_id": "law-hague-building-blocks-2019", "name": "Hague International Space Resources Governance Working Group: Building Blocks for the Development of an International Framework on Space Resource Activities (2019)", "summary": "Non-binding building blocks adopted on 12 November 2019 by a multi-stakeholder working group (governments, industry, academia) to guide development of an international framework; submitted to the COPUOS Legal Subcommittee by Luxembourg and the Netherlands in 2020.", "status": "non_binding_in_effect", "status_basis": "A/AC.105/C.2/L.315 states the Working Group adopted the building blocks on 12 November 2019 and encourages their consideration pending an international framework.", "sources": [ { "url": "https://documents.un.org/api/symbol/access?s=A/AC.105/C.2/L.315&l=en&t=pdf", "title": "A/AC.105/C.2/L.315 - Building blocks for the development of an international framework on space resource activities (working paper submitted by Luxembourg and the Netherlands)", "publisher": "UN COPUOS Legal Subcommittee", "source_class": "government_primary", "published": "2020-02-03", "accessed": "2026-09-25", "quote": "The Working Group adopted the building blocks on 12 November 2019.", "quote_confirmed_raw": true, "supports": [ "adopted_date", "status" ], "language": "en", "translation": "none", "quote_locator": { "article": null, "page": 1 } }, { "url": "https://documents.un.org/api/symbol/access?s=A/AC.105/C.2/L.315&l=en&t=pdf", "title": "A/AC.105/C.2/L.315 - Building block 8 (resource rights)", "publisher": "UN COPUOS Legal Subcommittee", "source_class": "government_primary", "published": "2020-02-03", "accessed": "2026-09-25", "quote": "The international framework should ensure that resource rights over raw mineral and volatile materials extracted from space resources, as well as products derived therefrom, can lawfully be acquired through domestic legislation, bilateral agreements and/or multilateral agreements.", "quote_confirmed_raw": true, "supports": [ "resource_provisions" ], "language": "en", "translation": "none", "quote_locator": { "article": "Building block 8.1", "page": 4 } }, { "url": "https://documents.un.org/api/symbol/access?s=A/AC.105/C.2/L.315&l=en&t=pdf", "title": "A/AC.105/C.2/L.315 - Building block 8.3", "publisher": "UN COPUOS Legal Subcommittee", "source_class": "government_primary", "published": "2020-02-03", "accessed": "2026-09-25", "quote": "The international framework should ensure that the utilization of space resources is carried out in accordance with the principle of non -appropriation under article II OST.", "quote_confirmed_raw": true, "supports": [ "resource_provisions" ], "language": "en", "translation": "none", "quote_locator": { "article": "Building block 8.3", "page": 4 } } ], "confidence": "high", "missing_evidence": [ "Original Leiden University publication blocked this server (captcha); record relies on the UN working-paper reproduction." ], "last_checked": "2026-09-25", "history": [], "review_state": "verified", "level": "non_binding_guidance", "scope": "international", "jurisdiction": null, "citation": "Building Blocks (12 November 2019), reproduced in UN doc. A/AC.105/C.2/L.315 (3 February 2020)", "adopted_date": { "value": "2019-11-12", "precision": "day" }, "in_force_date": null, "resource_provisions": { "paraphrase": "Building block 8: an international framework should ensure resource rights over extracted raw mineral and volatile materials (and derived products) can lawfully be acquired through domestic legislation or bilateral/multilateral agreements, with mutual recognition between states, and consistent with OST Art. II non-appropriation. Also proposes priority rights registered in an international registry.", "quote": "The international framework should ensure that resource rights over raw mineral and volatile materials extracted from space resources, as well as products derived therefrom, can lawfully be acquired through domestic legislation, bilateral agreements and/or multilateral agreements.", "source_index": 1 }, "parties_or_signatories": null, "review": { "author_model": "claude-opus-5-5", "reviewer_model": "claude-sonnet-5", "reviewer_run": "research/review/legal-and-authorizations.json", "date": "2026-09-26", "sources_reopened": false, "edits_applied": 0 } }, { "stable_id": "law-japan-space-activities-2016", "name": "Japan: Act on Launching of Spacecraft, etc. and Control of Spacecraft (Space Activities Act, Act No. 76 of 2016)", "summary": "Japan's general space activities licensing law. Art. 20(1) requires a Prime Minister's permit for each satellite managed from ground equipment in Japan; the 2021 Space Resources Act attaches space resources business-activity plans to this permit.", "status": "in_force", "status_basis": "Space resources permits granted in 2022 and 2024 were issued as satellite-management permits under this Act (Cabinet Office permit numbers 衛星22-019, 衛星24-025).", "sources": [ { "url": "https://laws.e-gov.go.jp/api/1/lawdata/428AC0000000076", "title": "人工衛星等の打上げ及び人工衛星の管理に関する法律（平成二十八年法律第七十六号）(e-Gov law data)", "publisher": "Digital Agency, Government of Japan (e-Gov)", "source_class": "legislation", "published": "2016-11-16", "accessed": "2026-09-25", "quote": "人工衛星ごとに、内閣総理大臣の許可を受けなければならない", "quote_confirmed_raw": true, "supports": [ "summary", "resource_provisions" ], "language": "ja", "translation": "none", "quote_locator": { "article": "第二十条第一項 (Article 20(1))" } } ], "confidence": "high", "missing_evidence": [ "Entry-into-force date(s) of the Space Activities Act not retrieved." ], "last_checked": "2026-09-25", "history": [], "review_state": "verified", "level": "national_statute", "scope": "national", "jurisdiction": "JP", "citation": "平成二十八年法律第七十六号 (Act No. 76 of 2016), promulgated 16 November 2016", "adopted_date": { "value": "2016-11-16", "precision": "day", "basis": "actual", "note": "promulgation date (e-Gov metadata)" }, "in_force_date": null, "resource_provisions": { "paraphrase": "No resource-specific provision; supplies the Art. 20(1) satellite-management permit to which the Space Resources Act (Act No. 83 of 2021) attaches resource business-activity plans.", "quote": "人工衛星ごとに、内閣総理大臣の許可を受けなければならない", "source_index": 0 }, "parties_or_signatories": null, "review": { "author_model": "claude-opus-5-5", "reviewer_model": "claude-sonnet-5", "reviewer_run": "research/review/legal-and-authorizations.json", "date": "2026-09-26", "sources_reopened": false, "edits_applied": 0 } }, { "stable_id": "law-japan-space-resources-2021", "name": "Japan: Act on the Promotion of Business Activities Related to the Exploration and Development of Space Resources (Act No. 83 of 2021)", "summary": "Japanese statute that adds a space resources business-activity plan to the satellite-management permit of the Space Activities Act, requires the Prime Minister to publish permits, and provides that a permitted operator acquires ownership of resources it mines under the approved plan by possessing them with intent to own.", "status": "in_force", "status_basis": "Cabinet Office lists two permits issued under the Act (2022-11-04 and 2024-12-17) and counts by fiscal year (FY2021: 0, FY2022: 1, FY2023: 0, FY2024: 1, FY2025: 0).", "sources": [ { "url": "https://laws.e-gov.go.jp/api/1/lawdata/503AC1000000083", "title": "宇宙資源の探査及び開発に関する事業活動の促進に関する法律（令和三年法律第八十三号）(e-Gov law data)", "publisher": "Digital Agency, Government of Japan (e-Gov)", "source_class": "legislation", "published": "2021-06-23", "accessed": "2026-09-25", "quote": "当該採掘等をした者が所有の意思をもって占有することによって、その所有権を取得する", "quote_confirmed_raw": true, "supports": [ "resource_provisions" ], "language": "ja", "translation": "none", "quote_locator": { "article": "第五条 (Article 5)" } }, { "url": "https://www8.cao.go.jp/space/english/resource/documents/act83_2021.pdf", "title": "Act on the Promotion of Business Activities for Exploring and Developing Space Resources (Act No. 83 of June 23, 2021), bilingual text", "publisher": "Cabinet Office, Government of Japan (translation: Japanese Law Translation, Ministry of Justice)", "source_class": "legislation", "published": "2021-06-23", "accessed": "2026-09-25", "quote": "Article 5 A person that conducts business activities related to exploring and developing space resources acquires the ownership of space resources that have been mined, etc. in accordance with the business activity plan related to the license, etc. for exploring and developing space resources, by possessing the space resources with the intention to own them.", "quote_confirmed_raw": true, "supports": [ "resource_provisions" ], "language": "en", "translation": "unofficial", "quote_locator": { "article": "Article 5", "page": 6 } }, { "url": "https://www8.cao.go.jp/space/english/resource/documents/act83_2021.pdf", "title": "Act No. 83 of 2021 - title and number", "publisher": "Cabinet Office, Government of Japan", "source_class": "legislation", "published": "2021-06-23", "accessed": "2026-09-25", "quote": "(Act No. 83 of June 23, 2021)", "quote_confirmed_raw": true, "supports": [ "citation", "adopted_date" ], "language": "en", "translation": "unofficial", "quote_locator": { "article": null, "page": 1 } }, { "url": "https://www8.cao.go.jp/space/english/resource/documents/act83_2021.pdf", "title": "Act No. 83 of 2021 - Supplementary Provisions Art. 1 (effective date)", "publisher": "Cabinet Office, Government of Japan", "source_class": "legislation", "published": "2021-06-23", "accessed": "2026-09-25", "quote": "Article 1 This Act comes into effect as of the day on which six months have elapsed from the date of its promulgation", "quote_confirmed_raw": true, "supports": [ "in_force_date" ], "language": "en", "translation": "unofficial", "quote_locator": { "article": "Supplementary Provisions, Article 1", "page": 7 } }, { "url": "https://laws.e-gov.go.jp/api/1/lawdata/503AC1000000083", "title": "Space Resources Act - Article 4 (publication of permits)", "publisher": "Digital Agency, Government of Japan (e-Gov)", "source_class": "legislation", "published": "2021-06-23", "accessed": "2026-09-25", "quote": "宇宙資源の探査及び開発の許可等をしたときは、その旨及び次に掲げる事項", "quote_confirmed_raw": true, "supports": [ "resource_provisions" ], "language": "ja", "translation": "none", "quote_locator": { "article": "第四条 (Article 4)" } }, { "url": "https://www8.cao.go.jp/space/application/resource/application.html", "title": "宇宙資源法に関する申請受付について (applications and list of permits under the Space Resources Act)", "publisher": "Cabinet Office, National Space Policy Secretariat", "source_class": "government_primary", "published": null, "accessed": "2026-09-25", "quote": "令和3年度 0 令和4年度 1 令和5年度 0 令和6年度 1 令和7年度 0", "quote_confirmed_raw": true, "supports": [ "status" ], "language": "ja", "translation": "none" } ], "confidence": "high", "missing_evidence": [ "English text is an unofficial translation (Japanese Law Translation / CAO bilingual PDF); the Japanese text is authoritative." ], "last_checked": "2026-09-26", "history": [], "review_state": "verified", "level": "national_statute", "scope": "national", "jurisdiction": "JP", "citation": "令和三年法律第八十三号 (Act No. 83 of 2021), promulgated 23 June 2021", "adopted_date": { "value": "2021-06-23", "precision": "day", "basis": "actual", "note": "promulgation date" }, "in_force_date": { "value": "2021-12-23", "precision": "day", "basis": "actual", "note": "Supplementary Provisions Art. 1: six months after promulgation on 2021-06-23" }, "resource_provisions": { "paraphrase": "Art. 5: an operator conducting space resources business activities acquires ownership of space resources mined in accordance with the business activity plan attached to its permit, by possessing them with the intention to own. Art. 3: the permit is a Space Activities Act satellite-management permit (Art. 20(1)) with a business activity plan, granted by the Prime Minister after consulting the Minister of Economy, Trade and Industry. Art. 4: permits are published. Art. 6: the Act must not hinder performance of Japan's treaty obligations.", "quote": "Article 5 A person that conducts business activities related to exploring and developing space resources acquires the ownership of space resources that have been mined, etc. in accordance with the business activity plan related to the license, etc. for exploring and developing space resources, by possessing the space resources with the intention to own them.", "source_index": 1 }, "parties_or_signatories": null, "review": { "author_model": "claude-opus-5-5", "reviewer_model": "grok-bot-executor", "reviewer_run": "research/review/proposed-japan-in-force-day-20260926.json", "date": "2026-09-26", "sources_reopened": [ 0 ], "edits_applied": 3, "base_record_sha256": "9c3650119cd49ea48db4829698a7a55a2871ef113783a5ad6223fff03b2f57dc", "record_sha256": "5d59c785918b6b0ff4f69d710b934120a499b2ce98a7444c1e63907617b86371" } }, { "stable_id": "law-luxembourg-space-resources-2017", "name": "Luxembourg Law of 20 July 2017 on the exploration and use of space resources", "summary": "Luxembourg statute providing that space resources are capable of being owned and requiring a written mission authorisation from the ministers in charge of the economy and space activities for any commercial exploration or use of space resources by a Luxembourg-registered company.", "status": "in_force", "status_basis": "Listed by the Luxembourg Space Agency as part of the current national legal framework; first authorisation granted under it on 22 November 2024 (see auth-luxembourg-ispace-europe-2024).", "sources": [ { "url": "https://space-agency.public.lu/en/support/industry-portal/legal-framework/law-of-july-20th-2017.html", "title": "Law of July 20th 2017 on the exploration and use of space resources (English translation)", "publisher": "Luxembourg Space Agency", "source_class": "legislation", "published": null, "accessed": "2026-09-25", "quote": "Article 1 Space resources are capable of being owned.", "quote_confirmed_raw": true, "supports": [ "resource_provisions" ], "language": "en", "translation": "unofficial", "quote_locator": { "article": "Article 1" } }, { "url": "https://space-agency.public.lu/en/support/industry-portal/legal-framework/law-of-july-20th-2017.html", "title": "Law of July 20th 2017 - Article 2(1)", "publisher": "Luxembourg Space Agency", "source_class": "legislation", "published": null, "accessed": "2026-09-25", "quote": "No person can explore or use space resources without holding a written mission authorisation from the minister or ministers in charge of the economy and space activities", "quote_confirmed_raw": true, "supports": [ "resource_provisions", "summary" ], "language": "en", "translation": "unofficial", "quote_locator": { "article": "Article 2(1)" } }, { "url": "https://space-agency.public.lu/en/support/industry-portal/legal-framework/law-of-july-20th-2017.html", "title": "Law of July 20th 2017 - Article 3", "publisher": "Luxembourg Space Agency", "source_class": "legislation", "published": null, "accessed": "2026-09-25", "quote": "The authorisation shall be granted to an operator for a mission of exploration and use of space resources for commercial purposes upon written application to the ministers.", "quote_confirmed_raw": true, "supports": [ "resource_provisions" ], "language": "en", "translation": "unofficial", "quote_locator": { "article": "Article 3" } }, { "url": "https://space-agency.public.lu/en/support/industry-portal/legal-framework/law-of-july-20th-2017.html", "title": "Law of July 20th 2017 - translation status note", "publisher": "Luxembourg Space Agency", "source_class": "legislation", "published": null, "accessed": "2026-09-25", "quote": "This is the English translation of the French original text.", "quote_confirmed_raw": true, "supports": [ "sources" ], "language": "en", "translation": "unofficial" }, { "url": "https://www.arendt.com/wp-content/uploads/2024/04/the_space_law_review_-_edition_4_-_luxembourg.pdf", "title": "The Space Law Review, 4th edition - Luxembourg chapter (Arendt & Medernach)", "publisher": "Arendt & Medernach / Law Business Research", "source_class": "reputable_press", "published": "2024-04", "accessed": "2026-09-25", "quote": "The Space Resources Law entered into force on 1 August 2017.", "quote_confirmed_raw": true, "supports": [ "in_force_date" ], "language": "en", "translation": "none", "quote_locator": { "article": null, "page": 6 } }, { "url": "https://space-agency.public.lu/en/support/industry-portal/legal-framework.html", "title": "Legal Framework - Luxembourg Space Agency", "publisher": "Luxembourg Space Agency", "source_class": "government_primary", "published": null, "accessed": "2026-09-25", "quote": "The Law on Space Activities does not apply to missions involving the exploration and use of space resources falling under the Law of 20 July 2017 on the Exploration and Use of Space Resources", "quote_confirmed_raw": true, "supports": [ "status", "resource_provisions" ], "language": "en", "translation": "none" } ], "confidence": "high", "missing_evidence": [ "Official French text on Legilux (https://legilux.public.lu/eli/etat/leg/loi/2017/07/20/a674/jo) could not be fetched (HTTP 403 to this server); quotes rely on the Luxembourg Space Agency English translation, which states the French version prevails.", "Entry-into-force date (1 August 2017) is from a law-firm publication, not from the Journal officiel." ], "last_checked": "2026-09-25", "history": [], "review_state": "verified", "level": "national_statute", "scope": "national", "jurisdiction": "LU", "citation": "Loi du 20 juillet 2017 sur l'exploration et l'utilisation des ressources de l'espace; ELI: eli/etat/leg/loi/2017/07/20/a674/jo", "adopted_date": { "value": "2017-07-20", "precision": "day" }, "in_force_date": { "value": "2017-08-01", "precision": "day", "basis": "actual", "note": "secondary source (law firm); Journal officiel not retrieved" }, "resource_provisions": { "paraphrase": "Art. 1: space resources are capable of being owned (French original prevails). Art. 2: no person may explore or use space resources without a written mission authorisation from the ministers; Art. 3: authorisation is granted to an operator for a mission of exploration and use of space resources for commercial purposes; Art. 4: applicant must be a Luxembourg-law company or European Company with registered office in Luxembourg.", "quote": "Space resources are capable of being owned.", "source_index": 0 }, "parties_or_signatories": null, "review": { "author_model": "claude-opus-5-5", "reviewer_model": "claude-sonnet-5", "reviewer_run": "research/review/legal-and-authorizations.json", "date": "2026-09-26", "sources_reopened": true, "edits_applied": 0 } }, { "stable_id": "law-moon-agreement", "name": "Moon Agreement (1979)", "summary": "UN treaty that declares the Moon and its natural resources the common heritage of mankind, bars property rights in natural resources in place, and commits its parties to establish an international regime for exploitation when it becomes feasible. It has 17 parties, none of which is a major spacefaring state.", "status": "in_force", "status_basis": "UN Treaty Collection (depositary) status as at 25-09-2026 shows entry into force 11 July 1984, 17 parties and 11 signatories; Saudi Arabia's withdrawal took effect 5 January 2024.", "sources": [ { "url": "https://www.unoosa.org/oosa/en/ourwork/spacelaw/treaties/moon-agreement.html", "title": "Agreement Governing the Activities of States on the Moon and Other Celestial Bodies (text) - Article 11", "publisher": "United Nations Office for Outer Space Affairs", "source_class": "legislation", "published": "1979", "accessed": "2026-09-25", "quote": "The moon and its natural resources are the common heritage of mankind", "quote_confirmed_raw": true, "supports": [ "resource_provisions" ], "language": "en", "translation": "none", "quote_locator": { "article": "Article 11(1)" } }, { "url": "https://www.unoosa.org/oosa/en/ourwork/spacelaw/treaties/moon-agreement.html", "title": "Moon Agreement (text) - Article 11(3)", "publisher": "United Nations Office for Outer Space Affairs", "source_class": "legislation", "published": "1979", "accessed": "2026-09-25", "quote": "Neither the surface nor the subsurface of the moon, nor any part thereof or natural resources in place, shall become property of any State", "quote_confirmed_raw": true, "supports": [ "resource_provisions" ], "language": "en", "translation": "none", "quote_locator": { "article": "Article 11(3)" } }, { "url": "https://www.unoosa.org/oosa/en/ourwork/spacelaw/treaties/moon-agreement.html", "title": "Moon Agreement (text) - Article 11(5)", "publisher": "United Nations Office for Outer Space Affairs", "source_class": "legislation", "published": "1979", "accessed": "2026-09-25", "quote": "undertake to establish an international regime, including appropriate procedures, to govern the exploitation of the natural resources of the moon as such exploitation is about to become feasible", "quote_confirmed_raw": true, "supports": [ "resource_provisions" ], "language": "en", "translation": "none", "quote_locator": { "article": "Article 11(5)" } }, { "url": "https://treaties.un.org/Pages/ViewDetails.aspx?src=TREATY&mtdsg_no=XXIV-2&chapter=24&clang=_en", "title": "UN Treaty Collection, Chapter XXIV-2: Agreement governing the Activities of States on the Moon and Other Celestial Bodies (status as at 25-09-2026)", "publisher": "United Nations Office of Legal Affairs, Treaty Section (depositary)", "source_class": "government_primary", "published": "2026-09-25", "accessed": "2026-09-25", "quote": "Status : Signatories : 11. Parties : 17", "quote_confirmed_raw": true, "supports": [ "parties_or_signatories", "status" ], "language": "en", "translation": "none" }, { "url": "https://treaties.un.org/Pages/ViewDetails.aspx?src=TREATY&mtdsg_no=XXIV-2&chapter=24&clang=_en", "title": "UN Treaty Collection, Chapter XXIV-2 - note 3 (Saudi Arabia withdrawal)", "publisher": "United Nations Office of Legal Affairs, Treaty Section (depositary)", "source_class": "government_primary", "published": "2026-09-25", "accessed": "2026-09-25", "quote": "On 5 January 2023, the Government of Saudi Arabia notified the Secretary-General of its decision to withdraw from the Agreement with effect from 5 January 2024 in accordance with article 20 of the Agreement.", "quote_confirmed_raw": true, "supports": [ "history", "parties_or_signatories" ], "language": "en", "translation": "none" }, { "url": "https://treaties.un.org/Pages/ViewDetails.aspx?src=TREATY&mtdsg_no=XXIV-2&chapter=24&clang=_en", "title": "UN Treaty Collection, Chapter XXIV-2 - entry into force", "publisher": "United Nations Office of Legal Affairs, Treaty Section (depositary)", "source_class": "government_primary", "published": "2026-09-25", "accessed": "2026-09-25", "quote": "Entry into force : 11 July 1984, in accordance with article 19(3).", "quote_confirmed_raw": true, "supports": [ "in_force_date" ], "language": "en", "translation": "none" }, { "url": "https://www.unoosa.org/unoosa/uploads/res/oosadoc/data/documents/2026/aac_105c_22026crp/aac_105c_22026crp_9rev_1_0_html/AC105_C2_2026_CRP09Rev01E.pdf", "title": "A/AC.105/C.2/2026/CRP.9/Rev.1 - Moon Agreement adoption", "publisher": "UNOOSA / COPUOS Legal Subcommittee", "source_class": "government_primary", "published": "2026-04-17", "accessed": "2026-09-25", "quote": "Adoption by the General Assembly: 5 December 1979 (resolution 34/68) Opened for signature: 18 December 1979 in New York Entry into force: 11 July 1984", "quote_confirmed_raw": true, "supports": [ "adopted_date", "in_force_date" ], "language": "en", "translation": "none", "quote_locator": { "article": null, "page": 2 } } ], "confidence": "high", "missing_evidence": [ "No international exploitation regime under Art. 11(5) has been established." ], "last_checked": "2026-09-25", "history": [ { "field": "parties_or_signatories.count", "old": 18, "new": 17, "changed_on": "2024-01-05", "reason": "source_update", "source_index": 4 } ], "review_state": "verified", "level": "international_treaty", "scope": "international", "jurisdiction": null, "citation": "1363 UNTS 3; adopted by UN General Assembly resolution 34/68", "adopted_date": { "value": "1979-12-05", "precision": "day" }, "in_force_date": { "value": "1984-07-11", "precision": "day" }, "resource_provisions": { "paraphrase": "Art. 11(1): the Moon and its natural resources are the common heritage of mankind. Art. 11(3): natural resources in place cannot become the property of any state, organization or person. Art. 11(5): parties undertake to establish an international regime to govern exploitation 'as such exploitation is about to become feasible' (not established).", "quote": "Neither the surface nor the subsurface of the moon, nor any part thereof or natural resources in place, shall become property of any State", "source_index": 1 }, "parties_or_signatories": { "count": 17, "signatories_count_untc": 11, "signature_only_count": 4, "as_of": "2026-09-25", "source": "UN Treaty Collection XXIV-2 (Parties: 17; Signatories: 11); A/AC.105/C.2/2026/CRP.9/Rev.1 lists 4 signature-only states", "withdrawals": [ { "state": "Saudi Arabia", "notified": "2023-01-05", "effective": "2024-01-05" } ], "source_index": 3 }, "review": { "author_model": "claude-opus-5-5", "reviewer_model": "claude-sonnet-5", "reviewer_run": "research/review/legal-and-authorizations.json", "date": "2026-09-26", "sources_reopened": true, "edits_applied": 0 } }, { "stable_id": "law-outer-space-treaty", "name": "Outer Space Treaty (1967)", "summary": "UN treaty that sets the basic rules for space activities: no national appropriation of the Moon or other celestial bodies (Art. II), freedom of exploration and use (Art. I), and state responsibility for, and authorization and continuing supervision of, national activities including those of private entities (Art. VI).", "status": "in_force", "status_basis": "UNOOSA status compilation (A/AC.105/C.2/2026/CRP.9/Rev.1) lists entry into force 10 October 1967 and 118 ratifications/accessions as at 1 January 2026.", "sources": [ { "url": "https://www.unoosa.org/oosa/en/ourwork/spacelaw/treaties/outerspacetreaty.html", "title": "Treaty on Principles Governing the Activities of States in the Exploration and Use of Outer Space, including the Moon and Other Celestial Bodies (text)", "publisher": "United Nations Office for Outer Space Affairs", "source_class": "legislation", "published": "1967", "accessed": "2026-09-25", "quote": "Outer space, including the moon and other celestial bodies, is not subject to national appropriation by claim of sovereignty, by means of use or occupation, or by any other means.", "quote_confirmed_raw": true, "supports": [ "resource_provisions" ], "language": "en", "translation": "none", "quote_locator": { "article": "Article II" } }, { "url": "https://www.unoosa.org/oosa/en/ourwork/spacelaw/treaties/outerspacetreaty.html", "title": "Outer Space Treaty (text) - Article VI", "publisher": "United Nations Office for Outer Space Affairs", "source_class": "legislation", "published": "1967", "accessed": "2026-09-25", "quote": "The activities of non-governmental entities in outer space, including the moon and other celestial bodies, shall require authorization and continuing supervision by the appropriate State Party to the Treaty.", "quote_confirmed_raw": true, "supports": [ "resource_provisions", "summary" ], "language": "en", "translation": "none", "quote_locator": { "article": "Article VI" } }, { "url": "https://www.unoosa.org/oosa/en/ourwork/spacelaw/treaties/outerspacetreaty.html", "title": "Outer Space Treaty (text) - Article I", "publisher": "United Nations Office for Outer Space Affairs", "source_class": "legislation", "published": "1967", "accessed": "2026-09-25", "quote": "shall be free for exploration and use by all States without discrimination of any kind", "quote_confirmed_raw": true, "supports": [ "resource_provisions" ], "language": "en", "translation": "none", "quote_locator": { "article": "Article I" } }, { "url": "https://www.unoosa.org/unoosa/uploads/res/oosadoc/data/documents/2026/aac_105c_22026crp/aac_105c_22026crp_9rev_1_0_html/AC105_C2_2026_CRP09Rev01E.pdf", "title": "A/AC.105/C.2/2026/CRP.9/Rev.1 - Status of International Agreements relating to activities in outer space as at 1 January 2026", "publisher": "UNOOSA / COPUOS Legal Subcommittee", "source_class": "government_primary", "published": "2026-04-17", "accessed": "2026-09-25", "quote": "Total R 118 100 100 77 17", "quote_confirmed_raw": true, "supports": [ "parties_or_signatories", "status" ], "language": "en", "translation": "none", "quote_locator": { "article": null, "page": 10 } }, { "url": "https://www.unoosa.org/unoosa/uploads/res/oosadoc/data/documents/2026/aac_105c_22026crp/aac_105c_22026crp_9rev_1_0_html/AC105_C2_2026_CRP09Rev01E.pdf", "title": "A/AC.105/C.2/2026/CRP.9/Rev.1 - entry into force of the Outer Space Treaty", "publisher": "UNOOSA / COPUOS Legal Subcommittee", "source_class": "government_primary", "published": "2026-04-17", "accessed": "2026-09-25", "quote": "Opened for signature: 27 January 1967 in London, Moscow and Washington, D.C. Entry into force: 10 October 1967", "quote_confirmed_raw": true, "supports": [ "adopted_date", "in_force_date" ], "language": "en", "translation": "none", "quote_locator": { "article": null, "page": 1 } }, { "url": "https://www.unoosa.org/res/oosadoc/data/documents/2025/aac_105c_22025crp/aac_105c_22025crp_9_0_html/AC105_C2_2025_CRP09E.pdf", "title": "A/AC.105/C.2/2025/CRP.9 - Status of International Agreements relating to activities in outer space as at 1 January 2025", "publisher": "UNOOSA / COPUOS Legal Subcommittee", "source_class": "government_primary", "published": "2025", "accessed": "2026-09-25", "quote": "Total R 116 100 100 76 17", "quote_confirmed_raw": true, "supports": [ "history" ], "language": "en", "translation": "none", "quote_locator": { "article": null, "page": 10 } }, { "url": "https://www.unoosa.org/oosa/en/ourwork/spacelaw/treaties/status/index.html", "title": "Status of International Agreements relating to Activities in Outer Space (depositary notifications)", "publisher": "UNOOSA", "source_class": "government_primary", "published": null, "accessed": "2026-09-25", "quote": "21 October 2025: Accession of Malaysia to the Treaty on Principles Governing the Activities of States in the Exploration and Use of Outer Space", "quote_confirmed_raw": true, "supports": [ "parties_or_signatories", "history" ], "language": "en", "translation": "none" } ], "confidence": "high", "missing_evidence": [ "Treaty text does not mention 'resources'; whether resource extraction is 'use' (Art. I) or 'appropriation' (Art. II) is contested and is not settled by the text itself.", "Party count after 1 January 2026: UNOOSA status page lists no depositary notifications after 21 October 2025 as of 2026-09-25; an updated compilation (as at 1 January 2027) will confirm." ], "last_checked": "2026-09-25", "history": [ { "field": "parties_or_signatories.count", "old": 116, "new": 118, "changed_on": "2026-01-01", "reason": "source_update", "source_index": 3 } ], "review_state": "verified", "level": "international_treaty", "scope": "international", "jurisdiction": null, "citation": "610 UNTS 205; 18 UST 2410; TIAS 6347; adopted by UN General Assembly resolution 2222 (XXI)", "adopted_date": { "value": "1966-12-19", "precision": "day", "basis": "actual", "note": "UN General Assembly adoption (resolution 2222 (XXI)) per UNOOSA status compilation" }, "in_force_date": { "value": "1967-10-10", "precision": "day" }, "resource_provisions": { "paraphrase": "No explicit resource provision. Art. II bars national appropriation of outer space including the Moon and celestial bodies; Art. I makes outer space free for exploration and use by all States; Art. VI requires states to authorize and continually supervise non-governmental activities and makes them internationally responsible for national activities. These three articles are the basis on which national space resource laws and authorizations operate.", "quote": "Outer space, including the moon and other celestial bodies, is not subject to national appropriation by claim of sovereignty, by means of use or occupation, or by any other means.", "source_index": 0 }, "parties_or_signatories": { "count": 118, "signature_only_count": 23, "as_of": "2026-01-01", "source": "A/AC.105/C.2/2026/CRP.9/Rev.1 (Total R = 118; Total S = 23)", "source_index": 3 }, "review": { "author_model": "claude-opus-5-5", "reviewer_model": "claude-sonnet-5", "reviewer_run": "research/review/legal-and-authorizations.json", "date": "2026-09-26", "sources_reopened": true, "edits_applied": 0 } }, { "stable_id": "law-us-commercial-space-launch-act-chapter-509", "name": "U.S. Commercial Space Launch Activities (51 U.S.C. chapter 509) - payload review authority", "summary": "U.S. launch and reentry licensing statute administered by the FAA. Section 50904(c) is the basis for FAA payload reviews of payloads that need no other federal license; it is the mechanism used for the 2016 Moon Express MX-1E determination.", "status": "in_force", "status_basis": "Office of the Law Revision Counsel text of 51 U.S.C. 50904 (current edition).", "sources": [ { "url": "https://uscode.house.gov/view.xhtml?req=granuleid:USC-prelim-title51-section50904&num=0&edition=prelim", "title": "51 U.S.C. 50904: Restrictions on launches, operations, and reentries", "publisher": "Office of the Law Revision Counsel, U.S. House of Representatives", "source_class": "legislation", "published": null, "accessed": "2026-09-25", "quote": "The Secretary of Transportation shall establish whether all required licenses, authorizations, and permits required for a payload have been obtained. If no license, authorization, or permit is required, the Secretary may prevent the launch or reentry if the Secretary decides the launch or reentry would jeopardize the public health and safety, safety of property, or national security or foreign policy interest of the United States.", "quote_confirmed_raw": true, "supports": [ "resource_provisions", "summary" ], "language": "en", "translation": "none", "quote_locator": { "article": "51 U.S.C. 50904(c)" } } ], "confidence": "high", "missing_evidence": [ "FAA implementing regulation for payload review in 2016 (14 C.F.R. part 415, since replaced by part 450) not retrieved." ], "last_checked": "2026-09-25", "history": [], "review_state": "verified", "level": "national_statute", "scope": "national", "jurisdiction": "US", "citation": "51 U.S.C. 50901-50923 (chapter 509); pinpoint 51 U.S.C. 50904(c)", "adopted_date": null, "in_force_date": null, "resource_provisions": { "paraphrase": "No resource provision. Allows the Secretary of Transportation (FAA) to review a payload that needs no other license and to prevent its launch on public safety, property, national security or foreign policy grounds; it does not authorize resource extraction or confer resource rights.", "quote": "The Secretary of Transportation shall establish whether all required licenses, authorizations, and permits required for a payload have been obtained. If no license, authorization, or permit is required, the Secretary may prevent the launch or reentry if the Secretary decides the launch or reentry would jeopardize the public health and safety, safety of property, or national security or foreign policy interest of the United States.", "source_index": 0 }, "parties_or_signatories": null, "review": { "author_model": "claude-opus-5-5", "reviewer_model": "claude-sonnet-5", "reviewer_run": "research/review/legal-and-authorizations.json", "date": "2026-09-26", "sources_reopened": false, "edits_applied": 0 } }, { "stable_id": "law-us-cslca-2015", "name": "U.S. Commercial Space Launch Competitiveness Act of 2015, Title IV (Space Resource Exploration and Utilization Act of 2015)", "summary": "U.S. statute (Pub. L. 114-90, Title IV) providing that a U.S. citizen engaged in commercial recovery of a space resource is entitled to resources obtained, in accordance with applicable law and U.S. international obligations; it disclaims any U.S. sovereignty or ownership over celestial bodies and creates no specific licensing procedure for resource recovery.", "status": "in_force", "status_basis": "Codified at 51 U.S.C. 51301-51303; the Office of the Law Revision Counsel page shows text in effect on September 24, 2026.", "sources": [ { "url": "https://uscode.house.gov/view.xhtml?req=granuleid:USC-prelim-title51-section51303&num=0&edition=prelim", "title": "51 U.S.C. 51303: Asteroid resource and space resource rights", "publisher": "Office of the Law Revision Counsel, U.S. House of Representatives", "source_class": "legislation", "published": null, "accessed": "2026-09-25", "quote": "A United States citizen engaged in commercial recovery of an asteroid resource or a space resource under this chapter shall be entitled to any asteroid resource or space resource obtained, including to possess, own, transport, use, and sell the asteroid resource or space resource obtained in accordance with applicable law, including the international obligations of the United States.", "quote_confirmed_raw": true, "supports": [ "resource_provisions" ], "language": "en", "translation": "none", "quote_locator": { "article": "51 U.S.C. 51303" } }, { "url": "https://www.govinfo.gov/content/pkg/PLAW-114publ90/html/PLAW-114publ90.htm", "title": "Public Law 114-90, U.S. Commercial Space Launch Competitiveness Act (enrolled text)", "publisher": "U.S. Government Publishing Office (govinfo)", "source_class": "legislation", "published": "2015-11-25", "accessed": "2026-09-25", "quote": "This title may be cited as the ``Space Resource Exploration and Utilization Act of 2015''.", "quote_confirmed_raw": true, "supports": [ "name", "citation" ], "language": "en", "translation": "none", "quote_locator": { "article": "Title IV, sec. 401" } }, { "url": "https://www.govinfo.gov/content/pkg/PLAW-114publ90/html/PLAW-114publ90.htm", "title": "Public Law 114-90 - sec. 403 disclaimer of extraterritorial sovereignty", "publisher": "U.S. Government Publishing Office (govinfo)", "source_class": "legislation", "published": "2015-11-25", "accessed": "2026-09-25", "quote": "It is the sense of Congress that by the enactment of this Act, the United States does not thereby assert sovereignty or sovereign or exclusive rights or jurisdiction over, or the ownership of, any celestial body.", "quote_confirmed_raw": true, "supports": [ "resource_provisions" ], "language": "en", "translation": "none", "quote_locator": { "article": "Title IV, sec. 403" } }, { "url": "https://www.govinfo.gov/content/pkg/PLAW-114publ90/html/PLAW-114publ90.htm", "title": "Public Law 114-90 - enactment date", "publisher": "U.S. Government Publishing Office (govinfo)", "source_class": "legislation", "published": "2015-11-25", "accessed": "2026-09-25", "quote": "Approved November 25, 2015.", "quote_confirmed_raw": true, "supports": [ "adopted_date", "in_force_date" ], "language": "en", "translation": "none" }, { "url": "https://www.govinfo.gov/content/pkg/PLAW-114publ90/html/PLAW-114publ90.htm", "title": "Public Law 114-90 - 51 U.S.C. 51302(a)(3)", "publisher": "U.S. Government Publishing Office (govinfo)", "source_class": "legislation", "published": "2015-11-25", "accessed": "2026-09-25", "quote": "subject to authorization and continuing supervision by the Federal Government", "quote_confirmed_raw": true, "supports": [ "resource_provisions" ], "language": "en", "translation": "none", "quote_locator": { "article": "51 U.S.C. 51302(a)(3)" } }, { "url": "https://www.govinfo.gov/content/pkg/PLAW-114publ90/html/PLAW-114publ90.htm", "title": "Public Law 114-90 - 51 U.S.C. 51301 definitions", "publisher": "U.S. Government Publishing Office (govinfo)", "source_class": "legislation", "published": "2015-11-25", "accessed": "2026-09-25", "quote": "The term `space resource' means an abiotic resource in situ in outer space.", "quote_confirmed_raw": true, "supports": [ "resource_provisions" ], "language": "en", "translation": "none", "quote_locator": { "article": "51 U.S.C. 51301(2)" } } ], "confidence": "high", "missing_evidence": [ "The statute tasks the President to promote recovery 'subject to authorization and continuing supervision by the Federal Government' but does not itself establish a resource-recovery authorization process; no U.S. resource-specific authorization instrument has been issued as far as primary sources show." ], "last_checked": "2026-09-25", "history": [], "review_state": "verified", "level": "national_statute", "scope": "national", "jurisdiction": "US", "citation": "Pub. L. 114-90, title IV, §402(a), Nov. 25, 2015, 129 Stat. 721; 51 U.S.C. 51301-51303", "adopted_date": { "value": "2015-11-25", "precision": "day" }, "in_force_date": { "value": "2015-11-25", "precision": "day", "basis": "actual", "note": "enactment; no separate effective date in Title IV" }, "resource_provisions": { "paraphrase": "51 U.S.C. 51303 entitles a U.S. citizen engaged in commercial recovery of an asteroid or space resource to possess, own, transport, use and sell the resource obtained, in accordance with applicable law including U.S. international obligations. 'Space resource' means an abiotic resource in situ in outer space (includes water and minerals). Sec. 403 disclaims U.S. sovereignty, exclusive rights, jurisdiction or ownership over any celestial body.", "quote": "A United States citizen engaged in commercial recovery of an asteroid resource or a space resource under this chapter shall be entitled to any asteroid resource or space resource obtained, including to possess, own, transport, use, and sell the asteroid resource or space resource obtained in accordance with applicable law, including the international obligations of the United States.", "source_index": 0 }, "parties_or_signatories": null, "review": { "author_model": "claude-opus-5-5", "reviewer_model": "claude-sonnet-5", "reviewer_run": "research/review/legal-and-authorizations.json", "date": "2026-09-26", "sources_reopened": false, "edits_applied": 0 } }, { "stable_id": "law-us-eo-13914", "name": "U.S. Executive Order 13914 (6 April 2020): Encouraging International Support for the Recovery and Use of Space Resources", "summary": "Presidential executive order stating U.S. policy that Americans should have the right to engage in commercial exploration, recovery and use of space resources consistent with applicable law, that the U.S. does not view outer space as a global commons, and that the U.S. is not a party to and will object to treating the Moon Agreement as customary international law.", "status": "in_force", "status_basis": "Published at 85 FR 20381 (10 April 2020). No revocation found: the later space executive order EO 14369 (18 Dec 2025, 90 FR 60537) was checked and does not mention EO 13914.", "sources": [ { "url": "https://www.govinfo.gov/content/pkg/FR-2020-04-10/html/2020-07800.htm", "title": "Executive Order 13914 of April 6, 2020 - Encouraging International Support for the Recovery and Use of Space Resources (85 FR 20381)", "publisher": "Federal Register / U.S. Government Publishing Office", "source_class": "legislation", "published": "2020-04-10", "accessed": "2026-09-25", "quote": "Outer space is a legally and physically unique domain of human activity, and the United States does not view it as a global commons.", "quote_confirmed_raw": true, "supports": [ "resource_provisions" ], "language": "en", "translation": "none", "quote_locator": { "article": "Sec. 1" } }, { "url": "https://www.govinfo.gov/content/pkg/FR-2020-04-10/html/2020-07800.htm", "title": "Executive Order 13914 - Sec. 1", "publisher": "Federal Register / U.S. Government Publishing Office", "source_class": "legislation", "published": "2020-04-10", "accessed": "2026-09-25", "quote": "Americans should have the right to engage in commercial exploration, recovery, and use of resources in outer space, consistent with applicable law.", "quote_confirmed_raw": true, "supports": [ "resource_provisions" ], "language": "en", "translation": "none", "quote_locator": { "article": "Sec. 1" } }, { "url": "https://www.govinfo.gov/content/pkg/FR-2020-04-10/html/2020-07800.htm", "title": "Executive Order 13914 - Sec. 2 (Moon Agreement)", "publisher": "Federal Register / U.S. Government Publishing Office", "source_class": "legislation", "published": "2020-04-10", "accessed": "2026-09-25", "quote": "the Secretary of State shall object to any attempt by any other state or international organization to treat the Moon Agreement as reflecting or otherwise expressing customary international law", "quote_confirmed_raw": true, "supports": [ "resource_provisions" ], "language": "en", "translation": "none", "quote_locator": { "article": "Sec. 2" } }, { "url": "https://www.govinfo.gov/content/pkg/FR-2020-04-10/html/2020-07800.htm", "title": "Executive Order 13914 - signature and publication", "publisher": "Federal Register / U.S. Government Publishing Office", "source_class": "legislation", "published": "2020-04-10", "accessed": "2026-09-25", "quote": "Executive Order 13914 of April 6, 2020 Encouraging International Support for the Recovery and Use of Space Resources", "quote_confirmed_raw": true, "supports": [ "adopted_date", "citation" ], "language": "en", "translation": "none" }, { "url": "https://www.federalregister.gov/documents/full_text/text/2025/12/23/2025-23845.txt", "title": "Executive Order 14369 - Ensuring American Space Superiority (90 FR 60537), checked for revocation of EO 13914", "publisher": "Federal Register", "source_class": "legislation", "published": "2025-12-23", "accessed": "2026-09-25", "quote": "lay the foundations for lunar economic development", "quote_confirmed_raw": true, "supports": [ "status" ], "language": "en", "translation": "none", "quote_locator": { "article": "Sec. 2(a)(i)" } } ], "confidence": "medium", "missing_evidence": [ "No official disposition table entry was retrieved confirming EO 13914 remains unrevoked as of 2026-09-25; status rests on absence of revocation in the later space orders checked (EO 14335, EO 14369)." ], "last_checked": "2026-09-25", "history": [], "review_state": "verified", "level": "executive_instrument", "scope": "national", "jurisdiction": "US", "citation": "Executive Order 13914 of April 6, 2020, 85 FR 20381 (April 10, 2020)", "adopted_date": { "value": "2020-04-06", "precision": "day" }, "in_force_date": { "value": "2020-04-06", "precision": "day", "basis": "actual", "note": "effective on signature" }, "resource_provisions": { "paraphrase": "Policy statement, not a grant of rights: Americans should have the right to commercially explore, recover and use space resources consistent with applicable law; outer space is not viewed as a global commons; the State Department is to object to treating the Moon Agreement as customary international law and to seek joint statements and bilateral/multilateral arrangements on safe and sustainable recovery.", "quote": "Americans should have the right to engage in commercial exploration, recovery, and use of resources in outer space, consistent with applicable law.", "source_index": 1 }, "parties_or_signatories": null, "review": { "author_model": "claude-opus-5-5", "reviewer_model": "claude-sonnet-5", "reviewer_run": "research/review/legal-and-authorizations.json", "date": "2026-09-26", "sources_reopened": false, "edits_applied": 0 } }, { "stable_id": "law-us-eo-14335-2025", "name": "U.S. Executive Order 14335 (13 August 2025): Enabling Competition in the Commercial Space Industry - Sec. 5 novel space activity authorization", "summary": "Executive order directing the Secretary of Commerce to propose an individualized mission authorization process for activities covered by OST Art. VI that no existing U.S. regulatory framework clearly governs. The Office of Space Commerce opened a voluntary, non-binding 'Space Commerce Certification' pilot in August 2026. Neither mentions space resources expressly.", "status": "in_force", "status_basis": "Published at 90 FR 40219; implementing pilot notice at 91 FR 53849 (20 August 2026) states a pilot certification has no direct legal effect.", "sources": [ { "url": "https://www.federalregister.gov/documents/full_text/text/2025/08/19/2025-15822.txt", "title": "Executive Order 14335 - Enabling Competition in the Commercial Space Industry (90 FR 40219)", "publisher": "Federal Register", "source_class": "legislation", "published": "2025-08-19", "accessed": "2026-09-25", "quote": "the Secretary of Commerce shall propose a process for individualized mission authorizations for activities that are covered by Article VI of the Outer Space Treaty of 1967, but not clearly or straightforwardly governed by existing regulatory frameworks", "quote_confirmed_raw": true, "supports": [ "summary", "resource_provisions" ], "language": "en", "translation": "none", "quote_locator": { "article": "Sec. 5" } }, { "url": "https://www.federalregister.gov/documents/full_text/text/2026/08/20/2026-17016.txt", "title": "Notice of Mission Authorization Pilot Program (91 FR 53849)", "publisher": "Office of Space Commerce, NOAA, U.S. Department of Commerce (Federal Register)", "source_class": "government_primary", "published": "2026-08-20", "accessed": "2026-09-25", "quote": "Grant of an SCC during this pilot phase, on its own, will have no direct legal effect.", "quote_confirmed_raw": true, "supports": [ "status", "resource_provisions" ], "language": "en", "translation": "none" }, { "url": "https://www.federalregister.gov/documents/full_text/text/2026/08/20/2026-17016.txt", "title": "Notice of Mission Authorization Pilot Program - deadline", "publisher": "Office of Space Commerce, NOAA, U.S. Department of Commerce (Federal Register)", "source_class": "government_primary", "published": "2026-08-20", "accessed": "2026-09-25", "quote": "Space operators interested in participating in the SCC framework pilot program must submit expressions of interest no later than October 5, 2026.", "quote_confirmed_raw": true, "supports": [ "status" ], "language": "en", "translation": "none" } ], "confidence": "high", "missing_evidence": [ "Whether space resource extraction missions will be treated as 'novel' activities under this process is not stated in either document." ], "last_checked": "2026-09-25", "history": [], "review_state": "verified", "level": "executive_instrument", "scope": "national", "jurisdiction": "US", "citation": "Executive Order 14335 of August 13, 2025, 90 FR 40219 (August 19, 2025); OSC notice 91 FR 53849 (August 20, 2026)", "adopted_date": { "value": "2025-08-13", "precision": "day" }, "in_force_date": { "value": "2025-08-13", "precision": "day", "basis": "actual", "note": "effective on signature" }, "resource_provisions": { "paraphrase": "No express resource provision. Relevant because the United States still has no statutory mission authorization process for novel in-space activities such as resource extraction; Sec. 5 directs one to be proposed, and the 2026 pilot is voluntary and without direct legal effect.", "quote": "the Secretary of Commerce shall propose a process for individualized mission authorizations for activities that are covered by Article VI of the Outer Space Treaty of 1967, but not clearly or straightforwardly governed by existing regulatory frameworks", "source_index": 0 }, "parties_or_signatories": null, "review": { "author_model": "claude-opus-5-5", "reviewer_model": "claude-sonnet-5", "reviewer_run": "research/review/legal-and-authorizations.json", "date": "2026-09-26", "sources_reopened": false, "edits_applied": 0 } }, { "stable_id": "law-uae-space-sector-2019", "name": "UAE Federal Law No. 12 of 2019 on the Regulation of the Space Sector (space resources provisions)", "summary": "UAE federal space law that brought space resource exploration, extraction, exploitation and use within its permitting regime (Art. 18) and left the conditions to a Council of Ministers decision; permits were granted by the UAE Space Agency board. It was repealed in 2023 by Federal Decree-Law No. 46 of 2023, whose Art. 8 carries the same space resources permit provision. A 2023 Cabinet Decision (Space Resource Regulation) was issued under Art. 18 before the repeal.", "status": "repealed", "status_basis": "Repealed by Art. 39(1) of Federal Decree-Law No. 46 of 2023 on the Regulation of the Space Sector (Official Gazette No. 760, 29 September 2023; effective 29 October 2023). The 2019 law was issued 19 December 2019 and entered into force one month after Official Gazette publication (Art. 54).", "sources": [ { "url": "https://www.moj.gov.ae/assets/2020/Federal%20Law%20No%2012%20of%202019%20on%20THE%20REGULATION%20OF%20THE%20SPACE%20SECTOR.pdf.aspx", "title": "Federal Law No. (12) of 2019 on the Regulation of the Space Sector (English text)", "publisher": "UAE Ministry of Justice", "source_class": "legislation", "published": "2019-12-19", "accessed": "2026-09-25", "quote": "Article 18 - Exploration, Exploitation and Use of Space Resources 1- Subject to the provisions of Article (14) of this Law, the conditions and controls relating to Permits for the exploration, exploitation and use of Space Resources, including their acquisition, purchase, sale, trade, transportation, storage and any Space Activities aimed at providing logistical services in this regard shall be determined by a decision issued by the Council of Ministers or whomever it delegates.", "quote_confirmed_raw": true, "supports": [ "resource_provisions" ], "language": "en", "translation": "unofficial", "quote_locator": { "article": "Article 18(1)", "page": 7 } }, { "url": "https://www.moj.gov.ae/assets/2020/Federal%20Law%20No%2012%20of%202019%20on%20THE%20REGULATION%20OF%20THE%20SPACE%20SECTOR.pdf.aspx", "title": "Federal Law No. (12) of 2019 - Article 18(2)", "publisher": "UAE Ministry of Justice", "source_class": "legislation", "published": "2019-12-19", "accessed": "2026-09-25", "quote": "The Permits referred to in clause (1) of this Article shall be granted by a decision of the Board of Directors upon the proposal of the Director General.", "quote_confirmed_raw": true, "supports": [ "resource_provisions" ], "language": "en", "translation": "unofficial", "quote_locator": { "article": "Article 18(2)", "page": 7 } }, { "url": "https://www.moj.gov.ae/assets/2020/Federal%20Law%20No%2012%20of%202019%20on%20THE%20REGULATION%20OF%20THE%20SPACE%20SECTOR.pdf.aspx", "title": "Federal Law No. (12) of 2019 - definition of Space Resources", "publisher": "UAE Ministry of Justice", "source_class": "legislation", "published": "2019-12-19", "accessed": "2026-09-25", "quote": "Space Resources: Any non-living resources present in outer space, including minerals and water.", "quote_confirmed_raw": true, "supports": [ "resource_provisions" ], "language": "en", "translation": "unofficial", "quote_locator": { "article": "Article 1", "page": 2 } }, { "url": "https://www.moj.gov.ae/assets/2020/Federal%20Law%20No%2012%20of%202019%20on%20THE%20REGULATION%20OF%20THE%20SPACE%20SECTOR.pdf.aspx", "title": "Federal Law No. (12) of 2019 - Article 54 and promulgation", "publisher": "UAE Ministry of Justice", "source_class": "legislation", "published": "2019-12-19", "accessed": "2026-09-25", "quote": "This Law shall be published in the Official Gazette and shall enter into force one month after the date of its publication.", "quote_confirmed_raw": true, "supports": [ "in_force_date" ], "language": "en", "translation": "unofficial", "quote_locator": { "article": "Article 54", "page": 14 } }, { "url": "https://www.moj.gov.ae/assets/2020/Federal%20Law%20No%2012%20of%202019%20on%20THE%20REGULATION%20OF%20THE%20SPACE%20SECTOR.pdf.aspx", "title": "Federal Law No. (12) of 2019 - Official Gazette reference", "publisher": "UAE Ministry of Justice", "source_class": "legislation", "published": "2019-12-19", "accessed": "2026-09-25", "quote": "The present Federal Law was published in the Official Gazette, issue No. 669 p. 111.", "quote_confirmed_raw": true, "supports": [ "citation" ], "language": "en", "translation": "unofficial", "quote_locator": { "article": null, "page": 14 } }, { "url": "https://www.wfw.com/articles/key-features-of-the-new-united-arab-emirates-regulations-on-space-activities/", "title": "Key features of the new United Arab Emirates regulations on space activities", "publisher": "Watson Farley & Williams", "source_class": "reputable_press", "published": "2023", "accessed": "2026-09-25", "quote": "Cabinet Decision No. 19/2023 (the \"Space Resource Regulation\") allows for the exploration, exploitation and use of space resources as part of a Space Resource Activity. It further specifies that operators are entitled to exercise ownership rights recognised under the UAE's laws over space resources the operator explores, exploits or uses through authorised Space Resource Activities.", "quote_confirmed_raw": true, "supports": [ "resource_provisions" ], "language": "en", "translation": "none" }, { "url": "https://web.archive.org/web/20250415081420/https://uaelegislation.gov.ae/en/legislations/2129", "title": "Federal Decree by Law No. (46) of 2023 Concerning the Regulation of the Space Sector (UAE Legislation portal, archived copy of 15 April 2025)", "publisher": "UAE Legislation portal (via Internet Archive)", "source_class": "legislation", "published": "2023-09-29", "accessed": "2026-09-26", "quote": "The aforementioned Federal Law No. (12) of 2019 concerning the Space Sector shall be repealed", "quote_confirmed_raw": true, "supports": [ "status", "status_basis" ], "language": "en", "translation": "unofficial", "quote_locator": { "article": "Article 39(1)", "page": null } }, { "url": "https://web.archive.org/web/20250415081420/https://uaelegislation.gov.ae/en/legislations/2129", "title": "Federal Decree by Law No. (46) of 2023 Concerning the Regulation of the Space Sector (UAE Legislation portal, archived copy of 15 April 2025)", "publisher": "UAE Legislation portal (via Internet Archive)", "source_class": "legislation", "published": "2023-09-29", "accessed": "2026-09-26", "quote": "The conditions and controls relating to Permits for the exploration, exploitation and use of Space Resources, including their acquisition, purchase, sale, trade, transportation, storage and any Space Activities aimed at providing logistical services in this regard shall be determined by a resolution issued by the Cabinet or whomever it delegates.", "quote_confirmed_raw": true, "supports": [ "summary", "resource_provisions" ], "language": "en", "translation": "unofficial", "quote_locator": { "article": "Article 8(1)", "page": null } }, { "url": "https://web.archive.org/web/20250415081420/https://uaelegislation.gov.ae/en/legislations/2129", "title": "Federal Decree by Law No. (46) of 2023 Concerning the Regulation of the Space Sector (UAE Legislation portal, archived copy of 15 April 2025)", "publisher": "UAE Legislation portal (via Internet Archive)", "source_class": "legislation", "published": "2023-09-29", "accessed": "2026-09-26", "quote": "Effective Date 29 Oct 2023 Official Gazette Date 29 Sep 2023 Official Gazette No 760", "quote_confirmed_raw": true, "supports": [ "status_basis" ], "language": "en", "translation": "unofficial", "quote_locator": { "article": null, "page": null } } ], "confidence": "high", "missing_evidence": [ "Official Arabic text and the 2019 law's Official Gazette publication date not retrieved; uaelegislation.gov.ae and space.gov.ae blocked this server (Cloudflare). The 2023 Decree-Law was read from an April 2025 Internet Archive copy of the UAE Legislation portal.", "Text of Cabinet Decision No. 19/2023 (Space Resource Regulation) not retrieved from a government source (UAE Space Agency copy at https://space.gov.ae/assets/download/32aeae9f/SpaceResources-EN.pdf.aspx returned a Cloudflare challenge/403); ownership language is from a law-firm summary. Whether it has since been replaced under the 2023 Decree-Law was not confirmed.", "No UAE space resources permit has been identified in any primary source." ], "last_checked": "2026-09-26", "history": [ { "field": "status", "old": "in_force", "new": "repealed", "changed_on": "2026-09-26", "reason": "correction", "source_index": 6 } ], "review_state": "verified", "level": "national_statute", "scope": "national", "jurisdiction": "AE", "citation": "Federal Law No. (12) of 2019 on the Regulation of the Space Sector, issued 19 December 2019 (22 Rabi' Al-Akhar 1441H); Official Gazette issue No. 669, p. 111", "adopted_date": { "value": "2019-12-19", "precision": "day" }, "in_force_date": { "value": "2020-01", "precision": "month", "basis": "actual", "note": "derived: one month after Official Gazette publication (Art. 54); publication day not confirmed from a government source" }, "resource_provisions": { "paraphrase": "Art. 18 subjected exploration, exploitation and use of space resources (including acquisition, purchase, sale, trade, transport and storage) to permits whose conditions are set by Council of Ministers decision and which are granted by the Agency's Board; Art. 8 of the 2023 Decree-Law that replaced it carries the same permit provision in near-identical wording. Neither law itself states an ownership rule; per a law-firm summary, Cabinet Decision No. 19/2023 provides that operators may exercise ownership rights recognised under UAE law over resources obtained through authorised activities.", "quote": "the conditions and controls relating to Permits for the exploration, exploitation and use of Space Resources, including their acquisition, purchase, sale, trade, transportation, storage", "source_index": 0 }, "parties_or_signatories": null, "review": { "author_model": "claude-opus-5-5", "reviewer_model": "claude-fable-5-1", "reviewer_run": "research/review/fable-uae-repeal-correction-20260926.json", "date": "2026-09-26", "sources_reopened": [ 0, 1, 2, 3, 4, 5, 6, 7, 8 ], "edits_applied": 2, "base_record_sha256": "bd6bd4ec8519d1f2f834a75f9cf3e2dedd7c6bc36a9a5b5a36a894b7cf30be5f", "record_sha256": "3c8d002f4eb0cfc527aa5e4b92239d028624fa4f3c8653e9a63d99801bb70a7b" } }, { "stable_id": "law-copuos-space-resources-working-group", "name": "UN COPUOS Legal Subcommittee Working Group on Legal Aspects of Space Resource Activities (draft initial recommended principles)", "summary": "Intergovernmental working group of the UN COPUOS Legal Subcommittee mandated to develop a set of initial recommended principles for space resource activities. As of September 2026 it has produced only drafts: a consolidated draft set of non-binding principles was issued in July 2026; nothing has been adopted by COPUOS or the General Assembly.", "status": "proposed", "status_basis": "COPUOS report A/81/20 (June 2026 session) records that a consolidated draft would be prepared and the WG reconvened in 2027 under its 2023-2027 workplan; the UNOOSA WG page lists the 'Consolidated Draft Set of Initial Recommended Principles' dated July 2026. The workplan targets finalization for consensus agreement in 2027.", "sources": [ { "url": "https://www.unoosa.org/oosa/en/ourwork/copuos/lsc/space-resources/index.html", "title": "Working Group on Legal Aspects of Space Resource Activities", "publisher": "UNOOSA", "source_class": "government_primary", "published": null, "accessed": "2026-09-25", "quote": "Develop a set of initial recommended principles for such activities, taking into account the need to ensure that they are carried out in accordance with international law and in a safe, sustainable, rational and peaceful manner, for the consideration of and consensus agreement by the Committee, followed by possible adoption by the General Assembly as a dedicated resolution or other action", "quote_confirmed_raw": true, "supports": [ "summary", "resource_provisions" ], "language": "en", "translation": "none" }, { "url": "https://www.unoosa.org/oosa/en/ourwork/copuos/lsc/space-resources/index.html", "title": "Working Group page - consolidated draft listing", "publisher": "UNOOSA", "source_class": "government_primary", "published": null, "accessed": "2026-09-25", "quote": "Consolidated Draft Set of Initial Recommended Principles for Space Resource Activities July 2026", "quote_confirmed_raw": true, "supports": [ "status" ], "language": "en", "translation": "none" }, { "url": "https://www.unoosa.org/oosa/en/ourwork/copuos/lsc/space-resources/index.html", "title": "Working Group page - 2027 workplan", "publisher": "UNOOSA", "source_class": "government_primary", "published": null, "accessed": "2026-09-25", "quote": "2027: (a) Finalization of a set of initial recommended principles for such activities for the consideration of and consensus agreement by the Committee", "quote_confirmed_raw": true, "supports": [ "status", "missing_evidence" ], "language": "en", "translation": "none" }, { "url": "https://www.unoosa.org/unoosa/uploads/documents/pdf/copuos/lsc/space-resources/Consolidated_draft_set_of_initial_recommended_principles_to_be_circulated.pdf", "title": "Consolidated draft set of initial recommended principles for space resource activities (July 2026)", "publisher": "UNOOSA / Chair and Vice-Chair of the Working Group", "source_class": "government_primary", "published": "2026-07", "accessed": "2026-09-25", "quote": "Recognizing that these Principles are non-binding and do not create new legal rights or obligations", "quote_confirmed_raw": true, "supports": [ "resource_provisions", "status" ], "language": "en", "translation": "none", "quote_locator": { "article": null, "page": 1 } }, { "url": "https://www.unoosa.org/unoosa/uploads/documents/pdf/copuos/lsc/space-resources/Consolidated_draft_set_of_initial_recommended_principles_to_be_circulated.pdf", "title": "Consolidated draft - Principle 2(D)", "publisher": "UNOOSA / Chair and Vice-Chair of the Working Group", "source_class": "government_primary", "published": "2026-07", "accessed": "2026-09-25", "quote": "The extraction of space resources in compliance with the Outer Space Treaty does not inherently constitute national appropriation of outer space, including the Moon and other celestial bodies.", "quote_confirmed_raw": true, "supports": [ "resource_provisions" ], "language": "en", "translation": "none", "quote_locator": { "article": "Draft Principle 2(D)", "page": 3 } }, { "url": "https://documents.un.org/api/symbol/access?s=A/AC.105/C.2/2026/SRA/L.1/Add.1&l=en&t=pdf", "title": "A/AC.105/C.2/2026/SRA/L.1/Add.1 - Report of the Chair and Vice-Chair of the Working Group (continued), 20 April 2026", "publisher": "UN COPUOS Legal Subcommittee", "source_class": "government_primary", "published": "2026-04-20", "accessed": "2026-09-25", "quote": "The Working Group agreed to continue its work on the development of the draft set of initial recommended principles for space resource activities, while striving to achieve a greater common understanding and identifying areas of convergence.", "quote_confirmed_raw": true, "supports": [ "status" ], "language": "en", "translation": "none", "quote_locator": { "article": null, "page": 1 } }, { "url": "https://documents.un.org/api/symbol/access?s=A/AC.105/C.2/2026/SRA/L.1&l=en&t=pdf", "title": "A/AC.105/C.2/2026/SRA/L.1 - Report of the Chair and Vice-Chair of the Working Group, 15 April 2026", "publisher": "UN COPUOS Legal Subcommittee", "source_class": "government_primary", "published": "2026-04-15", "accessed": "2026-09-25", "quote": "reconvened the Working Group on Legal Aspects of Space Resource Activities, with Steven Freeland (Australia) as Chair and Ayman Mahmoud Mohamed Ahmed (Egypt) as Vice-Chair", "quote_confirmed_raw": true, "supports": [ "summary" ], "language": "en", "translation": "none", "quote_locator": { "article": null, "page": 1 } }, { "url": "https://documents.un.org/api/symbol/access?s=A/81/20&l=en&t=pdf", "title": "A/81/20 - Report of the Committee on the Peaceful Uses of Outer Space, sixty-ninth session (10-18 June 2026)", "publisher": "United Nations General Assembly", "source_class": "government_primary", "published": "2026-08-06", "accessed": "2026-09-25", "quote": "the Committee noted that a consolidated draft set of initial recommended principles for space resource activities would be prepared by the Chair and the Vice-Chair of the Working Group", "quote_confirmed_raw": true, "supports": [ "status" ], "language": "en", "translation": "none", "quote_locator": { "article": "para. 100", "page": 21 } }, { "url": "https://documents.un.org/api/symbol/access?s=A/81/20&l=en&t=pdf", "title": "A/81/20 - para. 99 (workplan period)", "publisher": "United Nations General Assembly", "source_class": "government_primary", "published": "2026-08-06", "accessed": "2026-09-25", "quote": "under the five-year workplan of the Working Group for the period 2023-2027", "quote_confirmed_raw": true, "supports": [ "summary" ], "language": "en", "translation": "none", "quote_locator": { "article": "para. 99", "page": 21 } }, { "url": "https://www.unoosa.org/oosa/en/ourwork/copuos/lsc/space-resources/index.html", "title": "Working Group page - mandate reference", "publisher": "UNOOSA", "source_class": "government_primary", "published": null, "accessed": "2026-09-25", "quote": "Mandate, terms of reference, and workplan and methods of work of the Working Group ( A/76/20 , Annex III)", "quote_confirmed_raw": true, "supports": [ "citation", "adopted_date" ], "language": "en", "translation": "none" } ], "confidence": "high", "missing_evidence": [ "The draft principles are subject to change; no text has been agreed by consensus, adopted by COPUOS, or endorsed by the General Assembly.", "Exact date the working group was first established (Legal Subcommittee 2021 session; mandate in A/76/20 annex III) not confirmed from the report text itself." ], "last_checked": "2026-09-25", "history": [], "review_state": "verified", "level": "non_binding_guidance", "scope": "international", "jurisdiction": null, "citation": "Mandate and terms of reference: A/76/20, annex III; five-year workplan: A/AC.105/1260, annex II, appendix; 2026 reports: A/AC.105/C.2/2026/SRA/L.1 and Add.1; A/81/20 paras. 98-100", "adopted_date": { "value": "2021", "precision": "year", "basis": "actual", "note": "mandate contained in COPUOS 2021 report A/76/20, annex III" }, "in_force_date": null, "resource_provisions": { "paraphrase": "Draft only (July 2026 consolidated draft): would affirm that the international space law regime applies to space resource activities, that the principles are non-binding and create no new rights or obligations, that nothing authorizes national appropriation, and (draft Principle 2(D)) that extraction in compliance with the OST 'does not inherently constitute national appropriation'. These are proposals under negotiation, not adopted text.", "quote": "Recognizing that these Principles are non-binding and do not create new legal rights or obligations", "source_index": 3 }, "parties_or_signatories": null, "outputs": [ { "output": "Initial draft set of recommended principles (Note by the Vice-Chair, A/AC.105/C.2/L.339)", "date": { "value": "2025-03-27", "precision": "day" }, "status": "draft" }, { "output": "Updated drafts by the Chair and Vice-Chair (versions dated 7 July 2025 through 28 April 2026)", "date": { "value": "2026-04-28", "precision": "day" }, "status": "draft" }, { "output": "Consolidated Draft Set of Initial Recommended Principles for Space Resource Activities", "date": { "value": "2026-07", "precision": "month" }, "status": "draft, circulated to States members" } ], "outputs_as_of": "2026-09-25", "review": { "author_model": "claude-opus-5-5", "reviewer_model": "claude-sonnet-5", "reviewer_run": "research/review/legal-and-authorizations.json", "date": "2026-09-26", "sources_reopened": false, "edits_applied": 0 } } ], "events": [ { "stable_id": "evt-luxembourg-space-agency-other-20260914", "name": "Luxembourg Space Agency leadership change", "summary": "Ruy Pinto took office as interim CEO of the Luxembourg Space Agency on 14 September 2026 following the departure of long-time CEO Marc Serres.", "status_basis": "Dated act stated in Luxembourg Space Agency's government primary source.", "sources": [ { "url": "https://space-agency.public.lu/en/news-events/news/2026/leadership-transition-at-the-luxembourg-space-agency-marc-serres-departs-ruy-pinto-appointed-as-interim-ceo.html", "title": "Leadership Transition at the Luxembourg Space Agency: Marc Serres Departs, Ruy Pinto Appointed as Interim CEO", "publisher": "Luxembourg Space Agency", "source_class": "government_primary", "published": "2026-09-15", "accessed": "2026-09-25", "quote": "Ruy Pinto officially took office as interim CEO on Monday, September 14, 2026.", "quote_confirmed_raw": true, "supports": [ "summary", "date" ], "language": "en", "translation": "none" } ], "confidence": "high", "missing_evidence": [], "last_checked": "2026-09-26", "history": [], "review_state": "verified", "event_type": "other", "date": { "value": "2026-09-14", "precision": "day" }, "subject_ids": [ "org-luxembourg-space-agency" ], "related_ids": [], "counterparty_id": null, "amount": null, "currency": null, "basis": "announced", "round_label": null, "investor_names": [], "resources": [], "status": "recorded", "review": { "author_model": "claude-opus-5-5", "reviewer_model": "gpt-5.6-sol", "reviewer_run": "research/review/sol-events-and-held-20260926.json", "date": "2026-09-26", "sources_reopened": [ 0 ], "edits_applied": 0, "base_record_sha256": "ad9ca82fd14c1bfd3e87d63a23419602ecdaabe64c8c706c4f26d7910a2b86ef" } }, { "status": "recorded", "stable_id": "evt-ispace-other-20260909", "name": "ispace bank loan from Shizuoka Bank (3 billion yen)", "summary": "ispace announced a board resolution for a 3 billion yen (about USD 19 million) three-year unsecured loan from Shizuoka Bank for working capital, with borrowing scheduled for September 2026.", "event_type": "other", "date": { "value": "2026-09-09", "precision": "day" }, "subject_ids": [ "org-ispace" ], "related_ids": [], "amount": 3000000000, "currency": "JPY", "basis": "announced", "round_label": "bank loan (debt)", "investor_names": [ "Shizuoka Bank, Ltd." ], "resources": [], "status_basis": "ispace release 2026-09-09.", "sources": [ { "url": "https://www.ispace-inc.com/2026/09/09/ispace-secures-approximately-19-million-in-bank-financing-from-shizuoka-bank/", "title": "ispace Secures Approximately $19 Million in Bank Financing from Shizuoka Bank", "publisher": "ispace, inc.", "source_class": "company_primary", "published": "2026-09-09", "accessed": "2026-09-25", "quote": "a resolution has been made by its Board of Directors to secure approximately $19 Million USD (¥3 Billion JPY) in new financing as part of a loan agreement with Shizuoka Bank.", "quote_confirmed_raw": true, "supports": [ "amount", "date" ], "language": "en", "translation": "official" } ], "confidence": "high", "missing_evidence": [ "Drawdown confirmation not found (borrowing date stated as tentative)." ], "history": [], "last_checked": "2026-09-26", "review_state": "verified", "review": { "author_model": "claude-opus-5-5", "reviewer_model": "gpt-5.6-sol", "reviewer_run": "research/review/sol-events-and-held-20260926.json", "date": "2026-09-26", "sources_reopened": [ 0 ], "edits_applied": 0, "base_record_sha256": "45cfde92293977b51e1cd1aa9aa2f385a12030a2f7427499959dfdd6c2c6e32d" } }, { "status": "recorded", "status_basis": "Recorded from the dated sources cited; company announcements are claims, not confirmations.", "last_checked": "2026-09-26", "review_state": "verified", "history": [], "missing_evidence": [], "related_ids": [], "resources": [], "investor_names": [], "confidence": "high", "stable_id": "evt-asteroid-mining-corporation-other-20260818", "name": "Compulsory strike-off notice for Asteroid Mining Corporation Limited", "event_type": "other", "summary": "Companies House published a first Gazette notice for compulsory strike-off of Asteroid Mining Corporation Limited on 18 August 2026; the strike-off action was suspended on 20 August 2026.", "date": { "value": "2026-08-18", "precision": "day" }, "subject_ids": [ "org-asteroid-mining-corporation" ], "basis": "filing", "sources": [ { "url": "https://find-and-update.company-information.service.gov.uk/company/10085157/filing-history", "title": "ASTEROID MINING CORPORATION LIMITED filing history", "publisher": "Companies House (UK)", "source_class": "court_or_filing", "published": null, "accessed": "2026-09-25", "quote": "First Gazette notice for compulsory strike-off", "quote_confirmed_raw": true, "supports": [ "summary" ], "language": "en", "translation": "none" }, { "url": "https://find-and-update.company-information.service.gov.uk/company/10085157/filing-history", "title": "ASTEROID MINING CORPORATION LIMITED filing history", "publisher": "Companies House (UK)", "source_class": "court_or_filing", "published": null, "accessed": "2026-09-25", "quote": "Compulsory strike-off action has been suspended", "quote_confirmed_raw": true, "supports": [ "summary" ], "language": "en", "translation": "none" } ], "review": { "author_model": "claude-opus-5-5", "reviewer_model": "gpt-5.6-sol", "reviewer_run": "research/review/sol-events-and-held-20260926.json", "date": "2026-09-26", "sources_reopened": [ 0, 1 ], "edits_applied": 1, "base_record_sha256": "1e6eb5d318920f0c3d70e9b85a00b53e2a8670a003d7733e4abace00523f17dd" } }, { "status": "recorded", "stable_id": "evt-ispace-grant-20260807", "name": "Japan Space Strategy Fund grant to ispace for polar high-precision landing (Mission 4)", "summary": "ispace announced an 11.6 billion yen grant (ceiling 20 billion yen, subject to stage-gate reviews) under Phase 2 of Japan's Space Strategy Fund, administered by JAXA, for high-precision landing near the lunar south pole on Mission 4; the project was selected on 2026-01-16.", "event_type": "grant", "date": { "value": "2026-08-07", "precision": "day" }, "subject_ids": [ "org-ispace" ], "related_ids": [ "msn-ispace-m4" ], "counterparty_id": "org-jaxa", "amount": 11600000000, "currency": "JPY", "basis": "announced", "round_label": "Space Strategy Fund Phase 2", "investor_names": [], "resources": [], "status_basis": "ispace releases 2026-01-16 and 2026-08-07.", "sources": [ { "url": "https://www.ispace-inc.com/2026/08/07/ispace-receives-grant-for-japans-space-strategy-fund-project-high-precision-landing-technology-in-the-lunar-poles-region/", "title": "ispace Receives Grant for Japan's Space Strategy Fund Project \"High-Precision Landing Technology in the Lunar Poles Region\"", "publisher": "ispace, inc.", "source_class": "company_primary", "published": "2026-08-07", "accessed": "2026-09-25", "quote": "Grant Amount: 11.6 billion yen The maximum grant amount remains 20 billion yen.", "quote_confirmed_raw": true, "supports": [ "amount" ], "language": "en", "translation": "official" } ], "confidence": "high", "missing_evidence": [ "JAXA-side award record not retrieved.", "The January 2026 selection release called the project Mission 6; the August 2026 award release renumbered it as Mission 4." ], "history": [], "last_checked": "2026-09-26", "review_state": "verified", "review": { "author_model": "claude-opus-5-5", "reviewer_model": "gpt-5.6-sol", "reviewer_run": "research/review/sol-events-and-held-20260926.json", "date": "2026-09-26", "sources_reopened": [ 0 ], "edits_applied": 2, "base_record_sha256": "dcbc248586e62ca6a22d7d09864f88f55de775b76aa05a4fd70dddd0f3cd4b4b" } }, { "stable_id": "evt-interlune-agreement-20260730", "name": "Interlune-Vermeer expanded partnership (lunar site-preparation tool)", "summary": "Interlune and Vermeer announced an expanded partnership and a plan to deliver a mission-ready lunar site-preparation tool by 2028, to be demonstrated first on Earth and then on the Moon.", "event_type": "agreement", "date": { "value": "2026-07-30", "precision": "day" }, "subject_ids": [ "org-interlune" ], "related_ids": [], "amount": null, "currency": null, "basis": "announced", "round_label": null, "investor_names": [], "resources": [], "status": "recorded", "status_basis": "Company announcement.", "sources": [ { "url": "https://www.interlune.space/press-release/interlune-and-vermeer-expand-strategic-partnership-to-build-essential-moon-base-infrastructure", "title": "Interlune and Vermeer Expand Strategic Partnership to Build Essential Moon Base Infrastructure", "publisher": "Interlune", "source_class": "company_primary", "published": "2026-07-30", "accessed": "2026-09-25", "quote": "Interlune and Vermeer plan to develop, test, and deliver a mission-ready lunar site-preparation tool by 2028, aligning their efforts with NASA's Moon Base program plan.", "quote_confirmed_raw": true, "supports": [ "summary" ], "language": "en", "translation": "none" } ], "confidence": "high", "missing_evidence": [], "last_checked": "2026-09-26", "review_state": "verified", "history": [], "review": { "author_model": "claude-opus-5-5", "reviewer_model": "gpt-5.6-sol", "reviewer_run": "research/review/sol-events-and-held-20260926.json", "date": "2026-09-26", "sources_reopened": [ 0 ], "edits_applied": 0, "base_record_sha256": "6007e34569130abd2a16181aa950d3cde4a612ec64f9d2b7e782d9528ab7ef67" } }, { "status": "recorded", "stable_id": "evt-ispace-europe-contract-20260724", "name": "ESA MAGPIE Phase 2 contract to ispace-EUROPE (EUR 65 million)", "summary": "ispace-EUROPE announced that ESA awarded it the EUR 65 million Phase 2 contract covering MAGPIE rover and payload development, transport to the lunar surface and surface operations, with ispace-EUROPE as mission prime; the signing was marked at ESA's Space for Inspiration event on 2026-09-01.", "event_type": "contract", "date": { "value": "2026-07-24", "precision": "day" }, "subject_ids": [ "org-ispace-europe" ], "related_ids": [ "msn-ispace-europe-magpie", "msn-ispace-m4" ], "counterparty_id": "org-esa", "amount": 65000000, "currency": "EUR", "basis": "announced", "round_label": null, "investor_names": [], "resources": [ { "resource": "water_ice", "evidence_level": "targeted" }, { "resource": "volatiles", "evidence_level": "targeted" } ], "status_basis": "ispace-EUROPE releases 2026-07-24 and 2026-09-02.", "sources": [ { "url": "https://www.ispace-inc.com/2026/07/24/esa-awards-ispace-europe-contract-for-execution-of-magpie-esas-first-lunar-rover/", "title": "ESA Awards ispace-EUROPE Contract for Execution of MAGPIE, ESA's First Lunar Rover", "publisher": "ispace EUROPE S.A.", "source_class": "company_primary", "published": "2026-07-24", "accessed": "2026-09-25", "quote": "The contract, valued at €65 million, funds the full remaining delivery of the MAGPIE mission, including rover and payload development, manufacture, testing, transportation to the lunar surface and lunar surface operations.", "quote_confirmed_raw": true, "supports": [ "amount" ], "language": "en", "translation": "none" }, { "url": "https://www.ispace-inc.com/2026/07/24/esa-awards-ispace-europe-contract-for-execution-of-magpie-esas-first-lunar-rover/", "title": "ESA Awards ispace-EUROPE Contract for Execution of MAGPIE, ESA's First Lunar Rover", "publisher": "ispace EUROPE S.A.", "source_class": "company_primary", "published": "2026-07-24", "accessed": "2026-09-25", "quote": "ESA has agreed to funding the development and flight of MAGPIE, Europe's first lunar polar ice exploration rover, led by ispace-EUROPE", "quote_confirmed_raw": true, "supports": [ "counterparty_id" ], "language": "en", "translation": "none" }, { "url": "https://www.ispace-inc.com/2026/09/02/esa-and-ispace-europe-mark-official-signing-of-europes-first-lunar-polar-ice-exploration-rover-mission/", "title": "ESA and ispace-EUROPE Mark Official Signing of Europe's First Lunar Polar Ice Exploration Rover Mission", "publisher": "ispace EUROPE S.A.", "source_class": "company_primary", "published": "2026-09-02", "accessed": "2026-09-25", "quote": "It follows ESA's July 2026 award of the €65 million Phase 2 contract to ispace-EUROPE.", "quote_confirmed_raw": true, "supports": [ "amount", "summary" ], "language": "en", "translation": "none" }, { "url": "https://space-agency.public.lu/en/news-events/news/2026/ispace-europe-secures-65m-esa-contract-for-magpie-lunar-rover.html", "title": "ispace-EUROPE Secures €65M ESA Contract for MAGPIE Lunar Rover", "publisher": "Luxembourg Space Agency", "source_class": "government_primary", "published": "2026", "accessed": "2026-09-25", "quote": "ispace-EUROPE has been awarded a €65 million contract by the European Space Agency (ESA) to lead the development and execution of the MAGPIE mission.", "quote_confirmed_raw": true, "supports": [ "amount", "participants", "phase" ], "language": "en", "translation": "none" } ], "confidence": "high", "missing_evidence": [ "ESA's own page (esa.int) returned HTTP 403; basis kept as announced rather than official_award." ], "history": [], "last_checked": "2026-09-25", "review_state": "verified", "review": { "author_model": "claude-opus-5-5", "reviewer_model": "claude-sonnet-5", "reviewer_run": "research/review/legal-and-authorizations.json", "date": "2026-09-26", "sources_reopened": true, "edits_applied": 0 } }, { "status": "recorded", "status_basis": "Recorded from the dated sources cited; company announcements are claims, not confirmations.", "last_checked": "2026-09-26", "review_state": "verified", "history": [], "missing_evidence": [ "Launch provider and vehicle for the mid-2028 slot." ], "related_ids": [], "resources": [], "investor_names": [], "confidence": "high", "stable_id": "evt-karman-plus-schedule-change-20260721", "name": "Karman+ first mission slips to mid-2028 and retargets to Apophis", "event_type": "schedule_change", "summary": "Karman+ said its first mission's early-2027 launch slipped because its propulsion vendor could not deliver on time, that the new launch slot is mid-2028, and that asteroid 99942 Apophis became its target. In October 2025 the company had said it would launch on SpaceX Transporter-19 in about 15 months.", "date": { "value": "2026-07-21", "precision": "day" }, "subject_ids": [ "org-karman-plus" ], "basis": "announced", "sources": [ { "url": "https://www.karmanplus.com/k-mission-1-99942-apophis/", "title": "K+ Mission 1 -> 99942 Apophis", "publisher": "Karman+", "source_class": "company_primary", "published": "2026-07-21", "accessed": "2026-09-25", "quote": "our original launch in early 2027 slipped because our propulsion vendor could not deliver on time", "quote_confirmed_raw": true, "supports": [ "summary" ], "language": "en", "translation": "none" }, { "url": "https://www.karmanplus.com/k-mission-1-99942-apophis/", "title": "K+ Mission 1 -> 99942 Apophis", "publisher": "Karman+", "source_class": "company_primary", "published": "2026-07-21", "accessed": "2026-09-25", "quote": "We had to scramble to find a new slot, which ended up being a mid 2028 launch.", "quote_confirmed_raw": true, "supports": [ "summary" ], "language": "en", "translation": "none" }, { "url": "https://www.karmanplus.com/k-update-q2-2025-2/", "title": "K+ Update | Q3 2025", "publisher": "Karman+", "source_class": "company_primary", "published": "2025-10-27", "accessed": "2026-09-25", "quote": "We're launching in ~15 months on Transporter 19.", "quote_confirmed_raw": true, "supports": [ "summary" ], "language": "en", "translation": "none" }, { "url": "https://www.karmanplus.com/k-update-q2-2025-2/", "title": "K+ Update | Q3 2025", "publisher": "Karman+", "source_class": "company_primary", "published": "2025-10-27", "accessed": "2026-09-25", "quote": "To rendezvous with an uncharacterized near-Earth Asteroid and showcase capturing regolith at kilogram scale, minimizing mission duration and cost.", "quote_confirmed_raw": true, "supports": [ "summary" ], "language": "en", "translation": "none" } ], "review": { "author_model": "claude-opus-5-5", "reviewer_model": "gpt-6-astra", "reviewer_run": "research/review/astra-events-20260926.json", "date": "2026-09-26", "sources_reopened": [ 0, 1, 2, 3 ], "edits_applied": 0, "base_record_sha256": "5599c0f64d4cba6c96f1212e7af528f26197dd003c39d368aec93c3dfa7c6852" } }, { "stable_id": "evt-astrobotic-acquisition-202607", "name": "Voyager Technologies acquires Astrobotic", "summary": "Voyager reported in its June 30, 2026 Form 10-Q that it closed the acquisition of Astrobotic on 2026-07-10. The agreement provided $300 million of undiscounted consideration, comprising $162.2 million base consideration, $9 million assumed debt and $128.8 million contingent consideration; this was not $300 million paid in cash at closing.", "event_type": "acquisition", "date": { "value": "2026-07-10", "precision": "day" }, "subject_ids": [ "org-astrobotic" ], "related_ids": [ "org-voyager-technologies" ], "counterparty_id": "org-voyager-technologies", "amount": 300000000, "currency": "USD", "basis": "filing", "round_label": null, "investor_names": [], "resources": [], "status": "recorded", "status_basis": "Voyager SEC Form 10-Q, Note 20 (Subsequent Events), reports July 10, 2026 acquisition closing and the components of undiscounted consideration.", "sources": [ { "url": "https://voyagertechnologies.com/press-releases/voyager-awarded-298m-nasa-contract-under-completed-astrobotic-acquisition/", "title": "Voyager Awarded $298M NASA Contract Under Completed Astrobotic Acquisition", "publisher": "Voyager Technologies", "source_class": "company_primary", "published": "2026-07-13", "accessed": "2026-09-25", "quote": "Voyager Technologies (NYSE: VOYG) has completed its acquisition of Astrobotic Technology, Inc.", "quote_confirmed_raw": true, "supports": [ "date", "subject_ids" ], "language": "en", "translation": "none" }, { "url": "https://voyagertechnologies.com/press-releases/voyager-to-acquire-astrobotic-technology-accelerating-americas-path-to-the-moon/", "title": "Voyager to Acquire Astrobotic Technology, Accelerating America's Path to the Moon", "publisher": "Voyager Technologies", "source_class": "company_primary", "published": "2026-06-02", "accessed": "2026-09-25", "quote": "The transaction is subject to customary regulatory approvals and is expected to close by early July 2026 for up to approximately $300 million, including contingent consideration, payable in a combination of cash and stock.", "quote_confirmed_raw": true, "supports": [ "amount" ], "language": "en", "translation": "none" }, { "url": "https://www.astrobotic.com/astrobotic-to-join-voyager-technologies-accelerating-americas-moon-base/", "title": "Astrobotic to Join Voyager Technologies, Accelerating America's Moon Base", "publisher": "Astrobotic", "source_class": "company_primary", "published": "2026-06-02", "accessed": "2026-09-25", "quote": "today announced it has entered into an agreement to be acquired by Voyager Technologies (NYSE: VOYG).", "quote_confirmed_raw": true, "supports": [ "summary" ], "language": "en", "translation": "none" }, { "url": "https://www.sec.gov/Archives/edgar/data/1788060/000162828026052292/voyg-20260630.htm", "title": "Voyager Technologies, Inc. Form 10-Q for quarter ended June 30, 2026, Note 20 (printed page 35)", "publisher": "U.S. Securities and Exchange Commission (EDGAR)", "source_class": "court_or_filing", "published": "2026-08-04", "accessed": "2026-09-26", "quote": "On July 10, 2026, the Company closed the acquisition", "quote_confirmed_raw": false, "supports": [ "date", "summary" ], "language": "en", "translation": "none", "manual_quote_verification": { "by": "gpt-6-astra", "date": "2026-09-26", "method": "Independently reopened full SEC filing with web text renderer and read Note 20, printed page 35, in context; no raw HTTP-match claim." } }, { "url": "https://www.sec.gov/Archives/edgar/data/1788060/000162828026052292/voyg-20260630.htm", "title": "Voyager Technologies, Inc. Form 10-Q for quarter ended June 30, 2026, Note 20 (printed page 35)", "publisher": "U.S. Securities and Exchange Commission (EDGAR)", "source_class": "court_or_filing", "published": "2026-08-04", "accessed": "2026-09-26", "quote": "100% of the equity securities of Astrobotic for $300.0 million in consideration", "quote_confirmed_raw": false, "supports": [ "amount", "summary" ], "language": "en", "translation": "none", "manual_quote_verification": { "by": "gpt-6-astra", "date": "2026-09-26", "method": "Independently reopened full SEC filing with web text renderer and read Note 20, printed page 35, in context; no raw HTTP-match claim." } } ], "confidence": "high", "missing_evidence": [ "Final acquisition-accounting purchase-price allocation was not available in the June 30, 2026 Form 10-Q." ], "history": [], "last_checked": "2026-09-26", "review_state": "verified", "review": { "author_model": "claude-opus-5-5", "reviewer_model": "gpt-6-astra", "reviewer_run": "research/review/astra-events-20260926.json", "date": "2026-09-26", "sources_reopened": [ 2, 3, 4 ], "edits_applied": 6, "base_record_sha256": "f5032319d740fde3bb3dcff8e05312a528907555e459745a4eaeaca7278e6185" } }, { "status": "recorded", "stable_id": "evt-ispace-us-other-20260709", "name": "NASA CLPS CP-12 task order ended; ispace-U.S. subcontract to terminate", "summary": "ispace disclosed that NASA and Draper mutually ended CLPS task order CP-12 effective 2026-07-09 (U.S. Mountain Time); ispace-U.S.'s subcontract with Draper to provide the lander is expected to be terminated.", "event_type": "other", "date": { "value": "2026-07-09", "precision": "day" }, "subject_ids": [ "org-ispace-us" ], "related_ids": [ "org-nasa", "org-ispace" ], "amount": null, "currency": null, "basis": "filing", "round_label": null, "investor_names": [], "resources": [], "status_basis": "ispace TSE timely disclosure of 2026-07-15.", "sources": [ { "url": "https://finance-frontend-pc-dist.west.edge.storage-yahoo.jp/disclosure/20260715/20260713592593.pdf", "title": "Notice Regarding NASA's CP-12 Contract Between ispace-U.S. and Draper (TSE timely disclosure, English version, hosted by Yahoo! Finance Japan)", "publisher": "ispace, inc.", "source_class": "court_or_filing", "published": "2026-07-15", "accessed": "2026-09-25", "quote": "On July 9, 2026 (U.S. Mountain Time), the mutual end of the contract related to CLPS* Task Order CP-12 entered into between the National Aeronautics and Space Administration (\"NASA\") and The Charles Stark Draper Laboratory, Inc. (\"Draper\") was effectuated.", "quote_confirmed_raw": true, "supports": [ "date", "summary" ], "language": "en", "translation": "official" }, { "url": "https://www.ispace-inc.com/2026/07/15/ispace-u-s-update-on-contract-with-draper/", "title": "ispace-U.S. Update on Contract with Draper", "publisher": "ispace technologies U.S., inc.", "source_class": "company_primary", "published": "2026-07-15", "accessed": "2026-09-25", "quote": "Draper has mutually agreed with NASA to end the Commercial Lunar Payload Services (CLPS) task order CP-12.", "quote_confirmed_raw": true, "supports": [ "summary" ], "language": "en", "translation": "none" }, { "url": "https://www.ispace-inc.com/2026/08/07/ispace-announces-q1-financial-results-for-the-fiscal-year-ending-march-2027/", "title": "ispace Announces Q1 Financial Results for the Fiscal Year Ending March 2027", "publisher": "ispace, inc.", "source_class": "company_primary", "published": "2026-08-07", "accessed": "2026-09-25", "quote": "While the termination of CP-12 is a negative, we view the major business opportunities we are now focusing on as extremely positive.", "quote_confirmed_raw": true, "supports": [ "summary" ], "language": "en", "translation": "official" } ], "confidence": "high", "missing_evidence": [ "Draper is not recorded as an organization here, so no counterparty is linked. The final subcontract termination notice was not found." ], "history": [], "last_checked": "2026-09-26", "review_state": "verified", "review": { "author_model": "claude-opus-5-5", "reviewer_model": "gpt-5.6-sol", "reviewer_run": "research/review/sol-events-and-held-20260926.json", "date": "2026-09-26", "sources_reopened": [ 0, 1, 2 ], "edits_applied": 0, "base_record_sha256": "a9ec7d7866e4ff71f01f83fac2c1a92ea7ac9a6f958051b10ecb36dc4597902f" } }, { "stable_id": "evt-lunar-outpost-government-award-20260526", "name": "NASA Lunar Terrain Vehicle Phase 1 task order to Lunar Outpost ($220 million)", "summary": "NASA awarded Lunar Outpost $220 million under the Lunar Terrain Vehicle Services contract to build and deliver its Pegasus rover, aiming for deployment by 2028; this is a mobility award, not a resource contract.", "event_type": "government_award", "date": { "value": "2026-05-26", "precision": "day" }, "subject_ids": [ "org-lunar-outpost" ], "related_ids": [], "counterparty_id": "org-nasa", "amount": 220000000, "currency": "USD", "basis": "official_award", "round_label": null, "investor_names": [], "resources": [], "status": "recorded", "status_basis": "NASA release 26-046.", "sources": [ { "url": "https://www.nasa.gov/news-release/nasa-provides-update-on-moon-base-rovers-landers-missions/", "title": "NASA Provides Update on Moon Base Rovers, Landers, Missions (release 26-046)", "publisher": "NASA", "source_class": "government_primary", "published": "2026-05-26", "accessed": "2026-09-25", "quote": "NASA has awarded Astrolab $219 million and Lunar Outpost $220 million to build and deliver the first phase of LTVs.", "quote_confirmed_raw": true, "supports": [ "amount", "date" ], "language": "en", "translation": "none" }, { "url": "https://www.lunaroutpost.com/post/nasa-selects-lunar-outpost-to-deliver-next-gen-crewed-lunar-terrain-vehicle-for-artemis-astronauts-a", "title": "NASA Selects Lunar Outpost to Deliver Next-Gen Crewed Lunar Terrain Vehicle for Artemis Astronauts and Moon Base", "publisher": "Lunar Outpost", "source_class": "company_primary", "published": "2026-05-26", "accessed": "2026-09-25", "quote": "today announced that NASA has selected the company as one of two providers for a High Achievability Mission task order under its Lunar Terrain Vehicle Services (LTVS) contract.", "quote_confirmed_raw": true, "supports": [ "summary" ], "language": "en", "translation": "none" } ], "confidence": "high", "missing_evidence": [], "history": [], "last_checked": "2026-09-26", "review_state": "verified", "review": { "author_model": "claude-opus-5-5", "reviewer_model": "gpt-6-astra", "reviewer_run": "research/review/astra-events-20260926.json", "date": "2026-09-26", "sources_reopened": [ 0, 1 ], "edits_applied": 1, "base_record_sha256": "ede22ba1afbe9cbd88984a92d4273b735a1bda11892ae771c7d5e53f6f897f4d" } }, { "status": "recorded", "status_basis": "Recorded from the dated sources cited; company announcements are claims, not confirmations.", "last_checked": "2026-09-26", "review_state": "verified", "history": [], "missing_evidence": [ "Air Force Academy confirmation of the CRADA.", "US Air Force Academy has no entity record; counterparty named in summary only." ], "related_ids": [], "resources": [], "investor_names": [], "confidence": "high", "stable_id": "evt-transastra-agreement-20260514", "name": "TransAstra CRADA with the US Air Force Academy", "event_type": "agreement", "summary": "TransAstra announced a two-year Cooperative Research and Development Agreement with the US Air Force Academy to advance technologies for finding, capturing, and processing asteroids.", "date": { "value": "2026-05-14", "precision": "day" }, "subject_ids": [ "org-transastra" ], "basis": "announced", "sources": [ { "url": "https://www.newswire.com/news/transastra-and-u-s-air-force-academy-sign-agreement-to-advance-asteroid-mining", "title": "TransAstra and U.S. Air Force Academy Sign Agreement to Advance Asteroid Mining for Dynamic Space Operations", "publisher": "Trans Astronautica Corporation (via Newswire)", "source_class": "company_primary", "published": "2026-05-14", "accessed": "2026-09-25", "quote": "announced the execution of a Cooperative Research and Development Agreement (CRADA) with the United States Air Force Academy Dean of Faculty (USAFA/DF)", "quote_confirmed_raw": true, "supports": [ "summary" ], "language": "en", "translation": "none" } ], "review": { "author_model": "claude-opus-5-5", "reviewer_model": "gpt-5.6-sol", "reviewer_run": "research/review/sol-events-and-held-20260926.json", "date": "2026-09-26", "sources_reopened": [ 0 ], "edits_applied": 1, "base_record_sha256": "9a19fa0c1e75c0089c06461e830a6ed12af452959d47804884d588b900f59c7a" } }, { "status": "recorded", "stable_id": "evt-ispace-contract-20260513", "name": "ispace - University of Leicester payload service agreement for a lunar Raman spectrometer", "summary": "ispace announced a payload service agreement to carry a University of Leicester Raman spectrometer, intended to determine lunar surface molecular composition and identify resources, on a future ULTRA lander mission not yet assigned.", "event_type": "contract", "date": { "value": "2026-05-13", "precision": "day" }, "subject_ids": [ "org-ispace" ], "related_ids": [], "amount": null, "currency": null, "basis": "announced", "round_label": null, "investor_names": [], "resources": [ { "resource": "other", "evidence_level": "claimed" } ], "status_basis": "ispace release 2026-05-13.", "sources": [ { "url": "https://www.ispace-inc.com/2026/05/13/ispace-and-university-of-leicester-sign-payload-service-agreement-for-lunar-raman-spectrometer-mission/", "title": "ispace and University of Leicester Sign Payload Service Agreement for Lunar Raman Spectrometer Mission", "publisher": "ispace, inc.", "source_class": "company_primary", "published": "2026-05-13", "accessed": "2026-09-25", "quote": "The instrument will analyse the lunar surface to determine its molecular composition and identify resources that could support future human exploration missions.", "quote_confirmed_raw": true, "supports": [ "summary", "resources" ], "language": "en", "translation": "official" }, { "url": "https://www.ispace-inc.com/2026/05/13/ispace-and-university-of-leicester-sign-payload-service-agreement-for-lunar-raman-spectrometer-mission/", "title": "ispace and University of Leicester Sign Payload Service Agreement for Lunar Raman Spectrometer Mission", "publisher": "ispace, inc.", "source_class": "company_primary", "published": "2026-05-13", "accessed": "2026-09-25", "quote": "The specific mission assignment has not yet been determined.", "quote_confirmed_raw": true, "supports": [ "summary" ], "language": "en", "translation": "official" } ], "confidence": "high", "missing_evidence": [ "University of Leicester is not recorded as an organization here, so no counterparty is linked." ], "history": [], "last_checked": "2026-09-25", "review_state": "verified", "review": { "author_model": "claude-opus-5-5", "reviewer_model": "claude-sonnet-5", "reviewer_run": "research/review/legal-and-authorizations.json", "date": "2026-09-26", "sources_reopened": true, "edits_applied": 0 } }, { "stable_id": "evt-lunar-outpost-funding-round-20260507", "name": "Lunar Outpost $30 million Series B", "summary": "Lunar Outpost announced a $30 million Series B led by Industrious Ventures.", "event_type": "funding_round", "date": { "value": "2026-05-07", "precision": "day" }, "subject_ids": [ "org-lunar-outpost" ], "related_ids": [], "amount": 30000000, "currency": "USD", "basis": "announced", "round_label": "Series B", "investor_names": [ "Industrious Ventures", "Type One Ventures", "Eniac Ventures", "Promus Ventures", "Reliable Equity" ], "resources": [], "status": "recorded", "status_basis": "Company release dated 2026-05-07.", "sources": [ { "url": "https://www.lunaroutpost.com/post/lunar-outpost-secures-30m-series-b-to-build-the-industrial-foundation-of-the-space-frontier-and-eco", "title": "Lunar Outpost Secures $30M Series B to Build the Industrial Foundation of the Space Frontier and Economy", "publisher": "Lunar Outpost", "source_class": "company_primary", "published": "2026-05-07", "accessed": "2026-09-25", "quote": "today announced a $30M Series B led by Industrious Ventures, with participation from Type One Ventures , Eniac Ventures , Promus Ventures , Reliable Equity, and others.", "quote_confirmed_raw": true, "supports": [ "amount", "investor_names", "round_label", "date" ], "language": "en", "translation": "none" } ], "confidence": "high", "missing_evidence": [], "history": [], "last_checked": "2026-09-26", "review_state": "verified", "review": { "author_model": "claude-opus-5-5", "reviewer_model": "gpt-5.6-sol", "reviewer_run": "research/review/sol-events-and-held-20260926.json", "date": "2026-09-26", "sources_reopened": [ 0 ], "edits_applied": 0, "base_record_sha256": "6e5a2ec774533c5aa450c2f109c3b5a7c6c16501dc1966129de43c298be36bf0" } }, { "status": "recorded", "stable_id": "evt-ispace-schedule-change-20260327", "name": "ispace ULTRA lander integration and mission renumbering", "summary": "ispace announced it would merge the APEX 1.0 and Series 3 designs into the ULTRA lander with a new engine, renumbering its missions: Mission 3 (formerly 4) planned for 2028, Mission 4 (formerly 6) for 2029, and the ispace-U.S. CP-12 mission becoming Mission 5 with a proposed 2030 launch pending NASA approval.", "event_type": "schedule_change", "date": { "value": "2026-03-27", "precision": "day" }, "subject_ids": [ "org-ispace", "org-ispace-us" ], "related_ids": [ "msn-ispace-m4" ], "amount": null, "currency": null, "basis": "announced", "round_label": null, "investor_names": [], "resources": [], "status_basis": "ispace releases 2026-03-27 and 2026-03-30.", "sources": [ { "url": "https://www.ispace-inc.com/2026/03/27/ispace-announces-new-ultra-lunar-lander-integrating-japanese-and-u-s-lander-models/", "title": "ispace Announces New \"ULTRA\" Lunar Lander Integrating Japanese and U.S. Lander Models", "publisher": "ispace, inc.", "source_class": "company_primary", "published": "2026-03-27", "accessed": "2026-09-25", "quote": "The ULTRA lunar lander, which will include a new engine-a change from the previous vendor-will be used in each of ispace's next missions, resulting in a mission shift and schedule update for ispace-U.S.'s first mission, now expected in 2030.", "quote_confirmed_raw": true, "supports": [ "summary" ], "language": "en", "translation": "official" }, { "url": "https://www.ispace-inc.com/2026/03/30/statement-regarding-certain-reports-in-domestic-media/", "title": "Statement Regarding Certain Reports in Domestic Media", "publisher": "ispace, inc.", "source_class": "company_primary", "published": "2026-03-30", "accessed": "2026-09-25", "quote": "Mission 4: Lunar Lander launch, 2029 (formerly Mission 6)", "quote_confirmed_raw": true, "supports": [ "summary" ], "language": "en", "translation": "official" }, { "url": "https://www.ispace-inc.com/2026/03/30/statement-regarding-certain-reports-in-domestic-media/", "title": "Statement Regarding Certain Reports in Domestic Media", "publisher": "ispace, inc.", "source_class": "company_primary", "published": "2026-03-30", "accessed": "2026-09-25", "quote": "Mission 3: Lunar Lander launch, 2028 (formerly Mission 4) This mission is currently under development by ispace Japan funded through a Small Business Innovation Research (SBIR) grant", "quote_confirmed_raw": true, "supports": [ "summary" ], "language": "en", "translation": "official" } ], "confidence": "high", "missing_evidence": [], "history": [], "last_checked": "2026-09-26", "review_state": "verified", "review": { "author_model": "claude-opus-5-5", "reviewer_model": "gpt-6-astra", "reviewer_run": "research/review/astra-events-20260926.json", "date": "2026-09-26", "sources_reopened": [ 0, 1, 2 ], "edits_applied": 1, "base_record_sha256": "a750e107b230974b34f7ef163854900b3d2db106836e3d48a39a6414ce27278f" } }, { "stable_id": "evt-intuitive-machines-government-award-20260327", "name": "NASA CLPS award to Intuitive Machines for a 2030 south-pole delivery ($180.4 million)", "summary": "NASA awarded Intuitive Machines $180.4 million to deliver seven payloads to the south polar region, targeted for 2030, including volatile- and ice-measuring instruments.", "event_type": "government_award", "date": { "value": "2026-03-27", "precision": "day" }, "subject_ids": [ "org-intuitive-machines" ], "related_ids": [ "msn-intuitive-machines-clps-south-pole-2030" ], "counterparty_id": "org-nasa", "amount": 180400000, "currency": "USD", "basis": "official_award", "round_label": null, "investor_names": [], "resources": [ { "resource": "volatiles", "evidence_level": "targeted" }, { "resource": "water_ice", "evidence_level": "targeted" } ], "status": "recorded", "status_basis": "NASA article dated 2026-03-27.", "sources": [ { "url": "https://www.nasa.gov/missions/artemis/clps/nasa-selects-intuitive-machines-to-deliver-artemis-science-tech-to-moon/", "title": "NASA Selects Intuitive Machines to Deliver Artemis Science, Tech to Moon", "publisher": "NASA", "source_class": "government_primary", "published": "2026-03-27", "accessed": "2026-09-25", "quote": "NASA has awarded Intuitive Machines of Houston, $180.4 million to deliver NASA-funded science and technology to the lunar surface", "quote_confirmed_raw": true, "supports": [ "amount", "date" ], "language": "en", "translation": "none" }, { "url": "https://www.nasa.gov/missions/artemis/clps/nasa-selects-intuitive-machines-to-deliver-artemis-science-tech-to-moon/", "title": "NASA Selects Intuitive Machines to Deliver Artemis Science, Tech to Moon", "publisher": "NASA", "source_class": "government_primary", "published": "2026-03-27", "accessed": "2026-09-25", "quote": "MSolo measures low molecular weight volatiles, which can be used as resources on the lunar surface.", "quote_confirmed_raw": true, "supports": [ "resources" ], "language": "en", "translation": "none" } ], "confidence": "high", "missing_evidence": [], "history": [], "last_checked": "2026-09-26", "review_state": "verified", "review": { "author_model": "claude-opus-5-5", "reviewer_model": "gpt-5.6-sol", "reviewer_run": "research/review/sol-events-and-held-20260926.json", "date": "2026-09-26", "sources_reopened": [ 0, 1 ], "edits_applied": 0, "base_record_sha256": "6b1b297ee14710aaa5953f1ff8c1e1cb49d995c66b7697afd1d65e2ade311bb1" } }, { "stable_id": "evt-interlune-agreement-20260303", "name": "Interlune-Astrolab excavation integration study", "summary": "Interlune and Astrolab announced a completed concept study to integrate Interlune excavation hardware on Astrolab's FLEX rover, with hardware testing planned in Houston.", "event_type": "agreement", "date": { "value": "2026-03-03", "precision": "day" }, "subject_ids": [ "org-interlune" ], "related_ids": [ "org-astrolab" ], "amount": null, "currency": null, "basis": "announced", "round_label": null, "investor_names": [], "resources": [ { "resource": "regolith", "evidence_level": "claimed" } ], "status": "recorded", "status_basis": "Joint company announcement.", "sources": [ { "url": "https://www.interlune.space/press-release/interlune-and-astrolab-collaborate-on-technology-for-harvesting-resources-and-building-infrastructure-on-the-moon", "title": "Interlune and Astrolab Collaborate on Technology for Harvesting Resources and Building Infrastructure on the Moon", "publisher": "Interlune", "source_class": "company_primary", "published": "2026-03-03", "accessed": "2026-09-25", "quote": "today announced they are working together to integrate Interlune excavation technology onto the Astrolab Flexible Logistics and Exploration Vehicle (FLEX), and are planning hardware testing in Houston", "quote_confirmed_raw": true, "supports": [ "summary" ], "language": "en", "translation": "none" } ], "confidence": "high", "missing_evidence": [], "last_checked": "2026-09-26", "review_state": "verified", "history": [], "review": { "author_model": "claude-opus-5-5", "reviewer_model": "gpt-6-astra", "reviewer_run": "research/review/astra-events-20260926.json", "date": "2026-09-26", "sources_reopened": [ 0 ], "edits_applied": 0, "base_record_sha256": "7a32d1d960d15799eaa1e7c094a8ad3b4c194517167f21c30c6893f081df14af" } }, { "stable_id": "evt-interlune-government-award-20260224", "name": "NASA SBIR Phase III contract to Interlune for Prospect Moon", "summary": "NASA awarded Interlune SBIR Phase III contract 80NSSC26C0002 ($6,893,204, signed 2026-02-24) for 'Prospect Moon', a lunar resource technology demonstration and prospecting payload; NASA announced the award in May 2026.", "event_type": "government_award", "date": { "value": "2026-02-24", "precision": "day" }, "subject_ids": [ "org-interlune" ], "related_ids": [ "msn-interlune-prospect-moon" ], "counterparty_id": "org-nasa", "amount": 6893204, "currency": "USD", "basis": "official_award", "round_label": null, "investor_names": [], "resources": [ { "resource": "helium_3", "evidence_level": "targeted" }, { "resource": "volatiles", "evidence_level": "targeted" } ], "status": "recorded", "status_basis": "Federal award record (USAspending) and NASA article.", "sources": [ { "url": "https://api.usaspending.gov/api/v2/awards/CONT_AWD_80NSSC26C0002_8000_-NONE-_-NONE-/", "title": "USAspending.gov award record 80NSSC26C0002 (API)", "publisher": "U.S. Department of the Treasury, USAspending.gov", "source_class": "government_primary", "published": "2026-02-24", "accessed": "2026-09-26", "quote": "\"total_obligation\":6893204.0,\"subaward_count\":0,\"total_subaward_amount\":null,\"date_signed\":\"2026-02-24\"", "quote_confirmed_raw": true, "supports": [ "amount", "date" ], "language": "en", "translation": "none" }, { "url": "https://www.nasa.gov/technology/nasa-fosters-development-of-lunar-resource-seeking-technologies/", "title": "NASA Fosters Development of Lunar Resource-Seeking Technologies", "publisher": "NASA", "source_class": "government_primary", "published": "2026-05-04", "accessed": "2026-09-25", "quote": "To advance ISRU technologies, NASA has awarded a firm-fixed-price contract of $6.9 million over the next year and a half to Interlune of Seattle", "quote_confirmed_raw": true, "supports": [ "summary" ], "language": "en", "translation": "none" } ], "confidence": "high", "missing_evidence": [], "last_checked": "2026-09-26", "review_state": "verified", "history": [], "review": { "author_model": "claude-opus-5-5", "reviewer_model": "gpt-6-astra", "reviewer_run": "research/review/astra-events-20260926.json", "date": "2026-09-26", "sources_reopened": [ 0, 1 ], "edits_applied": 2, "base_record_sha256": "55058366dae484b83f594373629d7cbed1835b8a8e13c0e1e8f1d03e048419d8" } }, { "stable_id": "evt-interlune-government-award-20260127", "name": "NASA STTR Phase I contract to Interlune (lunar trenching)", "summary": "NASA awarded Interlune STTR Phase I contract 80NSSC26C0029 ($150,000, signed 2026-01-27) for a scalable lunar trenching implement, with the Colorado School of Mines; Interlune announced it on 2026-02-04.", "event_type": "government_award", "date": { "value": "2026-01-27", "precision": "day" }, "subject_ids": [ "org-interlune" ], "related_ids": [], "counterparty_id": "org-nasa", "amount": 150000, "currency": "USD", "basis": "official_award", "round_label": null, "investor_names": [], "resources": [ { "resource": "regolith", "evidence_level": "claimed" } ], "status": "recorded", "status_basis": "Federal award record (USAspending).", "sources": [ { "url": "https://api.usaspending.gov/api/v2/awards/CONT_AWD_80NSSC26C0029_8000_-NONE-_-NONE-/", "title": "USAspending.gov award record 80NSSC26C0029 (API)", "publisher": "U.S. Department of the Treasury, USAspending.gov", "source_class": "government_primary", "published": "2026-01-27", "accessed": "2026-09-25", "quote": "STTR PHASE I SCALABLE IMPLEMENT FOR LUNAR TRENCHING", "quote_confirmed_raw": true, "supports": [ "amount", "date" ], "language": "en", "translation": "none" }, { "url": "https://www.interlune.space/press-release/interlune-announces-details-of-nasa-sttr-project-to-advance-scalable-multipurpose-lunar-trenching-and-excavation-technology", "title": "Interlune Announces Details of NASA STTR Project", "publisher": "Interlune", "source_class": "company_primary", "published": "2026-02-04", "accessed": "2026-09-25", "quote": "The $150,000 contract will focus on developing analytical models, engineering standards, and testing hardware to inform the future design of Interlune's multipurpose lunar trenching and excavation technology.", "quote_confirmed_raw": true, "supports": [ "summary" ], "language": "en", "translation": "none" } ], "confidence": "high", "missing_evidence": [ "USAspending also lists an earlier record with the same title (80NSSC25C0229, $0, 2025-09-29); relationship not explained" ], "last_checked": "2026-09-26", "review_state": "verified", "history": [], "review": { "author_model": "claude-opus-5-5", "reviewer_model": "gpt-5.6-sol", "reviewer_run": "research/review/sol-events-and-held-20260926.json", "date": "2026-09-26", "sources_reopened": [ 0, 1 ], "edits_applied": 0, "base_record_sha256": "94d5c9f48d92f878cdb2d223e03dfb1f1fabc7493780dece83906dee4b0bd6ea" } }, { "status": "recorded", "stable_id": "evt-ispace-other-20251207", "name": "ispace announces planned conclusion of the HAKUTO-R program", "summary": "On 2025-12-05, ispace announced that its HAKUTO-R program, begun in September 2018 and covering Missions 1 and 2, was expected to conclude on 2025-12-07 upon expiration of contracts with all 22 partner companies.", "event_type": "other", "date": { "value": "2025-12-05", "precision": "day" }, "subject_ids": [ "org-ispace" ], "related_ids": [ "msn-ispace-hakuto-r-m1", "msn-ispace-m2-resilience" ], "amount": null, "currency": null, "basis": "announced", "round_label": null, "investor_names": [], "resources": [], "status_basis": "ispace release 2025-12-05.", "sources": [ { "url": "https://www.ispace-inc.com/2025/12/05/ispace-announces-conclusion-of-pioneering-hakuto-r-lunar-exploration-program/", "title": "ispace Announces Conclusion of Pioneering HAKUTO-R Lunar Exploration Program", "publisher": "ispace, inc.", "source_class": "company_primary", "published": "2025-12-05", "accessed": "2026-09-25", "quote": "the HAKUTO-R lunar exploration program launched in September 2018, will conclude upon the expiration of contracts with all 22 partner companies on Sunday, Dec. 7, 2025.", "quote_confirmed_raw": true, "supports": [ "date", "summary" ], "language": "en", "translation": "official" } ], "confidence": "high", "missing_evidence": [], "history": [], "last_checked": "2026-09-26", "review_state": "verified", "review": { "author_model": "claude-opus-5-5", "reviewer_model": "gpt-6-astra", "reviewer_run": "research/review/astra-events-20260926.json", "date": "2026-09-26", "sources_reopened": [ 0 ], "edits_applied": 3, "base_record_sha256": "5465d443043b8a74b8e3cbc7101e37bb1a46c8d98d2fcb1471f902e86415d16b" } }, { "status": "recorded", "stable_id": "evt-ispace-agreement-20251204", "name": "ispace - Kurita Water Industries strategic partnership on lunar water resources", "summary": "ispace announced a strategic partnership agreement with Kurita Water Industries on business models, payload development and demonstration planning for lunar water resources, following a March 2025 MoU to carry a Kurita water-processing test device on an ispace mission after 2027.", "event_type": "agreement", "date": { "value": "2025-12-04", "precision": "day" }, "subject_ids": [ "org-ispace" ], "related_ids": [], "amount": null, "currency": null, "basis": "announced", "round_label": null, "investor_names": [], "resources": [ { "resource": "water_ice", "evidence_level": "claimed" } ], "status_basis": "ispace releases 2025-03-10 and 2025-12-04.", "sources": [ { "url": "https://www.ispace-inc.com/2025/12/04/ispace-and-kurita-water-industries-agree-on-strategic-partnership-for-lunar-water-resource-development/", "title": "ispace and Kurita Water Industries Agree on Strategic Partnership for Lunar Water Resource Development", "publisher": "ispace, inc.", "source_class": "company_primary", "published": "2025-12-04", "accessed": "2026-09-25", "quote": "have signed a strategic partnership agreement to create business opportunities focused on water resources and building supply infrastructure on the lunar surface in the future.", "quote_confirmed_raw": true, "supports": [ "date", "resources" ], "language": "en", "translation": "official" }, { "url": "https://www.ispace-inc.com/2025/03/10/ispace-and-kurita-water-industries-sign-agreement-to-transport-water-purification-demonstration-system-to-the-moon/", "title": "ispace and Kurita Water Industries Sign Agreement to Transport Water Purification Demonstration System to the Moon", "publisher": "ispace, inc.", "source_class": "company_primary", "published": "2025-03-10", "accessed": "2026-09-25", "quote": "This agreement memorializes cooperation to transport a water processing system to the lunar surface to conduct demonstration tests on an ispace lunar mission after 2027.", "quote_confirmed_raw": true, "supports": [ "summary" ], "language": "en", "translation": "official" } ], "confidence": "high", "missing_evidence": [ "Kurita Water Industries is not recorded as an organization here, so no counterparty is linked." ], "history": [], "last_checked": "2026-09-26", "review_state": "verified", "review": { "author_model": "claude-opus-5-5", "reviewer_model": "gpt-5.6-sol", "reviewer_run": "research/review/sol-events-and-held-20260926.json", "date": "2026-09-26", "sources_reopened": [ 0, 1 ], "edits_applied": 0, "base_record_sha256": "271c3e8e97969ff791f74ce5e03cb54e5c67e96d7d4fb61444c8f7ba7e09ce32" } }, { "status": "recorded", "stable_id": "evt-ispace-funding-round-20251006", "name": "ispace public offering and third-party allotments (18.2 billion yen)", "summary": "ispace resolved on 2025-10-06 to issue new shares through a public offering and third-party allotments, including about 2 billion yen from Kurita Water Industries and about 3 billion yen from Takasago Thermal Engineering; ispace later reported the October-November 2025 capital increase as 18.2 billion yen.", "event_type": "funding_round", "date": { "value": "2025-10-06", "precision": "day" }, "subject_ids": [ "org-ispace" ], "related_ids": [], "amount": 18200000000, "currency": "JPY", "basis": "announced", "round_label": "Public offering and third-party allotment (TSE-listed company)", "investor_names": [ "Kurita Water Industries Ltd.", "Takasago Thermal Engineering Co., Ltd." ], "resources": [], "status_basis": "ispace releases 2025-10-06 and FY2026 results 2026-05-15.", "sources": [ { "url": "https://www.ispace-inc.com/2025/10/06/ispace-announces-third-party-allotment-of-new-shares-to-kurita-water-industries/", "title": "ispace Announces Third-Party Allotment of New Shares to Kurita Water Industries", "publisher": "ispace, inc.", "source_class": "company_primary", "published": "2025-10-06", "accessed": "2026-09-25", "quote": "The investment amount from Kurita Water Industries will be approximately ¥2 billion.", "quote_confirmed_raw": true, "supports": [ "investor_names", "amount" ], "language": "en", "translation": "official" }, { "url": "https://www.ispace-inc.com/2025/10/06/ispace-announces-third-party-allotment-of-new-shares-to-takasago-thermal-engineering/", "title": "ispace Announces Third-Party Allotment of New Shares to Takasago Thermal Engineering", "publisher": "ispace, inc.", "source_class": "company_primary", "published": "2025-10-06", "accessed": "2026-09-25", "quote": "The investment amount from Takasago Thermal Engineering will be approximately ¥3 billion.", "quote_confirmed_raw": true, "supports": [ "investor_names", "amount" ], "language": "en", "translation": "official" }, { "url": "https://www.ispace-inc.com/2026/05/15/ispace-reports-full-year-financial-results-for-the-fiscal-year-ending-march-2026-2/", "title": "ispace Reports Full Year Financial Results for the Fiscal Year Ending March 2026", "publisher": "ispace, inc.", "source_class": "company_primary", "published": "2026-05-15", "accessed": "2026-09-25", "quote": "Net Assets: 15,173 million yen Increased compared to the end of the previous fiscal year due to a capital increase (18.2 billion yen) carried out in October-November 2025.", "quote_confirmed_raw": true, "supports": [ "amount" ], "language": "en", "translation": "official" } ], "confidence": "high", "missing_evidence": [ "TSE timely disclosure 'Notice Regarding the Issuance of New Shares through a Public Offering and Third-Party Allotment' not retrieved; public-offering tranche amount not separated." ], "history": [], "last_checked": "2026-09-26", "review_state": "verified", "review": { "author_model": "claude-opus-5-5", "reviewer_model": "gpt-5.6-sol", "reviewer_run": "research/review/sol-events-and-held-20260926.json", "date": "2026-09-26", "sources_reopened": [ 0, 1, 2 ], "edits_applied": 0, "base_record_sha256": "c30699608babb223d7eaf2cd6460681b75e6269e07b1701060e3f3558ddea553" } }, { "status": "recorded", "stable_id": "evt-ispace-europe-contract-20251006", "name": "ispace-EUROPE - Magna Petra payload service agreement for NASA MSOLO (USD 22 million)", "summary": "ispace-EUROPE announced a USD 22 million payload service agreement with Magna Petra to integrate NASA's MSOLO mass spectrometer on an ispace-EUROPE micro-rover for Magna Petra's HALO helium-3 reconnaissance mission; the release placed the rover on ispace-U.S.'s APEX 1.0 lander (then 'Mission 3').", "event_type": "contract", "date": { "value": "2025-10-06", "precision": "day" }, "subject_ids": [ "org-ispace-europe", "org-magna-petra" ], "related_ids": [ "msn-magna-petra-halo", "org-ispace", "org-ispace-us", "org-nasa" ], "amount": 22000000, "currency": "USD", "basis": "announced", "round_label": null, "investor_names": [], "resources": [ { "resource": "helium_3", "evidence_level": "targeted" }, { "resource": "volatiles", "evidence_level": "targeted" } ], "status_basis": "ispace-EUROPE release 2025-10-06.", "sources": [ { "url": "https://www.ispace-inc.com/2025/10/06/ispace-and-magna-petra-corp-sign-payload-service-agreement-to-deliver-nasas-msolo-instrument-to-the-moon/", "title": "ispace and Magna Petra Corp. sign Payload Service Agreement to deliver NASA's MSOLO instrument to the Moon", "publisher": "ispace EUROPE S.A.", "source_class": "company_primary", "published": "2025-10-06", "accessed": "2026-09-25", "quote": "ispace-EUROPE and Magna Petra Corp. sign total amount of $22 million USD Payload Service Agreement (PSA) to carry NASA's MSOLO instrument to the lunar surface on the Mission 3 rover.", "quote_confirmed_raw": true, "supports": [ "amount", "date" ], "language": "en", "translation": "none" }, { "url": "https://www.ispace-inc.com/2025/10/06/ispace-and-magna-petra-corp-sign-payload-service-agreement-to-deliver-nasas-msolo-instrument-to-the-moon/", "title": "ispace and Magna Petra Corp. sign Payload Service Agreement to deliver NASA's MSOLO instrument to the Moon", "publisher": "ispace EUROPE S.A.", "source_class": "company_primary", "published": "2025-10-06", "accessed": "2026-09-25", "quote": "ispace-EUROPE will integrate a NASA-developed Mass Spectrometer Observing Lunar Operations (MSOLO) instrument into its upcoming Mission 3 lunar micro-rover platform as part of Magna Petra's Helium Availability of Lunar Origin (HALO) reconnaissance mission.", "quote_confirmed_raw": true, "supports": [ "resources" ], "language": "en", "translation": "none" }, { "url": "https://www.ispace-inc.com/2025/10/06/ispace-and-magna-petra-corp-sign-payload-service-agreement-to-deliver-nasas-msolo-instrument-to-the-moon/", "title": "ispace and Magna Petra Corp. sign Payload Service Agreement to deliver NASA's MSOLO instrument to the Moon", "publisher": "ispace EUROPE S.A.", "source_class": "company_primary", "published": "2025-10-06", "accessed": "2026-09-25", "quote": "The Mission 3 rover will fly on ispace technologies U.S.' (ispace-U.S.) APEX 1.0. lunar lander", "quote_confirmed_raw": true, "supports": [ "related_ids" ], "language": "en", "translation": "none" }, { "url": "https://d2xlcgjnpyakn4.cloudfront.net/wp-content/uploads/2026/06/Transcript-of-Financial-Results-Briefing-for-Q2-of-Fiscal-Year-Ending-March-2026.pdf", "title": "Transcript of Financial Results Briefing for Q2 of Fiscal Year Ending March 2026", "publisher": "ispace, inc.", "source_class": "company_primary", "published": "2025-11-17", "accessed": "2026-09-25", "quote": "This brings the total contract value for Mission 3 to $86 million USD, up from $64 million USD.", "quote_confirmed_raw": true, "supports": [ "summary" ], "language": "en", "translation": "none" }, { "url": "https://magnapetra.com/magna-petra-corp-and-ispace-europe-sign-22m-payload-service-agreement-to-deliver-nasas-msolo-instrument-to-the-lunar-surface/", "title": "Magna Petra Corp. and ispace-EUROPE Sign $22M Payload Service Agreement to Deliver NASA's MSOLO Instrument to the Lunar Surface", "publisher": "Magna Petra Corp.", "source_class": "company_primary", "published": "2025-10", "accessed": "2026-09-25", "quote": "today announced the execution of a $22 million Payload Service Agreement (PSA) with ispace-EUROPE S.A.", "quote_confirmed_raw": true, "supports": [ "amount" ], "language": "en", "translation": "none" } ], "confidence": "high", "missing_evidence": [ "Which ispace mission now carries the MSOLO rover after the March 2026 renumbering and the July 2026 CP-12 termination is not stated.", "TSE timely-disclosure PDF not retrieved; payment terms and the effect of the March 2026 mission re-plan on this contract not disclosed." ], "history": [], "last_checked": "2026-09-25", "review_state": "verified", "review": { "author_model": "claude-opus-5-5", "reviewer_model": "claude-sonnet-5", "reviewer_run": "research/review/legal-and-authorizations.json", "date": "2026-09-26", "sources_reopened": true, "edits_applied": 0 } }, { "status": "recorded", "stable_id": "evt-ispace-agreement-20250925", "name": "ispace - ElevationSpace MoU on a private lunar sample return mission", "summary": "ispace announced an MoU with ElevationSpace to pursue a private mission returning a lunar sample to Earth, combining a planned ispace orbital transfer vehicle with ElevationSpace's re-entry capsule; no mission date was given.", "event_type": "agreement", "date": { "value": "2025-09-25", "precision": "day" }, "subject_ids": [ "org-ispace" ], "related_ids": [], "amount": null, "currency": null, "basis": "announced", "round_label": null, "investor_names": [], "resources": [ { "resource": "regolith", "evidence_level": "claimed" } ], "status_basis": "ispace release 2025-09-25.", "sources": [ { "url": "https://www.ispace-inc.com/2025/09/25/ispace-and-elevationspace-sign-agreement-to-undertake-japans-first-private-lunar-sample-return-mission/", "title": "ispace and ElevationSpace Sign Agreement to Undertake Japan's First Private Lunar Sample Return Mission", "publisher": "ispace, inc.", "source_class": "company_primary", "published": "2025-09-25", "accessed": "2026-09-25", "quote": "have signed a memorandum of understanding to pursue a private mission that will return a lunar sample to Earth.", "quote_confirmed_raw": true, "supports": [ "date", "resources" ], "language": "en", "translation": "official" } ], "confidence": "high", "missing_evidence": [ "ElevationSpace is not recorded as an organization here, so no counterparty is linked." ], "history": [], "last_checked": "2026-09-26", "review_state": "verified", "review": { "author_model": "claude-opus-5-5", "reviewer_model": "gpt-6-astra", "reviewer_run": "research/review/astra-events-20260926.json", "date": "2026-09-26", "sources_reopened": [ 0 ], "edits_applied": 0, "base_record_sha256": "e228eced2962a3e4315776e63503c698c1c39cecf16a80af40f99993ec75df00" } }, { "status": "recorded", "status_basis": "Recorded from the dated sources cited; company announcements are claims, not confirmations.", "last_checked": "2026-09-25", "review_state": "verified", "history": [], "missing_evidence": [ "NASA-side record of the award (company announcement only)." ], "related_ids": [], "resources": [], "investor_names": [], "confidence": "high", "stable_id": "evt-transastra-contract-20250923", "name": "NASA CCRPP contract to scale TransAstra Capture Bag to 10 meters", "event_type": "contract", "summary": "TransAstra announced a $2.5 million NASA Civil Commercial Research and Products Program contract, matched by $2.5 million in private investment, to scale its Capture Bag from 1 to 10 meters; the company says the 10-meter bag could enclose small asteroids for mining.", "date": { "value": "2025-09-23", "precision": "day" }, "subject_ids": [ "org-transastra" ], "counterparty_id": "org-nasa", "amount": 2500000, "currency": "USD", "basis": "announced", "sources": [ { "url": "https://www.newswire.com/news/transastra-secures-5m-to-scale-asteroid-capture-technology-with-nasa-22644719", "title": "TransAstra Secures $5M to Scale Asteroid Capture Technology With NASA and Private Investment", "publisher": "Trans Astronautica Corporation (via Newswire)", "source_class": "company_primary", "published": "2025-09-23", "accessed": "2026-09-25", "quote": "has been awarded a $2.5 million contract by NASA's Civil Commercial Research and Products Program (CCRPP) to scale its inflatable Capture Bag system from 1 to 10 meters in diameter", "quote_confirmed_raw": true, "supports": [ "amount", "counterparty_id" ], "language": "en", "translation": "none" }, { "url": "https://www.newswire.com/news/transastra-secures-5m-to-scale-asteroid-capture-technology-with-nasa-22644719", "title": "TransAstra Secures $5M to Scale Asteroid Capture Technology With NASA and Private Investment", "publisher": "Trans Astronautica Corporation (via Newswire)", "source_class": "company_primary", "published": "2025-09-23", "accessed": "2026-09-25", "quote": "This CCRPP award is matched by $2.5 million in private investment", "quote_confirmed_raw": true, "supports": [ "summary" ], "language": "en", "translation": "none" } ], "review": { "author_model": "claude-opus-5-5", "reviewer_model": "claude-sonnet-5", "reviewer_run": "research/review/legal-and-authorizations.json", "date": "2026-09-26", "sources_reopened": true, "edits_applied": 0 } }, { "stable_id": "evt-blue-origin-contract-20250919", "name": "NASA CLPS task order to Blue Origin for VIPER delivery", "summary": "NASA awarded Blue Origin a CLPS task order, with an option, to deliver the VIPER water-ice prospecting rover to the lunar South Pole in late 2027 on a second Blue Moon MK1 lander. NASA gives a total potential value of $190 million.", "event_type": "contract", "date": { "value": "2025-09-19", "precision": "day" }, "subject_ids": [ "org-blue-origin" ], "related_ids": [ "msn-blue-origin-blue-moon-mk1-viper", "msn-nasa-viper" ], "counterparty_id": "org-nasa", "amount": 190000000, "currency": "USD", "basis": "official_award", "round_label": null, "investor_names": [], "resources": [ { "resource": "water_ice", "evidence_level": "targeted" }, { "resource": "volatiles", "evidence_level": "targeted" } ], "status": "recorded", "status_basis": "NASA release.", "sources": [ { "url": "https://www.nasa.gov/news-release/nasa-selects-blue-origin-to-deliver-viper-rover-to-moons-south-pole/", "title": "NASA Selects Blue Origin to Deliver VIPER Rover to Moon's South Pole (Release 25-064)", "publisher": "NASA", "source_class": "government_primary", "published": "2025-09-19", "accessed": "2026-09-25", "quote": "The CLPS task order has a total potential value of $190 million.", "quote_confirmed_raw": true, "supports": [ "amount" ], "language": "en", "translation": "none" }, { "url": "https://www.nasa.gov/news-release/nasa-selects-blue-origin-to-deliver-viper-rover-to-moons-south-pole/", "title": "NASA Selects Blue Origin to Deliver VIPER Rover to Moon's South Pole (Release 25-064)", "publisher": "NASA", "source_class": "government_primary", "published": "2025-09-19", "accessed": "2026-09-25", "quote": "NASA has awarded Blue Origin of Kent, Washington, a CLPS (Commercial Lunar Payload Services) task order with an option to deliver a rover to the Moon's South Pole region.", "quote_confirmed_raw": true, "supports": [ "summary", "counterparty_id" ], "language": "en", "translation": "none" } ], "confidence": "high", "missing_evidence": [ "Amount is total potential value including an option; exercise of the delivery option not confirmed" ], "last_checked": "2026-09-25", "review_state": "verified", "history": [], "review": { "author_model": "claude-opus-5-5", "reviewer_model": "claude-sonnet-5", "reviewer_run": "research/review/legal-and-authorizations.json", "date": "2026-09-26", "sources_reopened": true, "edits_applied": 0 } }, { "stable_id": "evt-interlune-contract-20250916", "name": "Bluefors agreement to buy lunar helium-3 from Interlune", "summary": "Interlune and Bluefors announced that Bluefors agreed to buy up to 10,000 liters of helium-3 a year for delivery from 2028 to 2037; both companies published the release. Interlune later described it as a purchase of more than $300 million of helium-3. Nothing has been delivered.", "event_type": "contract", "date": { "value": "2025-09-16", "precision": "day" }, "subject_ids": [ "org-interlune" ], "related_ids": [], "amount": null, "currency": null, "basis": "announced", "round_label": null, "investor_names": [], "resources": [ { "resource": "helium_3", "evidence_level": "claimed" } ], "status": "recorded", "status_basis": "Announced by both parties.", "sources": [ { "url": "https://www.interlune.space/press-release/bluefors-to-source-helium-3-from-the-moon-with-interlune-to-power-next-phase-of-quantum-industry-growth", "title": "Bluefors to source helium-3 from the Moon with Interlune to power next phase of quantum industry growth", "publisher": "Interlune", "source_class": "company_primary", "published": "2025-09-16", "accessed": "2026-09-25", "quote": "has agreed to purchase up to ten thousand liters of helium-3 annually, for delivery from 2028 to 2037", "quote_confirmed_raw": true, "supports": [ "summary", "resources" ], "language": "en", "translation": "none" }, { "url": "https://bluefors.com/press-releases/bluefors-to-source-helium-3-from-the-moon-with-interlune-to-power-next-phase-of-quantum-industry-growth/", "title": "Bluefors to Source Helium-3 from the Moon with Interlune to Power Next Phase of Quantum Industry Growth", "publisher": "Bluefors", "source_class": "company_primary", "published": "2025-09-16", "accessed": "2026-09-25", "quote": "has agreed to purchase up to ten thousand liters of helium-3 annually, for delivery from 2028 to 2037", "quote_confirmed_raw": true, "supports": [ "summary" ], "language": "en", "translation": "none" }, { "url": "https://www.interlune.space/press-release/interlune-receives-u-s-air-force-sbir-direct-to-phase-ii-contract-to-increase-domestic-supply-of-helium-3-for-quantum-r-d-programs", "title": "Interlune Receives U.S. Air Force SBIR Direct-to-Phase II Contract", "publisher": "Interlune", "source_class": "company_primary", "published": "2025-11-19", "accessed": "2026-09-25", "quote": "Last September, Interlune announced an agreement with quantum technology refrigeration company Bluefors for the purchase of more than $300 million of helium-3", "quote_confirmed_raw": true, "supports": [ "summary" ], "language": "en", "translation": "none" } ], "confidence": "high", "missing_evidence": [ "Contract value is a company characterisation ('more than $300 million'), not a disclosed contract figure" ], "last_checked": "2026-09-25", "review_state": "verified", "history": [], "review": { "author_model": "claude-opus-5-5", "reviewer_model": "claude-sonnet-5", "reviewer_run": "research/review/legal-and-authorizations.json", "date": "2026-09-26", "sources_reopened": true, "edits_applied": 0 } }, { "stable_id": "evt-blue-origin-other-20250910", "name": "Blue Alchemist completes critical design review", "summary": "Blue Origin announced that Blue Alchemist completed its critical design review and that the next phase is an autonomous demonstration in a simulated lunar environment in 2026. Company-stated milestone; no independent confirmation.", "event_type": "other", "date": { "value": "2025-09-10", "precision": "day" }, "subject_ids": [ "org-blue-origin" ], "related_ids": [], "amount": null, "currency": null, "basis": "announced", "round_label": null, "investor_names": [], "resources": [ { "resource": "oxygen", "evidence_level": "claimed" }, { "resource": "metals_general", "evidence_level": "claimed" } ], "status": "recorded", "status_basis": "Company announcement.", "sources": [ { "url": "https://web.archive.org/web/20260317054919/https://www.blueorigin.com/news/blue-alchemist-hits-major-milestone-toward-permanent-sustainable-lunar-infrastructure", "title": "Blue Alchemist Hits Major Milestone Toward Permanent and Sustainable Lunar Infrastructure (Wayback Machine copy)", "publisher": "Blue Origin", "source_class": "company_primary", "published": "2025-09-10", "accessed": "2026-09-25", "quote": "The CDR success confirms Blue Alchemist is ready for its next phase: autonomous demonstration in a simulated lunar environment in 2026.", "quote_confirmed_raw": true, "supports": [ "summary" ], "language": "en", "translation": "none" } ], "confidence": "high", "missing_evidence": [], "last_checked": "2026-09-26", "review_state": "verified", "history": [], "review": { "author_model": "claude-opus-5-5", "reviewer_model": "gpt-6-astra", "reviewer_run": "research/review/astra-events-20260926.json", "date": "2026-09-26", "sources_reopened": [ 0 ], "edits_applied": 0, "base_record_sha256": "6758210064773cef2eca903d349ba1f70191479e4791fe6ddb4e85589a609550" } }, { "stable_id": "evt-interlune-grant-20250902", "name": "Texas Space Commission grant to Interlune (regolith simulant center)", "summary": "Interlune announced on 2025-09-02 a grant of up to $4.84 million from the Texas Space Commission to develop lunar regolith simulants at a Houston-area research center. The commission’s own release confirms the award, which reimburses eligible expenditures.", "event_type": "grant", "date": { "value": "2025-09-02", "precision": "day" }, "subject_ids": [ "org-interlune" ], "related_ids": [], "amount": 4840000, "currency": "USD", "basis": "announced", "round_label": null, "investor_names": [], "resources": [], "status": "recorded", "status_basis": "Dated Interlune announcement and a freshly reopened Texas Space Commission award release; amount is a reimbursement ceiling.", "sources": [ { "url": "https://www.interlune.space/press-release/interlune-to-create-texas-based-r-d-facility-with-4-8-million-texas-space-commission-grant", "title": "Interlune to Create Texas-Based R&D Facility with $4.8 Million Texas Space Commission Grant", "publisher": "Interlune", "source_class": "company_primary", "published": "2025-09-02", "accessed": "2026-09-25", "quote": "has been awarded up to $4.84 million in a grant from the Texas Space Commission (TSC) to develop and test highly specialized simulants of Moon dirt, or regolith", "quote_confirmed_raw": true, "supports": [ "amount", "summary" ], "language": "en", "translation": "none" }, { "url": "https://space.texas.gov/news/release/texas-space-commission-awards-grant-to-interlune-corp", "title": "Texas Space Commission Awards Grant to Interlune Corp.", "publisher": "Texas Space Commission", "source_class": "government_primary", "published": null, "accessed": "2026-09-26", "quote": "grant of up to $4.84 million has been awarded to Interlune Corporation", "quote_confirmed_raw": true, "supports": [ "amount", "summary" ], "language": "en", "translation": "none" } ], "confidence": "medium", "missing_evidence": [ "Government release has no visible publication date; September 2 is the dated company announcement, not an independently established award-signature date." ], "last_checked": "2026-09-26", "review_state": "verified", "history": [], "review": { "author_model": "claude-opus-5-5", "reviewer_model": "gpt-6-astra", "reviewer_run": "research/review/astra-events-20260926.json", "date": "2026-09-26", "sources_reopened": [ 0, 1 ], "edits_applied": 4, "base_record_sha256": "4acba2463e2966600b1c193911513831e72fcf4734d476acf21b2f7c859e608f" } }, { "stable_id": "evt-interlune-government-award-20250826", "name": "AFWERX SBIR Direct-to-Phase II contract to Interlune (helium-3 separation)", "summary": "The Department of the Air Force awarded Interlune contract FA864925P0440 ($1,249,990, signed 2025-08-26) to separate helium-3 from domestic helium; Interlune announced it on 2025-11-19. Terrestrial helium, not lunar.", "event_type": "government_award", "date": { "value": "2025-08-26", "precision": "day" }, "subject_ids": [ "org-interlune" ], "related_ids": [], "amount": 1249990, "currency": "USD", "basis": "official_award", "round_label": null, "investor_names": [], "resources": [], "status": "recorded", "status_basis": "Federal award record (USAspending).", "sources": [ { "url": "https://api.usaspending.gov/api/v2/awards/CONT_AWD_FA864925P0440_9700_-NONE-_-NONE-/", "title": "USAspending.gov award record FA864925P0440 (API)", "publisher": "U.S. Department of the Treasury, USAspending.gov", "source_class": "government_primary", "published": "2025-08-26", "accessed": "2026-09-26", "quote": "\"total_obligation\":1249990.0,\"subaward_count\":0,\"total_subaward_amount\":null,\"date_signed\":\"2025-08-26\"", "quote_confirmed_raw": true, "supports": [ "amount", "date" ], "language": "en", "translation": "none" }, { "url": "https://www.interlune.space/press-release/interlune-receives-u-s-air-force-sbir-direct-to-phase-ii-contract-to-increase-domestic-supply-of-helium-3-for-quantum-r-d-programs", "title": "Interlune Receives U.S. Air Force SBIR Direct-to-Phase II Contract", "publisher": "Interlune", "source_class": "company_primary", "published": "2025-11-19", "accessed": "2026-09-25", "quote": "selected by AFWERX for an SBIR Direct-to-Phase II contract in the amount of $1.25M focused on new technology to separate helium-3 from domestic helium", "quote_confirmed_raw": true, "supports": [ "summary" ], "language": "en", "translation": "none" } ], "confidence": "high", "missing_evidence": [], "last_checked": "2026-09-26", "review_state": "verified", "history": [], "review": { "author_model": "claude-opus-5-5", "reviewer_model": "gpt-6-astra", "reviewer_run": "research/review/astra-events-20260926.json", "date": "2026-09-26", "sources_reopened": [ 0, 1 ], "edits_applied": 1, "base_record_sha256": "a900ec4e56ce9e1a8adaad6bf051cfd76c04866adefd18d0fcacea31c3195807" } }, { "status": "recorded", "status_basis": "Recorded from the dated sources cited; company announcements are claims, not confirmations.", "last_checked": "2026-09-25", "review_state": "verified", "history": [], "missing_evidence": [ "Contract value not disclosed.", "Safran has no entity record; counterparty named in summary only." ], "related_ids": [ "msn-astroforge-deepspace-2" ], "resources": [], "investor_names": [], "confidence": "high", "stable_id": "evt-astroforge-contract-20250811", "name": "Safran to supply electric propulsion for AstroForge's Vestri mission", "event_type": "contract", "summary": "Safran Defense & Space announced it was selected by AstroForge to deliver two EPS X00 electric propulsion systems for the Vestri asteroid mission, then scheduled for early 2026.", "date": { "value": "2025-08-11", "precision": "day" }, "subject_ids": [ "org-astroforge" ], "basis": "announced", "amount": null, "currency": null, "sources": [ { "url": "https://www.prnewswire.com/news-releases/safran-dsi-to-supply-electric-propulsion-systems-for-astroforges-upcoming-vestri-asteroid-mission-302526390.html", "title": "Safran DSI to Supply Electric Propulsion Systems for AstroForge's Upcoming Vestri Asteroid Mission", "publisher": "Safran Defense & Space, Inc. (via PR Newswire)", "source_class": "company_primary", "published": "2025-08-11", "accessed": "2026-09-25", "quote": "has been selected by AstroForge to manufacture and deliver two EPS", "quote_confirmed_raw": true, "supports": [ "summary" ], "language": "en", "translation": "none" } ], "review": { "author_model": "claude-opus-5-5", "reviewer_model": "claude-sonnet-5", "reviewer_run": "research/review/legal-and-authorizations.json", "date": "2026-09-26", "sources_reopened": true, "edits_applied": 0 } }, { "stable_id": "evt-interlune-agreement-20250805", "name": "Interlune payload agreement with Astrolab (FLIP rover)", "summary": "Interlune and Astrolab announced that an Interlune multispectral camera for estimating helium-3 will fly on Astrolab's FLIP rover on an upcoming lunar mission, which Interlune described as its first lunar mission.", "event_type": "agreement", "date": { "value": "2025-08-05", "precision": "day" }, "subject_ids": [ "org-interlune" ], "related_ids": [ "msn-interlune-metal-camera", "org-astrolab" ], "amount": null, "currency": null, "basis": "announced", "round_label": null, "investor_names": [], "resources": [ { "resource": "helium_3", "evidence_level": "targeted" } ], "status": "recorded", "status_basis": "Joint company announcement.", "sources": [ { "url": "https://www.interlune.space/press-release/interlune-to-fly-multispectral-camera-on-astrolab-flip-rover-to-measure-helium-3-on-the-moon", "title": "Interlune to Fly Multispectral Camera on Astrolab FLIP Rover to Measure Helium-3 on the Moon", "publisher": "Interlune", "source_class": "company_primary", "published": "2025-08-05", "accessed": "2026-09-25", "quote": "today announced that an Interlune payload will fly on Astrolab's FLEX Lunar Innovation Platform (FLIP) rover on its upcoming mission to the Moon", "quote_confirmed_raw": true, "supports": [ "summary" ], "language": "en", "translation": "none" } ], "confidence": "high", "missing_evidence": [], "last_checked": "2026-09-26", "review_state": "verified", "history": [], "review": { "author_model": "claude-opus-5-5", "reviewer_model": "gpt-5.6-sol", "reviewer_run": "research/review/sol-events-and-held-20260926.json", "date": "2026-09-26", "sources_reopened": [ 0 ], "edits_applied": 1, "base_record_sha256": "694f04405daac2432bae10c374e2869b7fcb6d4866d664e05d1f5bba164cccb7" } }, { "status": "recorded", "stable_id": "evt-ispace-europe-contract-20250603", "name": "ESA MAGPIE pre-Phase A and Phase 1 contracts to ispace-EUROPE (EUR 2.695 million aggregate)", "summary": "ispace-EUROPE announced a Phase 1 extension of its ESA pre-Phase A contract (awarded 2024-12-12) for the MAGPIE polar-ice rover mission; the two phases total EUR 2,695,000.", "event_type": "contract", "date": { "value": "2025-06-03", "precision": "day" }, "subject_ids": [ "org-ispace-europe" ], "related_ids": [ "msn-ispace-europe-magpie" ], "counterparty_id": "org-esa", "amount": 2695000, "currency": "EUR", "basis": "announced", "round_label": null, "investor_names": [], "resources": [ { "resource": "water_ice", "evidence_level": "targeted" }, { "resource": "volatiles", "evidence_level": "targeted" } ], "status_basis": "ispace-EUROPE release 2025-06-03.", "sources": [ { "url": "https://www.ispace-inc.com/2025/06/03/ispace-europe-and-the-european-space-agency-sign-agreement-for-phase-1-of-lunar-exploration-rover-mission-magpie/", "title": "ispace-EUROPE and the European Space Agency Sign Agreement for Phase 1 of Lunar Exploration Rover Mission (MAGPIE)", "publisher": "ispace EUROPE S.A.", "source_class": "company_primary", "published": "2025-06-03", "accessed": "2026-09-25", "quote": "ispace's MAGPIE concept was selected and awarded a pre-phase A contract on Dec. 12, 2024. Under the Phase 1 extension agreement, ispace-EUROPE will collaborate with ESA on the implementation of the lunar exploration mission. In aggregate, the value of the contracts for the two phases is €2,695,000", "quote_confirmed_raw": true, "supports": [ "amount", "date" ], "language": "en", "translation": "none" } ], "confidence": "high", "missing_evidence": [ "ESA-side contract record not retrieved." ], "history": [], "last_checked": "2026-09-25", "review_state": "verified", "review": { "author_model": "claude-opus-5-5", "reviewer_model": "claude-sonnet-5", "reviewer_run": "research/review/legal-and-authorizations.json", "date": "2026-09-26", "sources_reopened": true, "edits_applied": 0 } }, { "status": "recorded", "stable_id": "evt-ispace-us-schedule-change-20250509", "name": "ispace-U.S. Mission 3 moved from 2026 to no earlier than 2027", "summary": "ispace-U.S. announced an engine change to Agile Space Industries' VoidRunner for its APEX 1.0 lander and moved its Mission 3 (Team Draper CP-12) launch from 2026 to no earlier than 2027.", "event_type": "schedule_change", "date": { "value": "2025-05-09", "precision": "day" }, "subject_ids": [ "org-ispace-us" ], "related_ids": [ "org-nasa" ], "amount": null, "currency": null, "basis": "announced", "round_label": null, "investor_names": [], "resources": [], "status_basis": "ispace-U.S. release 2025-05-09.", "sources": [ { "url": "https://www.ispace-inc.com/2025/05/09/ispace-u-s-announces-new-lunar-lander-engine-solution-voidrunner-with-agile-and-mission-3-schedule-updated-to-no-earlier-than-2027/", "title": "ispace-U.S. Announces New Lunar Lander Engine Solution \"VoidRunner\" with Agile and Mission 3 Schedule Updated to No Earlier Than 2027", "publisher": "ispace technologies U.S., inc.", "source_class": "company_primary", "published": "2025-05-09", "accessed": "2026-09-25", "quote": "The changes required engineering accommodation, leading to an update of the Mission 3 launch schedule from 2026 to 2027 for a successful lunar landing.", "quote_confirmed_raw": true, "supports": [ "date", "summary" ], "language": "en", "translation": "none" } ], "confidence": "high", "missing_evidence": [], "history": [], "last_checked": "2026-09-26", "review_state": "verified", "review": { "author_model": "claude-opus-5-5", "reviewer_model": "gpt-6-astra", "reviewer_run": "research/review/astra-events-20260926.json", "date": "2026-09-26", "sources_reopened": [ 0 ], "edits_applied": 0, "base_record_sha256": "87a0c4788537e59f829cc089f0d1734530986065770b5b5b19096f61d523e487" } }, { "status": "recorded", "stable_id": "evt-ispace-agreement-20250509", "name": "ispace - Takasago Thermal Engineering MoU on lunar thermal mining feasibility", "summary": "ispace announced an MoU with Takasago Thermal Engineering for a feasibility study toward demonstrating Takasago's thermal-mining water-extraction technology, still in research and development, on a future ispace rover.", "event_type": "agreement", "date": { "value": "2025-05-09", "precision": "day" }, "subject_ids": [ "org-ispace" ], "related_ids": [], "amount": null, "currency": null, "basis": "announced", "round_label": null, "investor_names": [], "resources": [ { "resource": "water_ice", "evidence_level": "claimed" } ], "status_basis": "ispace release 2025-05-09.", "sources": [ { "url": "https://www.ispace-inc.com/2025/05/09/ispace-and-takasago-thermal-engineering-co-ltd-agree-to-explore-thermal-mining-technology-for-water-extraction-on-the-moon/", "title": "ispace and Takasago Thermal Engineering Co., Ltd. Agree to Explore Thermal Mining Technology for Water Extraction on the Moon", "publisher": "ispace, inc.", "source_class": "company_primary", "published": "2025-05-09", "accessed": "2026-09-25", "quote": "The agreement aims to conduct a feasibility study for joint technology development with the goal of demonstrating the extraction of water on the Moon.", "quote_confirmed_raw": true, "supports": [ "date", "resources" ], "language": "en", "translation": "official" } ], "confidence": "high", "missing_evidence": [ "Takasago Thermal Engineering is not recorded as an organization here, so no counterparty is linked." ], "history": [], "last_checked": "2026-09-26", "review_state": "verified", "review": { "author_model": "claude-opus-5-5", "reviewer_model": "gpt-5.6-sol", "reviewer_run": "research/review/sol-events-and-held-20260926.json", "date": "2026-09-26", "sources_reopened": [ 0 ], "edits_applied": 0, "base_record_sha256": "5ea1a72e1eac7445e68c91356fcef9d804235160574034bcb3792a6053eabfd7" } }, { "stable_id": "evt-interlune-contract-20250507-2", "name": "Maybell Quantum agreement to buy lunar helium-3 from Interlune", "summary": "Interlune announced that Maybell Quantum agreed to buy thousands of liters of helium-3 for yearly delivery from 2029 to 2035, for dilution refrigerators. Nothing has been delivered.", "event_type": "contract", "date": { "value": "2025-05-07", "precision": "day" }, "subject_ids": [ "org-interlune" ], "related_ids": [], "amount": null, "currency": null, "basis": "announced", "round_label": null, "investor_names": [], "resources": [ { "resource": "helium_3", "evidence_level": "claimed" } ], "status": "recorded", "status_basis": "Company announcement only.", "sources": [ { "url": "https://www.interlune.space/press-release/interlune-announces-maybell-quantum-as-first-commercial-customer-to-buy-helium-3", "title": "Interlune Announces Maybell Quantum as First Commercial Customer to Buy Helium-3", "publisher": "Interlune", "source_class": "company_primary", "published": "2025-05-07", "accessed": "2026-09-25", "quote": "has agreed to purchase thousands of liters of helium-3 for yearly delivery from 2029 to 2035", "quote_confirmed_raw": true, "supports": [ "summary", "resources" ], "language": "en", "translation": "none" } ], "confidence": "high", "missing_evidence": [ "Counterparty (Maybell Quantum) statement not raw-checked on its own site; contract value not disclosed" ], "last_checked": "2026-09-25", "review_state": "verified", "history": [], "review": { "author_model": "claude-opus-5-5", "reviewer_model": "claude-sonnet-5", "reviewer_run": "research/review/legal-and-authorizations.json", "date": "2026-09-26", "sources_reopened": true, "edits_applied": 0 } }, { "stable_id": "evt-interlune-contract-20250507", "name": "US DOE Isotope Program agreement to buy lunar helium-3 from Interlune", "summary": "Interlune announced that the DOE Isotope Program agreed to buy three liters of helium-3 harvested from the Moon, delivered on Earth no later than April 2029, at approximately the then-current commercial price. No DOE publication of the agreement was found. Nothing has been delivered.", "event_type": "contract", "date": { "value": "2025-05-07", "precision": "day" }, "subject_ids": [ "org-interlune" ], "related_ids": [], "counterparty_id": "org-us-department-of-energy", "amount": null, "currency": null, "basis": "announced", "round_label": null, "investor_names": [], "resources": [ { "resource": "helium_3", "evidence_level": "claimed" } ], "status": "recorded", "status_basis": "Company announcement only.", "sources": [ { "url": "https://www.interlune.space/press-release/u-s-department-of-energy-buys-helium-3-from-u-s-space-resources-company-interlune-in-historic-agreement", "title": "U.S. Department of Energy Buys Helium-3 from U.S. Space Resources Company Interlune in Historic Agreement", "publisher": "Interlune", "source_class": "company_primary", "published": "2025-05-07", "accessed": "2026-09-25", "quote": "the U.S. Department of Energy Isotope Program (DOE IP) has agreed to purchase three liters of helium-3 harvested from the Moon for delivery on Earth at approximately today's commercial market price. The delivery date is no later than April 2029.", "quote_confirmed_raw": true, "supports": [ "summary", "resources", "counterparty_id" ], "language": "en", "translation": "none" }, { "url": "https://www.geekwire.com/2025/interlune-moon-mining-vermeer-maybell-quantum-doe/", "title": "Interlune announces deals for moon mining equipment - and for selling lunar helium-3", "publisher": "GeekWire", "source_class": "reputable_press", "published": "2025-05-07", "accessed": "2026-09-25", "quote": "Interlune also said it planned to deliver three liters of lunar helium-3 to the U.S. Department of Energy by April 2029.", "quote_confirmed_raw": true, "supports": [ "summary" ], "language": "en", "translation": "none" } ], "confidence": "high", "missing_evidence": [ "No DOE-published record of this purchase agreement found; price not disclosed" ], "last_checked": "2026-09-25", "review_state": "verified", "history": [], "review": { "author_model": "claude-opus-5-5", "reviewer_model": "claude-sonnet-5", "reviewer_run": "research/review/legal-and-authorizations.json", "date": "2026-09-26", "sources_reopened": true, "edits_applied": 0 } }, { "stable_id": "evt-interlune-agreement-20250507", "name": "Interlune-Vermeer joint development agreement and excavator prototype", "summary": "Interlune and Vermeer announced a joint development agreement and unveiled a full-scale excavator prototype designed to process 100 metric tons of regolith per hour; Interlune says testing used auxiliary components.", "event_type": "agreement", "date": { "value": "2025-05-07", "precision": "day" }, "subject_ids": [ "org-interlune" ], "related_ids": [], "amount": null, "currency": null, "basis": "announced", "round_label": null, "investor_names": [], "resources": [ { "resource": "regolith", "evidence_level": "claimed" } ], "status": "recorded", "status_basis": "Company announcement.", "sources": [ { "url": "https://www.interlune.space/press-release/space-resources-company-interlune-unveils-full-scale-prototype-of-excavator-for-harvesting-helium-3-from-the-moon", "title": "Space Resources Company Interlune Unveils Full-Scale Prototype of Excavator for Harvesting Helium-3 from the Moon", "publisher": "Interlune", "source_class": "company_primary", "published": "2025-05-07", "accessed": "2026-09-25", "quote": "Interlune and Industrial Manufacturer Vermeer Agree to Develop Novel Excavation Equipment and Technology for Use in Space and on Earth", "quote_confirmed_raw": true, "supports": [ "summary" ], "language": "en", "translation": "none" }, { "url": "https://www.interlune.space/press-release/space-resources-company-interlune-unveils-full-scale-prototype-of-excavator-for-harvesting-helium-3-from-the-moon", "title": "Space Resources Company Interlune Unveils Full-Scale Prototype of Excavator for Harvesting Helium-3 from the Moon", "publisher": "Interlune", "source_class": "company_primary", "published": "2025-05-07", "accessed": "2026-09-25", "quote": "A full-scale prototype of the Interlune excavator, which was developed in partnership with Vermeer. Testing as shown was done with auxiliary components.", "quote_confirmed_raw": true, "supports": [ "summary" ], "language": "en", "translation": "none" } ], "confidence": "high", "missing_evidence": [], "last_checked": "2026-09-26", "review_state": "verified", "history": [], "review": { "author_model": "claude-opus-5-5", "reviewer_model": "gpt-6-astra", "reviewer_run": "research/review/astra-events-20260926.json", "date": "2026-09-26", "sources_reopened": [ 0, 1 ], "edits_applied": 0, "base_record_sha256": "93d709c8c531665269b0e9c2f77badbceb11d84825749a55fe30c50c06bd47c7" } }, { "stable_id": "evt-lunar-resources-other-20250505", "name": "NASA reports oxygen from lunar regolith simulant using Lunar Resources' LR-1 reactor", "summary": "NASA Kennedy reported that its researchers and Lunar Resources ran molten regolith electrolysis in a vacuum chamber with the company's LR-1 reactor, producing and collecting molecular oxygen from about 25 kg of lunar regolith simulant while separating the oxygen from metals in the simulant. This was a ground test on simulant, not lunar material.", "event_type": "other", "date": { "value": "2025-05-05", "precision": "day" }, "subject_ids": [ "org-lunar-resources" ], "related_ids": [ "org-nasa" ], "counterparty_id": "org-nasa", "amount": null, "currency": null, "basis": "announced", "round_label": null, "investor_names": [], "resources": [ { "resource": "oxygen", "evidence_level": "claimed" } ], "status": "recorded", "status_basis": "NASA Kennedy article; the photo caption dates testing activity to 5 Dec 2024.", "sources": [ { "url": "https://www.nasa.gov/centers-and-facilities/kennedy/nasa-kennedy-breathes-life-into-moon-soil-testing/", "title": "NASA Kennedy Breathes Life into Moon Soil Testing", "publisher": "NASA", "source_class": "government_primary", "published": "2025-05-05", "accessed": "2026-09-25", "quote": "The extraction reactor heated about 55 pounds (25 kilograms) of simulated regolith up to a temperature of 3100", "quote_confirmed_raw": true, "supports": [ "summary" ], "language": "en", "translation": "none" } ], "confidence": "high", "missing_evidence": [ "Exact test dates beyond the 5 Dec 2024 photo caption not published." ], "history": [], "last_checked": "2026-09-26", "review_state": "verified", "review": { "author_model": "claude-opus-5-5", "reviewer_model": "gpt-5.6-sol", "reviewer_run": "research/review/sol-events-and-held-20260926.json", "date": "2026-09-26", "sources_reopened": [ 0 ], "edits_applied": 1, "base_record_sha256": "c77329a0268bf25441fd87bf8345b5e581257ce64251bfdff6827d0619837abb" } }, { "stable_id": "evt-ispace-europe-luxembourg-article-xi-notification-other-20250411", "name": "Luxembourg's OST Article XI notification for ispace EUROPE's lunar activities", "summary": "Luxembourg informed the UN Secretary-General under OST Art. XI of ispace EUROPE S.A.'s Mission 2 activities (regolith collection for NASA and surface exploration within about 100 m of the landing site), noting the authorisation held under the 2017 space resources law.", "status": "recorded", "status_basis": "Dated act recorded in the cited primary source.", "sources": [ { "url": "https://documents.un.org/api/symbol/access?s=A/AC.105/1363&l=en&t=pdf", "title": "A/AC.105/1363 - Note verbale dated 11 April 2025 from the Permanent Mission of Luxembourg", "publisher": "United Nations, COPUOS", "source_class": "government_primary", "published": "2025-04-24", "accessed": "2026-09-25", "quote": "Note verbale dated 11 April 2025 from the Permanent Mission of Luxembourg to the United Nations (Vienna) addressed to the Secretary-General", "quote_confirmed_raw": true, "supports": [ "date" ], "language": "en", "translation": "none", "quote_locator": { "article": null, "page": 1 } }, { "url": "https://documents.un.org/api/symbol/access?s=A/AC.105/1363&l=en&t=pdf", "title": "A/AC.105/1363 - annex", "publisher": "United Nations, COPUOS", "source_class": "government_primary", "published": "2025-04-24", "accessed": "2026-09-25", "quote": "The mission includes the collection of lunar regolith to fulfil a resources purchase agreement with the National Aeronautics and Space Administration of the United States of America", "quote_confirmed_raw": true, "supports": [ "summary" ], "language": "en", "translation": "none", "quote_locator": { "article": null, "page": 2 } } ], "confidence": "high", "missing_evidence": [], "last_checked": "2026-09-26", "history": [], "review_state": "verified", "event_type": "other", "date": { "value": "2025-04-11", "precision": "day" }, "subject_ids": [ "org-ispace-europe" ], "related_ids": [ "auth-luxembourg-ispace-europe-2024", "msn-ispace-m2-resilience", "law-outer-space-treaty" ], "counterparty_id": null, "amount": null, "currency": null, "basis": "filing", "round_label": null, "investor_names": [], "resources": [], "review": { "author_model": "claude-opus-5-5", "reviewer_model": "gpt-6-astra", "reviewer_run": "research/review/astra-events-20260926.json", "date": "2026-09-26", "sources_reopened": [ 0, 1 ], "edits_applied": 0, "base_record_sha256": "c4f04c132e71eb8aaf0cba94c6e0b26d4e75cf2c666e96893743bb717ec89a51" } }, { "stable_id": "evt-magna-petra-agreement-20250402", "name": "NASA Kennedy-Magna Petra Cooperative Research and Development Agreement for MSOLO", "summary": "NASA reported that it signed a reimbursable Cooperative Research and Development Agreement with Magna Petra on April 2 (2025) under which a second MSOLO mass spectrometer is to fly on a commercial rover selected by Magna Petra, with Magna Petra reimbursing NASA's integration and operations costs.", "event_type": "agreement", "date": { "value": "2025-04-02", "precision": "day" }, "subject_ids": [ "org-magna-petra" ], "related_ids": [ "org-nasa", "msn-magna-petra-halo" ], "counterparty_id": "org-nasa", "amount": null, "currency": null, "basis": "announced", "round_label": null, "investor_names": [], "resources": [ { "resource": "helium_3", "evidence_level": "targeted" }, { "resource": "volatiles", "evidence_level": "targeted" } ], "status": "recorded", "status_basis": "NASA Kennedy article (agency primary).", "sources": [ { "url": "https://www.nasa.gov/centers-and-facilities/kennedy/nasa-moon-observing-instrument-to-get-another-shot-at-lunar-ops", "title": "NASA Moon Observing Instrument to Get Another Shot at Lunar Ops", "publisher": "NASA", "source_class": "government_primary", "published": "2025-04-28", "accessed": "2026-09-25", "quote": "Signed on April 2, the reimbursable agreement is the first of its kind established at NASA Kennedy.", "quote_confirmed_raw": true, "supports": [ "date", "event_type" ], "language": "en", "translation": "none" }, { "url": "https://www.nasa.gov/centers-and-facilities/kennedy/nasa-moon-observing-instrument-to-get-another-shot-at-lunar-ops", "title": "NASA Moon Observing Instrument to Get Another Shot at Lunar Ops", "publisher": "NASA", "source_class": "government_primary", "published": "2025-04-28", "accessed": "2026-09-25", "quote": "Under the agreement, Magna Petra will reimburse NASA for costs such as supporting MSOLO integration and testing with the rover", "quote_confirmed_raw": true, "supports": [ "summary" ], "language": "en", "translation": "none" } ], "confidence": "high", "missing_evidence": [ "Agreement value not disclosed; year of the 'April 2' signing inferred from the article date (2025-04-28)." ], "history": [], "last_checked": "2026-09-26", "review_state": "verified", "review": { "author_model": "claude-opus-5-5", "reviewer_model": "gpt-6-astra", "reviewer_run": "research/review/astra-events-20260926.json", "date": "2026-09-26", "sources_reopened": [ 0, 1 ], "edits_applied": 0, "base_record_sha256": "a4c88cc0c1f033d52c38b162a97e22a07f5571bde20a5da5ff781f5823018556" } }, { "stable_id": "evt-ispace-m2-japan-article-xi-notification-other-20250319", "name": "Japan's OST Article XI notification for ispace Mission 2", "summary": "Japan informed the UN Secretary-General under OST Art. XI of ispace Lander Mission 2 (Mare Frigoris, 60.5 N 4.6 W), listing a commercial transaction with NASA for lunar regolith acquisition as a special consideration.", "status": "recorded", "status_basis": "Dated act recorded in the cited primary source.", "sources": [ { "url": "https://www.unoosa.org/documents/pdf/spacelaw/treatyimplementation/ost/AC105_1355E.pdf", "title": "A/AC.105/1355 - Note verbale dated 19 March 2025 from the Permanent Mission of Japan", "publisher": "United Nations, COPUOS", "source_class": "government_primary", "published": "2025-03-21", "accessed": "2026-09-25", "quote": "Note verbale dated 19 March 2025 from the Permanent Mission of Japan to the United Nations (Vienna) addressed to the Secretary- General", "quote_confirmed_raw": true, "supports": [ "date" ], "language": "en", "translation": "none", "quote_locator": { "article": null, "page": 1 } }, { "url": "https://www.unoosa.org/documents/pdf/spacelaw/treatyimplementation/ost/AC105_1355E.pdf", "title": "A/AC.105/1355 - annex", "publisher": "United Nations, COPUOS", "source_class": "government_primary", "published": "2025-03-21", "accessed": "2026-09-25", "quote": "Special consideration: commercial transaction with the National Aeronautics and Space Administration of the United States of America for lunar regolith acquisition", "quote_confirmed_raw": true, "supports": [ "summary" ], "language": "en", "translation": "none", "quote_locator": { "article": null, "page": 2 } } ], "confidence": "high", "missing_evidence": [], "last_checked": "2026-09-26", "history": [], "review_state": "verified", "event_type": "other", "date": { "value": "2025-03-19", "precision": "day" }, "subject_ids": [ "org-ispace" ], "related_ids": [ "auth-japan-ispace-2024", "msn-ispace-m2-resilience", "law-outer-space-treaty" ], "counterparty_id": null, "amount": null, "currency": null, "basis": "filing", "round_label": null, "investor_names": [], "resources": [], "review": { "author_model": "claude-opus-5-5", "reviewer_model": "gpt-5.6-sol", "reviewer_run": "research/review/sol-events-and-held-20260926.json", "date": "2026-09-26", "sources_reopened": [ 0, 1 ], "edits_applied": 0, "base_record_sha256": "7e8f1f35bcaed782704060fd5446255b7dca8154582af8368319ec9ab3dcb6ee" } }, { "status": "recorded", "status_basis": "Recorded from the dated sources cited; company announcements are claims, not confirmations.", "last_checked": "2026-09-26", "review_state": "verified", "history": [], "missing_evidence": [], "related_ids": [], "resources": [], "investor_names": [ "Plural", "Hummingbird", "HCVC", "Kevin Mahaffey", "Teun van den Dries", "angel investors" ], "confidence": "high", "stable_id": "evt-karman-plus-funding-round-20250219", "name": "Karman+ $20 million seed round", "event_type": "funding_round", "summary": "Karman+ announced a $20 million seed round led by Plural and Hummingbird to develop its first technology demonstration mission and customer missions.", "date": { "value": "2025-02-19", "precision": "day" }, "subject_ids": [ "org-karman-plus" ], "amount": 20000000, "currency": "USD", "basis": "announced", "round_label": "seed", "sources": [ { "url": "https://www.karmanplus.com/karman-raises-20-million-to-mine-asteroids-to-supply-the-space-economy-2/", "title": "Karman+ raises $20 million to mine asteroids to supply the space economy", "publisher": "Karman+", "source_class": "company_primary", "published": "2025-02-19", "accessed": "2026-09-25", "quote": "has raised $20 million in seed funding led by Plural and Hummingbird", "quote_confirmed_raw": true, "supports": [ "amount", "round_label", "investor_names" ], "language": "en", "translation": "none" }, { "url": "https://www.karmanplus.com/karman-raises-20-million-to-mine-asteroids-to-supply-the-space-economy-2/", "title": "Karman+ raises $20 million to mine asteroids to supply the space economy", "publisher": "Karman+", "source_class": "company_primary", "published": "2025-02-19", "accessed": "2026-09-25", "quote": "The funding, which included participation from HCVC, Kevin Mahaffey (Lookout), co-founder Teun van den Dries and angel investors", "quote_confirmed_raw": true, "supports": [ "investor_names" ], "language": "en", "translation": "none" } ], "review": { "author_model": "claude-opus-5-5", "reviewer_model": "gpt-6-astra", "reviewer_run": "research/review/astra-events-20260926.json", "date": "2026-09-26", "sources_reopened": [ 0, 1 ], "edits_applied": 0, "base_record_sha256": "fed2247cfc467c082cc43a773d46feb24111471ec8c0dbd632aafc6890c58138" } }, { "stable_id": "evt-lunar-resources-government-award-2025", "name": "NASA SBIR Phase II award to Lunar Resources for IMMORTAL molten regolith electrolysis anode", "summary": "SBIR.gov lists a 2025 NASA SBIR Phase II award of USD 849,999 to Lunar Resources for IMMORTAL, a long-life molten regolith electrolysis anode project for oxygen and metal production.", "event_type": "government_award", "date": { "value": "2025", "precision": "year" }, "subject_ids": [ "org-lunar-resources" ], "related_ids": [ "org-nasa" ], "counterparty_id": "org-nasa", "amount": 849999, "currency": "USD", "basis": "official_award", "round_label": "SBIR Phase II", "investor_names": [], "resources": [ { "resource": "oxygen", "evidence_level": "claimed" }, { "resource": "metals_general", "evidence_level": "claimed" } ], "status": "recorded", "status_basis": "SBIR.gov award listing.", "sources": [ { "url": "https://www.sbir.gov/portfolio/1543219", "title": "LUNAR RESOURCES, INC. - Company Portfolio Data", "publisher": "U.S. Small Business Administration (SBIR.gov)", "source_class": "government_primary", "published": null, "accessed": "2026-09-25", "quote": "Immortal Molten Regolith Electrolysis Anode for Oxygen and Metals Extraction from Lunar Regolith (IMMORTAL) Amount: $849,999 Topic: Z12", "quote_confirmed_raw": true, "supports": [ "amount" ], "language": "en", "translation": "none" } ], "confidence": "high", "missing_evidence": [ "Award date within 2025 not shown on the portfolio page." ], "history": [], "last_checked": "2026-09-26", "review_state": "verified", "review": { "author_model": "claude-opus-5-5", "reviewer_model": "gpt-6-astra", "reviewer_run": "research/review/astra-events-20260926.json", "date": "2026-09-26", "sources_reopened": [ 0 ], "edits_applied": 1, "base_record_sha256": "34911e760e707eb566ad431db08fa06306b3c95c18a71dfe7b6c34624edd4434" } }, { "stable_id": "evt-fleet-space-funding-round-20241212", "event_type": "funding_round", "name": "Fleet Space A$150M Series D", "summary": "Fleet Space announced the close of an A$150M Series D led by Teachers' Venture Growth; the round funds its terrestrial ExoSphere exploration platform, and the release also references the SPIDER lunar payload.", "date": { "value": "2024-12-12", "precision": "day" }, "subject_ids": [ "org-fleet-space" ], "related_ids": [], "amount": 150000000, "currency": "AUD", "basis": "announced", "round_label": "Series D", "investor_names": [ "Teachers' Venture Growth", "Blackbird Ventures", "Hostplus", "Horizons Ventures", "Artesian Venture Partners", "Alumni Ventures" ], "resources": [], "status": "recorded", "status_basis": "Company release dated 2024-12-12.", "sources": [ { "url": "https://www.fleetspace.com/newsroom/fleet-space-closes-a-150m-series-d-with-a-800m-valuation", "title": "Fleet Space Closes A$150M Series D with A$800M+ Valuation", "publisher": "Fleet Space Technologies", "source_class": "company_primary", "published": "2024-12-12", "accessed": "2026-09-25", "quote": "today announced the closing of a A$150M Series D funding round, led by Teachers' Venture Growth (TVG)", "quote_confirmed_raw": true, "supports": [ "amount", "currency", "date", "investor_names", "round_label" ], "language": "en", "translation": "none" } ], "confidence": "high", "missing_evidence": [ "A parallel PR Newswire version states the round as USD 100M; the two figures are the same round in different currencies per press but this was not confirmed from the company page." ], "last_checked": "2026-09-26", "history": [], "review_state": "verified", "review": { "author_model": "claude-opus-5-5", "reviewer_model": "gpt-6-astra", "reviewer_run": "research/review/astra-events-20260926.json", "date": "2026-09-26", "sources_reopened": [ 0 ], "edits_applied": 0, "base_record_sha256": "f08c33c6f446d09e1134e3fdb38cbe29f24baff0f5bcbdc4a7b20a98b8db97bf" } }, { "status": "recorded", "stable_id": "evt-ispace-agreement-20241210", "name": "ispace - Magna Petra MoU on lunar resource exploration", "summary": "ispace announced a memorandum of understanding with Magna Petra to collaborate on future missions transporting Magna Petra's helium-3 prospecting and collection equipment to the lunar surface.", "event_type": "agreement", "date": { "value": "2024-12-10", "precision": "day" }, "subject_ids": [ "org-ispace", "org-magna-petra" ], "related_ids": [], "amount": null, "currency": null, "basis": "announced", "round_label": null, "investor_names": [], "resources": [ { "resource": "helium_3", "evidence_level": "claimed" } ], "status_basis": "ispace release 2024-12-10.", "sources": [ { "url": "https://www.ispace-inc.com/2024/12/10/ispace-and-magna-petra-agree-to-future-resources-exploration-on-the-moons-surface/", "title": "ispace and Magna Petra Agree to Future Resources Exploration on the Moon's Surface", "publisher": "ispace, inc.", "source_class": "company_primary", "published": "2024-12-10", "accessed": "2026-09-26", "quote": "have agreed to collaborate on future missions to the lunar surface, the two companies announced.", "quote_confirmed_raw": true, "supports": [ "summary", "subject_ids" ], "language": "en", "translation": "official" }, { "url": "https://www.ispace-inc.com/2024/12/10/ispace-and-magna-petra-agree-to-future-resources-exploration-on-the-moons-surface/", "title": "ispace and Magna Petra Agree to Future Resources Exploration on the Moon's Surface", "publisher": "ispace, inc.", "source_class": "company_primary", "published": "2024-12-10", "accessed": "2026-09-26", "quote": "Under terms of the memorandum of understanding, the two companies have agreed to collaborate on the development of a lunar economy that provides terrestrial economic value via non-destructive, sustainable harvesting of lunar surface resources.", "quote_confirmed_raw": true, "supports": [ "summary", "subject_ids" ], "language": "en", "translation": "none" } ], "confidence": "high", "missing_evidence": [], "history": [], "last_checked": "2026-09-26", "review_state": "verified", "review": { "author_model": "claude-opus-5-5", "reviewer_model": "gpt-6-astra", "reviewer_run": "research/review/astra-events-20260926.json", "date": "2026-09-26", "sources_reopened": [ 0, 1 ], "edits_applied": 1, "base_record_sha256": "33c716c84d8054af2b44ae1e6fc20db2e4c52e58b85d80c7db58ac1b87eecc51" } }, { "stable_id": "evt-lunar-outpost-funding-round-202411", "name": "Lunar Outpost Series A (amount undisclosed)", "summary": "Lunar Outpost announced a Series A round co-led by Type One Ventures and Industrious Ventures; no amount was disclosed.", "event_type": "funding_round", "date": { "value": "2024-11", "precision": "month" }, "subject_ids": [ "org-lunar-outpost" ], "related_ids": [], "amount": null, "currency": null, "basis": "announced", "round_label": "Series A", "investor_names": [ "Type One Ventures", "Industrious Ventures", "Promus Ventures" ], "resources": [], "status": "recorded", "status_basis": "Company release (blog header 2024-11-12; body dateline 13 November 2024).", "sources": [ { "url": "https://www.lunaroutpost.com/post/lunar-outpost-secures-series-a-funding-to-accelerate-commercial-pursuits-on-the-moon", "title": "Lunar Outpost Secures Series A Funding to Accelerate Commercial Pursuits on the Moon", "publisher": "Lunar Outpost", "source_class": "company_primary", "published": "2024-11", "accessed": "2026-09-25", "quote": "today announced it has raised a Series A funding round, co-led by Type One Ventures (investor in Argo Space and SpaceX ) and Industrious Ventures", "quote_confirmed_raw": true, "supports": [ "round_label", "investor_names" ], "language": "en", "translation": "none" } ], "confidence": "high", "missing_evidence": [ "Round amount not disclosed." ], "history": [], "last_checked": "2026-09-26", "review_state": "verified", "review": { "author_model": "claude-opus-5-5", "reviewer_model": "gpt-6-astra", "reviewer_run": "research/review/astra-events-20260926.json", "date": "2026-09-26", "sources_reopened": [ 0 ], "edits_applied": 0, "base_record_sha256": "b596841babf850629eaeddf0525d615775aeaa9db363569b18d660cc7cb30410" } }, { "status": "recorded", "status_basis": "Recorded from the dated sources cited; company announcements are claims, not confirmations.", "last_checked": "2026-09-26", "review_state": "verified", "history": [], "missing_evidence": [], "related_ids": [ "org-ispace" ], "resources": [], "investor_names": [], "confidence": "high", "stable_id": "evt-asteroid-mining-corporation-agreement-202410", "name": "ispace and Asteroid Mining Corporation memorandum for lunar robot demonstration", "event_type": "agreement", "summary": "ispace and Asteroid Mining Corporation announced a memorandum of understanding envisioning a future ispace lunar lander delivering AMC's SCAR-E robot to the lunar surface as a technology demonstration; no mission or date was fixed.", "date": { "value": "2024-10-09", "precision": "day" }, "subject_ids": [ "org-asteroid-mining-corporation" ], "counterparty_id": "org-ispace", "basis": "announced", "sources": [ { "url": "https://payloadspace.com/boo-ispace-partners-with-amc-on-scar-e-lunar-mission/", "title": "Boo! ispace Partners With AMC on SCAR-E Lunar Mission", "publisher": "Payload", "source_class": "reputable_press", "published": "2024-10-10", "accessed": "2026-09-25", "quote": "Japanese lunar firm ispace has partnered with Asteroid Mining Corporation (AMC), a UK-based space robotics company, to deliver a space robot to the lunar surface", "quote_confirmed_raw": true, "supports": [ "summary" ], "language": "en", "translation": "none" }, { "url": "https://ispace-inc.com/wp-content/uploads/2024/10/EN_ispace_AMC_MOU.pdf", "title": "ispace and Asteroid Mining Corporation Agree to Pursue Future Mission to the Moon", "publisher": "ispace, inc.", "source_class": "company_primary", "published": "2024-10-09", "accessed": "2026-09-26", "quote": "The memorandum of understanding signed by both companies provides a framework for collaboration", "quote_confirmed_raw": true, "supports": [ "summary" ], "language": "en", "translation": "none" } ], "review": { "author_model": "claude-opus-5-5", "reviewer_model": "gpt-6-astra", "reviewer_run": "research/review/astra-events-20260926.json", "date": "2026-09-26", "sources_reopened": [ 0, 1 ], "edits_applied": 3, "base_record_sha256": "edab435b975b7550a1cd33de8f903117482322e3bfd02841ef8da54a63375e63" } }, { "stable_id": "evt-interlune-grant-20240724", "name": "DOE Isotope Program grant to Interlune (terrestrial helium-3 separation)", "summary": "The DOE awarded Interlune a project grant to separate helium-3 from U.S. natural-gas-derived helium (award DESC0024933, $264,694 obligated, signed 2024-07-24). Interlune announced it on 2024-10-03 as a $365,000 grant. This concerns terrestrial helium, not lunar material.", "event_type": "grant", "date": { "value": "2024-07-24", "precision": "day" }, "subject_ids": [ "org-interlune" ], "related_ids": [ "org-us-department-of-energy" ], "counterparty_id": "org-us-department-of-energy", "amount": 264694, "currency": "USD", "basis": "official_award", "round_label": null, "investor_names": [], "resources": [], "status": "recorded", "status_basis": "Federal award record (USAspending).", "sources": [ { "url": "https://api.usaspending.gov/api/v2/awards/ASST_NON_DESC0024933_089/", "title": "USAspending.gov award record DESC0024933 (API)", "publisher": "U.S. Department of the Treasury, USAspending.gov", "source_class": "government_primary", "published": "2024-07-24", "accessed": "2026-09-25", "quote": "HELIUM-3 SEPARATION FROM US LIQUID NATURAL GAS-DERIVED HELIUM-4", "quote_confirmed_raw": true, "supports": [ "amount", "date" ], "language": "en", "translation": "none" }, { "url": "https://www.interlune.space/press-release/interlune-receives-u-s-department-of-energy-grant-to-increase-supply-of-domestic-helium-3", "title": "Interlune Receives U.S. Department of Energy Grant to Increase Supply of Domestic Helium-3", "publisher": "Interlune", "source_class": "company_primary", "published": "2024-10-03", "accessed": "2026-09-25", "quote": "today announced a $365,000 grant from the U.S. Department of Energy (DOE) to pursue new technology that would separate Helium-3 from domestic Helium supplies", "quote_confirmed_raw": true, "supports": [ "summary" ], "language": "en", "translation": "none" } ], "confidence": "high", "missing_evidence": [ "Company-announced amount ($365,000) differs from the obligated amount on USAspending ($264,694)" ], "last_checked": "2026-09-26", "review_state": "verified", "history": [], "review": { "author_model": "claude-opus-5-5", "reviewer_model": "gpt-5.6-sol", "reviewer_run": "research/review/sol-events-and-held-20260926.json", "date": "2026-09-26", "sources_reopened": [ 0, 1 ], "edits_applied": 0, "base_record_sha256": "c486f3bf82eb93aa304b8236164de5561fe937bcacc390b83a7a813b51508b32" } }, { "stable_id": "evt-nasa-viper-other-20240717", "name": "NASA announces intent to discontinue VIPER", "summary": "NASA announced it would stop VIPER development, citing cost increases, launch delays and the risk of further cost growth, and invited expressions of interest in using the assembled rover at no cost to the government.", "status_basis": "Dated act stated in NASA's government primary source.", "sources": [ { "url": "https://www.nasa.gov/news-release/nasa-ends-viper-project-continues-moon-exploration/", "title": "NASA Ends VIPER Project, Continues Moon Exploration", "publisher": "NASA", "source_class": "government_primary", "published": "2024-07-17", "accessed": "2026-09-25", "quote": "NASA stated cost increases, delays to the launch date, and the risks of future cost growth as the reasons to stand down on the mission.", "quote_confirmed_raw": true, "supports": [ "history" ], "language": "en", "translation": "none" } ], "confidence": "high", "missing_evidence": [], "last_checked": "2026-09-26", "history": [], "review_state": "verified", "event_type": "other", "date": { "value": "2024-07-17", "precision": "day" }, "subject_ids": [ "org-nasa" ], "related_ids": [ "msn-nasa-viper" ], "counterparty_id": null, "amount": null, "currency": null, "basis": "announced", "round_label": null, "investor_names": [], "resources": [], "status": "recorded", "review": { "author_model": "claude-opus-5-5", "reviewer_model": "gpt-6-astra", "reviewer_run": "research/review/astra-events-20260926.json", "date": "2026-09-26", "sources_reopened": [ 0 ], "edits_applied": 0, "base_record_sha256": "ba08247fa817147a1e27116f0c07589fb8bcb6e5baf4677643bc85620a5f605b" } }, { "stable_id": "evt-interlune-grant-20240627", "name": "NASA TechFlights grant to Interlune (regolith comminution)", "summary": "NASA selected Interlune in its 2023 TechFlights round for parabolic-flight tests of a device to pulverize lunar regolith; Interlune announced the grant on 2024-07-16 and reported earlier prototype flight tests. NASA grant 80NSSC24K0805 ('CRUMBLE', $348,008), signed 2024-06-27, appears to correspond to that selection based on its description and solicitation prefix.", "event_type": "grant", "date": { "value": "2024-06-27", "precision": "day" }, "subject_ids": [ "org-interlune" ], "related_ids": [], "amount": 348008, "currency": "USD", "basis": "official_award", "round_label": null, "investor_names": [], "resources": [], "status": "recorded", "status_basis": "Federal award record (USAspending) and NASA selection page.", "sources": [ { "url": "https://api.usaspending.gov/api/v2/awards/ASST_NON_80NSSC24K0805_080/", "title": "USAspending.gov award record 80NSSC24K0805 (API)", "publisher": "U.S. Department of the Treasury, USAspending.gov", "source_class": "government_primary", "published": "2024-06-27", "accessed": "2026-09-26", "quote": "\"total_obligation\":348008.0,\"date_signed\":\"2024-06-27\"", "quote_confirmed_raw": true, "supports": [ "amount", "date" ], "language": "en", "translation": "none" }, { "url": "https://www.nasa.gov/stmd-flight-opportunities/access-flight-tests/nasa-techflights-solicitation-information/nasa-techflights-2023-selections/", "title": "NASA TechFlights 2023 Selections", "publisher": "NASA", "source_class": "government_primary", "published": null, "accessed": "2026-09-25", "quote": "A device designed to pulverize lunar regolith into a material useful for mineral extraction, propulsion, life support, and construction on the Moon.", "quote_confirmed_raw": true, "supports": [ "summary" ], "language": "en", "translation": "none" }, { "url": "https://www.interlune.space/press-release/interlune-receives-grant-to-test-state-of-the-art-lunar-soil-processing-technology", "title": "Interlune Receives Grant to Test State-of-the-Art Lunar Soil Processing Technology", "publisher": "Interlune", "source_class": "company_primary", "published": "2024-07-16", "accessed": "2026-09-25", "quote": "today announced that it received a grant through NASA's TechFlights solicitation to advance its proprietary technology to beneficiate lunar soil, or regolith", "quote_confirmed_raw": true, "supports": [ "summary" ], "language": "en", "translation": "none" } ], "confidence": "medium", "missing_evidence": [ "The link between award 80NSSC24K0805 and the TechFlights selection is inferred from matching descriptions (the award ID prefix 23-23FOF1 indicates the Flight Opportunities 2023 solicitation)" ], "last_checked": "2026-09-26", "review_state": "verified", "history": [], "review": { "author_model": "claude-opus-5-5", "reviewer_model": "gpt-6-astra", "reviewer_run": "research/review/astra-events-20260926.json", "date": "2026-09-26", "sources_reopened": [ 0, 1, 2 ], "edits_applied": 2, "base_record_sha256": "ef34abfcad9ba6d120c113e0d767c14c65447c1c1489f08c76ba3d777737ed18" } }, { "stable_id": "evt-starpath-robotics-government-award-202406", "name": "Starpath places second in NASA's Break the Ice Lunar Challenge", "summary": "NASA reports Starpath won a cumulative $838,461 across three levels of Phase 2 of the Break the Ice Lunar Challenge (excavating and hauling icy regolith) and placed second overall at the June 2024 finale.", "event_type": "government_award", "date": { "value": "2024-06", "precision": "month" }, "subject_ids": [ "org-starpath-robotics" ], "related_ids": [], "counterparty_id": "org-nasa", "amount": 838461, "currency": "USD", "basis": "official_award", "round_label": null, "investor_names": [], "resources": [], "status": "recorded", "status_basis": "NASA article.", "sources": [ { "url": "https://www.nasa.gov/directorates/stmd/prizes-challenges-crowdsourcing-program/centennial-challenges/lunar-challenge-winner-tests-technology-in-nasa-thermal-vacuum-chamber/", "title": "Lunar Challenge Winner Tests Technology in NASA Thermal Vacuum Chamber", "publisher": "NASA", "source_class": "government_primary", "published": "2025-09-26", "accessed": "2026-09-25", "quote": "A space hardware startup from Hawthorne, California, Starpath won a cumulative $838,461 across three levels of Phase 2 before winning second place overall at the challenge's live demonstration and finale in June 2024.", "quote_confirmed_raw": true, "supports": [ "amount", "date", "summary" ], "language": "en", "translation": "none" } ], "confidence": "high", "missing_evidence": [ "Prize for the finale placement itself not separated from the Phase 2 cumulative figure" ], "last_checked": "2026-09-26", "review_state": "verified", "history": [], "review": { "author_model": "claude-opus-5-5", "reviewer_model": "gpt-6-astra", "reviewer_run": "research/review/astra-events-20260926.json", "date": "2026-09-26", "sources_reopened": [ 0 ], "edits_applied": 0, "base_record_sha256": "a870acfb7865b66df7d97f9b1df21da79e43dc36f726a784c4bde15e12f25c4d" } }, { "stable_id": "evt-lunar-resources-government-award-2024", "name": "NASA SBIR Phase I award to Lunar Resources for IMMORTAL molten regolith electrolysis anode", "summary": "NASA awarded Lunar Resources a USD 149,999 SBIR Phase I contract for a long-life anode for molten regolith electrolysis to extract oxygen and metals from lunar regolith.", "event_type": "government_award", "date": { "value": "2024", "precision": "year" }, "subject_ids": [ "org-lunar-resources" ], "related_ids": [ "org-nasa" ], "counterparty_id": "org-nasa", "amount": 149999, "currency": "USD", "basis": "official_award", "round_label": "SBIR Phase I", "investor_names": [], "resources": [ { "resource": "oxygen", "evidence_level": "claimed" }, { "resource": "metals_general", "evidence_level": "claimed" } ], "status": "recorded", "status_basis": "SBIR.gov award listing.", "sources": [ { "url": "https://www.sbir.gov/portfolio/1543219", "title": "LUNAR RESOURCES, INC. - Company Portfolio Data", "publisher": "U.S. Small Business Administration (SBIR.gov)", "source_class": "government_primary", "published": null, "accessed": "2026-09-25", "quote": "(IMMORTAL) Amount: $149,999 Topic: Z12", "quote_confirmed_raw": true, "supports": [ "amount" ], "language": "en", "translation": "none" } ], "confidence": "high", "missing_evidence": [ "Award date within 2024 not shown on the portfolio page." ], "history": [], "last_checked": "2026-09-26", "review_state": "verified", "review": { "author_model": "claude-opus-5-5", "reviewer_model": "gpt-5.6-sol", "reviewer_run": "research/review/sol-events-and-held-20260926.json", "date": "2026-09-26", "sources_reopened": [ 0 ], "edits_applied": 0, "base_record_sha256": "b889fa93ec001a24ffda03903e746d089af47d921013de14c5b07d0a5edf1bae" } }, { "status": "recorded", "stable_id": "evt-ispace-grant-20231215", "name": "Japan METI SBIR grant funding notice to ispace (12 billion yen)", "summary": "ispace announced on 2023-12-21 that it received a notice of funding of 12 billion yen (about USD 80 million) on 2023-12-15 under METI’s Small Business Innovation Research program for developing and operating a lunar lander.", "event_type": "grant", "date": { "value": "2023-12-15", "precision": "day" }, "subject_ids": [ "org-ispace" ], "related_ids": [], "amount": 12000000000, "currency": "JPY", "basis": "announced", "round_label": "SBIR (METI)", "investor_names": [], "resources": [], "status_basis": "ispace release 2023-12-21.", "sources": [ { "url": "https://www.ispace-inc.com/2023/12/21/ispace-receives-small-business-innovation-research-grant-funding-notification/", "title": "ispace Receives Small Business Innovation Research Grant Funding Notification", "publisher": "ispace, inc.", "source_class": "company_primary", "published": "2023-12-21", "accessed": "2026-09-25", "quote": "received a notice of funding of $80 million (12 billion Yen) on Dec. 15, 2023, for the Japanese government's Small Business Innovation Research (SBIR) grant.", "quote_confirmed_raw": true, "supports": [ "amount", "date" ], "language": "en", "translation": "official" }, { "url": "https://www.ispace-inc.com/2026/03/30/statement-regarding-certain-reports-in-domestic-media/", "title": "Statement Regarding Certain Reports in Domestic Media", "publisher": "ispace, inc.", "source_class": "company_primary", "published": "2026-03-30", "accessed": "2026-09-25", "quote": "Mission 3: Lunar Lander launch, 2028 (formerly Mission 4) This mission is currently under development by ispace Japan funded through a Small Business Innovation Research (SBIR) grant", "quote_confirmed_raw": true, "supports": [ "summary" ], "language": "en", "translation": "official" } ], "confidence": "high", "missing_evidence": [ "METI's own award record was not retrieved. METI is not recorded as an organization here, so no counterparty is linked." ], "history": [], "last_checked": "2026-09-26", "review_state": "verified", "review": { "author_model": "claude-opus-5-5", "reviewer_model": "gpt-6-astra", "reviewer_run": "research/review/astra-events-20260926.json", "date": "2026-09-26", "sources_reopened": [ 0, 1 ], "edits_applied": 1, "base_record_sha256": "7f8e8337d1db89caaaf49e4f2592103c3a134316f2932ce1629485d698aa12bd" } }, { "stable_id": "evt-helios-government-award-20231205", "name": "DARPA selects Helios for the LunA-10 lunar architecture study", "summary": "DARPA listed Helios among 14 companies selected for its LunA-10 capability study on integrated lunar infrastructure, which DARPA says does not fund hardware construction or transport to the Moon; Firefly Aerospace, Honeybee Robotics and Blue Origin were also selected.", "event_type": "government_award", "date": { "value": "2023-12-05", "precision": "day" }, "subject_ids": [ "org-helios" ], "related_ids": [ "org-firefly-aerospace", "org-honeybee-robotics", "org-blue-origin" ], "amount": null, "currency": null, "basis": "official_award", "round_label": null, "investor_names": [], "resources": [], "status": "recorded", "status_basis": "DARPA news release dated 2023-12-05.", "sources": [ { "url": "https://www.darpa.mil/news/2023/commercial-lunar-infrastructure", "title": "DARPA selects companies for LunA-10 Capability Study (integrated lunar infrastructure framework)", "publisher": "DARPA", "source_class": "government_primary", "published": "2023-12-05", "accessed": "2026-09-25", "quote": "DARPA has selected the following companies for LunA-10: Blue Origin CisLunar Industries Crescent Space Services LLC Fibertek, Inc. Firefly Aerospace GITAI Helios Honeybee Robotics ICON", "quote_confirmed_raw": true, "supports": [ "subject_ids", "date" ], "language": "en", "translation": "none" }, { "url": "https://www.darpa.mil/news/2023/commercial-lunar-infrastructure", "title": "DARPA selects companies for LunA-10 Capability Study (integrated lunar infrastructure framework)", "publisher": "DARPA", "source_class": "government_primary", "published": "2023-12-05", "accessed": "2026-09-25", "quote": "LunA-10 will not fund technology construction, transportation to the lunar surface, or integration with lunar delivery vehicles", "quote_confirmed_raw": true, "supports": [ "summary" ], "language": "en", "translation": "none" } ], "confidence": "high", "missing_evidence": [ "Award value per performer not stated." ], "history": [], "last_checked": "2026-09-26", "review_state": "verified", "review": { "author_model": "claude-opus-5-5", "reviewer_model": "gpt-6-astra", "reviewer_run": "research/review/astra-events-20260926.json", "date": "2026-09-26", "sources_reopened": [ 0, 1 ], "edits_applied": 0, "base_record_sha256": "25592a8c46dcc1f8d89d947f00974cc0188d3cb83500f7dcfb957128bd4c1b6f" } }, { "stable_id": "evt-interlune-grant-20230920", "name": "NSF SBIR Phase I award to Interlune (regolith size sorting)", "summary": "The National Science Foundation awarded Interlune an SBIR Phase I grant of $246,028 (award 2304616, signed 2023-09-20, performance 2023-10-01 to 2024-06-30) for regolith size-sorting technology for space resource utilization.", "event_type": "grant", "date": { "value": "2023-09-20", "precision": "day" }, "subject_ids": [ "org-interlune" ], "related_ids": [], "amount": 246028, "currency": "USD", "basis": "official_award", "round_label": null, "investor_names": [], "resources": [], "status": "recorded", "status_basis": "Federal award record (USAspending).", "sources": [ { "url": "https://api.usaspending.gov/api/v2/awards/ASST_NON_2304616_049/", "title": "USAspending.gov award record 2304616 (API)", "publisher": "U.S. Department of the Treasury, USAspending.gov", "source_class": "government_primary", "published": "2023-09-20", "accessed": "2026-09-25", "quote": "SBIR PHASE I: REGOLITH SIZE SORTING TECHNOLOGY FOR SPACE RESOURCE UTILIZATION", "quote_confirmed_raw": true, "supports": [ "amount", "date", "summary" ], "language": "en", "translation": "none" }, { "url": "https://www.interlune.space/press-release/space-resources-startup-interlune-raises-18-million-in-seed-capital", "title": "Space Resources Startup Interlune Raises $18 Million in Seed Capital", "publisher": "Interlune", "source_class": "company_primary", "published": "2024-03-13", "accessed": "2026-09-25", "quote": "In October 2023, Interlune received a National Science Foundation (NSF) Small Business Innovation Research (SBIR) Phase I award to operationalize technology to size and sort lunar regolith.", "quote_confirmed_raw": true, "supports": [ "summary" ], "language": "en", "translation": "none" } ], "confidence": "high", "missing_evidence": [], "last_checked": "2026-09-26", "review_state": "verified", "history": [], "review": { "author_model": "claude-opus-5-5", "reviewer_model": "gpt-5.6-sol", "reviewer_run": "research/review/sol-events-and-held-20260926.json", "date": "2026-09-26", "sources_reopened": [ 0, 1 ], "edits_applied": 0, "base_record_sha256": "2ed46103bf1260883ca35276dcef9b7d70df507d2c80a7689824fe3f5add97d6" } }, { "stable_id": "evt-blue-origin-government-award-202307", "name": "NASA Tipping Point award to Blue Origin for Blue Alchemist", "summary": "NASA selected Blue Origin for a $34.7 million Tipping Point partnership to advance an end-to-end ISRU system designed to extract oxygen, iron, silicon and aluminum from regolith simulant and make solar cells and wire. Blue Origin said in July 2023 that an autonomous demonstration in a simulated lunar environment was expected by 2026.", "event_type": "government_award", "date": { "value": "2023-07", "precision": "month" }, "subject_ids": [ "org-blue-origin" ], "related_ids": [], "counterparty_id": "org-nasa", "amount": 34700000, "currency": "USD", "basis": "official_award", "round_label": null, "investor_names": [], "resources": [ { "resource": "oxygen", "evidence_level": "claimed" }, { "resource": "metals_general", "evidence_level": "claimed" }, { "resource": "regolith", "evidence_level": "claimed" } ], "status": "recorded", "status_basis": "NASA selection page.", "sources": [ { "url": "https://www.nasa.gov/general/2023-nasa-tipping-point-selections/", "title": "2023 NASA Tipping Point Selections", "publisher": "NASA", "source_class": "government_primary", "published": "2023-07-24", "accessed": "2026-09-25", "quote": "Blue Origin of Kent, Washington, $34.7 million The company will advance an end-to-end in-situ resource utilization (ISRU) system that can extract oxygen, iron, silicon, and aluminum from lunar regolith simulant and use the extracted materials to produce solar cells and wire.", "quote_confirmed_raw": true, "supports": [ "amount", "summary" ], "language": "en", "translation": "none" }, { "url": "https://web.archive.org/web/20260420131353/https://www.blueorigin.com/news/blue-origin-awarded-nasa-partnership-to-turn-lunar-regolith-into-solar-power-systems-on-the-moon", "title": "Blue Origin Awarded NASA Partnership to Turn Lunar Regolith into Solar-Power Systems on the Moon (Wayback Machine copy)", "publisher": "Blue Origin", "source_class": "company_primary", "published": "2023-07-25", "accessed": "2026-09-25", "quote": "Today's investment will result in a demonstration of autonomous operation in a simulated lunar environment by 2026.", "quote_confirmed_raw": true, "supports": [ "summary" ], "language": "en", "translation": "none" } ], "confidence": "high", "missing_evidence": [ "NASA page dated 2023-07-24, Blue Origin release dated 2023-07-25; month precision used" ], "last_checked": "2026-09-26", "review_state": "verified", "history": [], "review": { "author_model": "claude-opus-5-5", "reviewer_model": "gpt-6-astra", "reviewer_run": "research/review/astra-events-20260926.json", "date": "2026-09-26", "sources_reopened": [ 0, 1 ], "edits_applied": 1, "base_record_sha256": "d718dc03b879cfc0de41ed61e24c4274e9900e29fecbf79cd75f2a325bd06339" } }, { "stable_id": "evt-fleet-space-grant-202306", "event_type": "grant", "name": "Australian Space Agency Moon to Mars Demonstrator grant to Fleet Space", "summary": "Fleet Space announced it received an A$4M Australian Space Agency Moon to Mars Demonstrator Program grant to develop a lunar geophysical device (SPIDER) to search for water ice.", "date": { "value": "2023-06", "precision": "month" }, "subject_ids": [ "org-fleet-space" ], "related_ids": [ "msn-firefly-blue-ghost-m2" ], "amount": 4000000, "currency": "AUD", "basis": "announced", "round_label": null, "investor_names": [], "resources": [ { "resource": "water_ice", "evidence_level": "targeted" } ], "status": "recorded", "status_basis": "Company release dated 2023-11-09 states the grant is from June 2023; no agency record confirmed.", "sources": [ { "url": "https://www.fleetspace.com/newsroom/fleets-lunar-seismic-technology-heads-to-the-moon-on-fireflys-blue-ghost-lander", "title": "Fleet's Lunar Seismic Technology Heads to the Moon on Firefly's Blue Ghost Lander", "publisher": "Fleet Space Technologies", "source_class": "company_primary", "published": "2023-11-09", "accessed": "2026-09-25", "quote": "The Australian Space Agency's Demonstrator Program grant from June 2023, enabling Fleet to build SPIDER", "quote_confirmed_raw": true, "supports": [ "date", "summary" ], "language": "en", "translation": "none" }, { "url": "https://www.fleetspace.com/newsroom/fleets-lunar-seismic-technology-heads-to-the-moon-on-fireflys-blue-ghost-lander", "title": "Fleet's Lunar Seismic Technology Heads to the Moon on Firefly's Blue Ghost Lander", "publisher": "Fleet Space Technologies", "source_class": "company_primary", "published": "2023-11-09", "accessed": "2026-09-25", "quote": "Earlier this year, Fleet was awarded a A$4M grant by the Australian Space Agency for its Moon to Mars: Demonstrator Program", "quote_confirmed_raw": true, "supports": [ "amount", "currency", "summary" ], "language": "en", "translation": "none" } ], "confidence": "medium", "missing_evidence": [ "Australian Space Agency primary record of the grant (space.gov.au refused the raw fetch)." ], "last_checked": "2026-09-26", "history": [], "review_state": "verified", "review": { "author_model": "claude-opus-5-5", "reviewer_model": "gpt-5.6-sol", "reviewer_run": "research/review/sol-events-and-held-20260926.json", "date": "2026-09-26", "sources_reopened": [ 0, 1 ], "edits_applied": 0, "base_record_sha256": "21b24110143ae2339a40d138c599f51e0bf59dcddd8f56930dd5f0e84ae39675" } }, { "status": "recorded", "stable_id": "evt-ispace-ipo-20230412", "name": "ispace listing on the Tokyo Stock Exchange Growth Market", "summary": "ispace announced on 2023-04-12 that its shares had been listed on the Tokyo Stock Exchange Growth Market that day.", "event_type": "ipo", "date": { "value": "2023-04-12", "precision": "day" }, "subject_ids": [ "org-ispace" ], "related_ids": [], "amount": null, "currency": null, "basis": "announced", "round_label": "TSE Growth Market listing", "investor_names": [], "resources": [], "status_basis": "ispace listing notice (2023-03-08) and listing announcement (2023-04-12).", "sources": [ { "url": "https://www.ispace-inc.com/2023/03/08/notification-of-listing-on-the-tokyo-stock-exchange-growth-market/", "title": "Notification of Listing on The Tokyo Stock Exchange Growth Market", "publisher": "ispace, inc.", "source_class": "company_primary", "published": "2023-03-08", "accessed": "2026-09-25", "quote": "The date of listing on the Tokyo Stock Exchange Growth Market is scheduled to be April 12, 2023 (Wednesday)", "quote_confirmed_raw": true, "supports": [ "date" ], "language": "en", "translation": "official" }, { "url": "https://www.ispace-inc.com/2023/04/12/ispace-listed-on-the-tokyo-stock-exchange-growth-market/", "title": "ispace listed on the Tokyo Stock Exchange Growth Market", "publisher": "ispace, inc.", "source_class": "company_primary", "published": "2023-04-12", "accessed": "2026-09-25", "quote": "ispace has been listed on the Tokyo Stock Exchange Growth Market today, April 12, 2023.", "quote_confirmed_raw": true, "supports": [ "date" ], "language": "en", "translation": "official" } ], "confidence": "high", "missing_evidence": [ "IPO proceeds not recorded; TSE prospectus / securities registration statement not retrieved." ], "history": [], "last_checked": "2026-09-26", "review_state": "verified", "review": { "author_model": "claude-opus-5-5", "reviewer_model": "gpt-6-astra", "reviewer_run": "research/review/astra-events-20260926.json", "date": "2026-09-26", "sources_reopened": [ 0, 1 ], "edits_applied": 1, "base_record_sha256": "9c59d1b0adc21b662fd16faf53dace1f2c3ef258521439d8c784df78ded5e86a" } }, { "stable_id": "evt-blue-origin-other-20230210", "name": "Blue Origin discloses Blue Alchemist (solar cells from regolith simulant)", "summary": "Blue Origin disclosed Blue Alchemist, stating it had made working solar cells and transmission wire from lunar regolith simulants since 2021 using molten regolith electrolysis. Ground work on simulant only.", "event_type": "other", "date": { "value": "2023-02-10", "precision": "day" }, "subject_ids": [ "org-blue-origin" ], "related_ids": [], "amount": null, "currency": null, "basis": "announced", "round_label": null, "investor_names": [], "resources": [ { "resource": "regolith", "evidence_level": "claimed" }, { "resource": "oxygen", "evidence_level": "claimed" } ], "status": "recorded", "status_basis": "Company announcement.", "sources": [ { "url": "https://web.archive.org/web/20251116183323/https://www.blueorigin.com/news/blue-alchemist-powers-our-lunar-future", "title": "Blue Alchemist Technology Powers Our Lunar Future (Wayback Machine copy of blueorigin.com news page)", "publisher": "Blue Origin", "source_class": "company_primary", "published": "2023-02-10", "accessed": "2026-09-25", "quote": "Blue Origin manufactured this working solar cell prototype from lunar regolith simulants.", "quote_confirmed_raw": true, "supports": [ "summary" ], "language": "en", "translation": "none" } ], "confidence": "high", "missing_evidence": [], "last_checked": "2026-09-26", "review_state": "verified", "history": [], "review": { "author_model": "claude-opus-5-5", "reviewer_model": "gpt-5.6-sol", "reviewer_run": "research/review/sol-events-and-held-20260926.json", "date": "2026-09-26", "sources_reopened": [ 0 ], "edits_applied": 0, "base_record_sha256": "37d635f84989416a10a9481cca3b88933f570d7cdb184fd64a335da07a09db91" } }, { "stable_id": "evt-moon-agreement-saudi-arabia-treaty-action-20230105", "name": "Saudi Arabia notifies withdrawal from the Moon Agreement", "summary": "On 5 January 2023 Saudi Arabia notified the UN Secretary-General of its withdrawal from the Moon Agreement under Art. 20, effective 5 January 2024; party count fell from 18 to 17. It is the only withdrawal recorded by the depositary as of 25 September 2026.", "status": "recorded", "status_basis": "Dated act recorded in the cited primary source.", "sources": [ { "url": "https://treaties.un.org/Pages/ViewDetails.aspx?src=TREATY&mtdsg_no=XXIV-2&chapter=24&clang=_en", "title": "UN Treaty Collection XXIV-2, note 3", "publisher": "United Nations Office of Legal Affairs, Treaty Section", "source_class": "government_primary", "published": "2026-09-25", "accessed": "2026-09-25", "quote": "On 5 January 2023, the Government of Saudi Arabia notified the Secretary-General of its decision to withdraw from the Agreement with effect from 5 January 2024 in accordance with article 20 of the Agreement.", "quote_confirmed_raw": true, "supports": [ "date", "summary" ], "language": "en", "translation": "none" }, { "url": "https://www.nasa.gov/wp-content/uploads/2024/10/signatories-02.pdf", "title": "Artemis Accords signatory list (Saudi Arabia signed 07/14/2022)", "publisher": "NASA", "source_class": "government_primary", "published": "2026-09-25", "accessed": "2026-09-25", "quote": "21 Saudi Arabia 07/14/2022", "quote_confirmed_raw": true, "supports": [ "related_ids" ], "language": "en", "translation": "none", "quote_locator": { "article": null, "page": 2 } } ], "confidence": "high", "missing_evidence": [], "last_checked": "2026-09-25", "history": [], "review_state": "verified", "event_type": "treaty_action", "date": { "value": "2023-01-05", "precision": "day" }, "subject_ids": [ "law-moon-agreement" ], "related_ids": [ "law-artemis-accords" ], "counterparty_id": null, "amount": null, "currency": null, "basis": "filing", "round_label": null, "investor_names": [], "resources": [], "review": { "author_model": "claude-opus-5-5", "reviewer_model": "claude-sonnet-5", "reviewer_run": "research/review/legal-and-authorizations.json", "date": "2026-09-26", "sources_reopened": true, "edits_applied": 0 } }, { "stable_id": "evt-icon-technology-government-award-20221129", "event_type": "government_award", "name": "NASA SBIR Phase III award to ICON for Olympus lunar construction system", "summary": "NASA awarded ICON a SBIR Phase III contract worth $57.2 million, running through 2028, to develop the Olympus construction system designed to use lunar and Martian regolith as building material.", "date": { "value": "2022-11-29", "precision": "day" }, "subject_ids": [ "org-icon-technology" ], "related_ids": [ "org-nasa" ], "amount": 57200000, "currency": "USD", "basis": "official_award", "round_label": "SBIR Phase III", "investor_names": [], "resources": [ { "resource": "regolith", "evidence_level": "claimed" } ], "status": "recorded", "counterparty_id": "org-nasa", "status_basis": "NASA Marshall article dated 2022-11-29 states the value and term.", "sources": [ { "url": "https://www.nasa.gov/centers-and-facilities/marshall/nasa-icon-advance-lunar-construction-technology-for-moon-missions/", "title": "NASA, ICON Advance Lunar Construction Technology for Moon Missions", "publisher": "NASA Marshall Space Flight Center", "source_class": "government_primary", "published": "2022-11-29", "accessed": "2026-09-25", "quote": "The new NASA SBIR Phase III award will support the development of ICON's Olympus construction system, which is designed to use local resources on the Moon and Mars as building materials. The contract runs through 2028 and has a value of $57.2 million.", "quote_confirmed_raw": true, "supports": [ "role", "resources", "amount", "date", "counterparty_id" ], "language": "en", "translation": "none" } ], "confidence": "high", "missing_evidence": [], "last_checked": "2026-09-26", "history": [], "review_state": "verified", "review": { "author_model": "claude-opus-5-5", "reviewer_model": "gpt-5.6-sol", "reviewer_run": "research/review/sol-events-and-held-20260926.json", "date": "2026-09-26", "sources_reopened": [ 0 ], "edits_applied": 0, "base_record_sha256": "83de387797c9dcd73b001111ceb232d53d6ca1d3baa913ed3777af8e65d80e72" } }, { "stable_id": "evt-helios-agreement-202208", "name": "Helios-Eta Space partnership on lunar oxygen liquefaction", "summary": "Helios announced a partnership with Florida-based Eta Space to plan a lunar oxygen production and liquefaction plant, with Eta Space handling cryogenic storage of oxygen from the Helios reactor.", "event_type": "agreement", "date": { "value": "2022-08-09", "precision": "day" }, "subject_ids": [ "org-helios" ], "related_ids": [], "amount": null, "currency": null, "basis": "announced", "round_label": null, "investor_names": [], "resources": [ { "resource": "oxygen", "evidence_level": "claimed" } ], "status": "recorded", "status_basis": "Press report of 2022-08-28.", "sources": [ { "url": "https://madan.org.il/en/news/israeli-space-tech-startup-helios-make-oxygen-moon", "title": "Israeli space tech startup Helios to make oxygen on Moon (republication of a Times of Israel article by Ricky Ben-David)", "publisher": "Madan (source: The Times of Israel)", "source_class": "reputable_press", "published": "2022-08-28", "accessed": "2026-09-25", "quote": "Israeli space tech startup Helios announced a partnership this month with Florida's Eta Space to create and store oxygen on the Moon", "quote_confirmed_raw": true, "supports": [ "summary", "date" ], "language": "en", "translation": "none" }, { "url": "https://www.prnewswire.com/news-releases/helios-and-eta-space-combine-technologies-to-extract-and-store-liquid-oxygen-on-the-moon-301601670.html", "title": "Helios and Eta Space Combine Technologies to Extract and Store Liquid Oxygen on the Moon", "publisher": "Helios (release distributed by PR Newswire)", "source_class": "company_primary", "published": "2022-08-09", "accessed": "2026-09-26", "quote": "to develop an integrated lunar oxygen production and liquefaction plant, a critical step toward a sustainable cislunar industry.", "quote_confirmed_raw": true, "supports": [ "summary" ], "language": "en", "translation": "none" } ], "confidence": "medium", "missing_evidence": [], "history": [], "last_checked": "2026-09-26", "review_state": "verified", "review": { "author_model": "claude-opus-5-5", "reviewer_model": "gpt-6-astra", "reviewer_run": "research/review/astra-events-20260926.json", "date": "2026-09-26", "sources_reopened": [ 0, 1 ], "edits_applied": 3, "base_record_sha256": "19beffecb2e2e1fed5fff1d91f6bf7e7ce733647558c6e5b4372920fbc84e71c" } }, { "status": "recorded", "status_basis": "Recorded from the dated sources cited; company announcements are claims, not confirmations.", "last_checked": "2026-09-26", "review_state": "verified", "history": [], "missing_evidence": [ "Company or filing confirmation of the full seed-round amount and terms; the reopened investor post confirms participation but not the round size." ], "related_ids": [], "resources": [], "investor_names": [ "Initialized Capital", "Seven Seven Six", "EarthRise", "Aera VC", "Liquid 2", "Soma" ], "confidence": "high", "stable_id": "evt-astroforge-funding-round-20220526", "name": "AstroForge $13 million seed round", "event_type": "funding_round", "summary": "TechCrunch reported on 2022-05-26 that AstroForge closed a $13 million seed round led by Initialized Capital, with the company saying it would fund its first two missions. Initialized separately announced its investment that day.", "date": { "value": "2022-05-26", "precision": "day" }, "subject_ids": [ "org-astroforge" ], "amount": 13000000, "currency": "USD", "basis": "announced", "round_label": "seed", "sources": [ { "url": "https://techcrunch.com/2022/05/26/astroforge-raises-13m-seed-round-for-asteroid-mining-ambitions/", "title": "Astroforge raises $13M seed round for asteroid mining ambitions", "publisher": "TechCrunch", "source_class": "reputable_press", "published": "2022-05-26", "accessed": "2026-09-25", "quote": "the startup has closed a $13 million seed round", "quote_confirmed_raw": true, "supports": [ "amount", "round_label" ], "language": "en", "translation": "none" }, { "url": "https://techcrunch.com/2022/05/26/astroforge-raises-13m-seed-round-for-asteroid-mining-ambitions/", "title": "Astroforge raises $13M seed round for asteroid mining ambitions", "publisher": "TechCrunch", "source_class": "reputable_press", "published": "2022-05-26", "accessed": "2026-09-25", "quote": "The seed round was led by Initialized Capital, with investments from Seven Seven Six, EarthRise, Aera VC, Liquid 2 and Soma.", "quote_confirmed_raw": true, "supports": [ "investor_names" ], "language": "en", "translation": "none" }, { "url": "https://blog.initialized.com/2022/05/our-13m-investment-t-make-asteroid-mining-a-reality/", "title": "AstroForge & The Commercialization Of Deep Space", "publisher": "Initialized Capital", "source_class": "company_primary", "published": "2022-05-26", "accessed": "2026-09-26", "quote": "One of our most recent investments, AstroForge, is a second-gen asteroid mining startup", "quote_confirmed_raw": true, "supports": [ "subject_ids" ], "language": "en", "translation": "none" } ], "review": { "author_model": "claude-opus-5-5", "reviewer_model": "gpt-6-astra", "reviewer_run": "research/review/astra-events-20260926.json", "date": "2026-09-26", "sources_reopened": [ 0, 1, 2 ], "edits_applied": 3, "base_record_sha256": "db131821966347651b1fc56baad3886255de9669e63ee4d428bf80dce270360c" } }, { "stable_id": "evt-lunar-outpost-funding-round-202205", "name": "Lunar Outpost $12 million seed round", "summary": "Lunar Outpost announced a closed $12 million seed round led by Explorer 1 Fund.", "event_type": "funding_round", "date": { "value": "2022-05", "precision": "month" }, "subject_ids": [ "org-lunar-outpost" ], "related_ids": [], "amount": 12000000, "currency": "USD", "basis": "announced", "round_label": "Seed", "investor_names": [ "Explorer 1 Fund", "Promus Ventures", "Space Capital", "Type 1 Ventures", "Cathexis Ventures" ], "resources": [], "status": "recorded", "status_basis": "Company release (blog header dated 2022-05-22; body dateline 23 May 2022).", "sources": [ { "url": "https://www.lunaroutpost.com/post/lunar-outpost-announces-12-million-seed-investment-to-scale-mobility-technology-enabling-commercial", "title": "Lunar Outpost Announces $12 Million Seed Investment to Scale Mobility Technology Enabling Commercial Lunar Advancement", "publisher": "Lunar Outpost", "source_class": "company_primary", "published": "2022-05", "accessed": "2026-09-25", "quote": "Lunar Outpost , a global leader in commercial planetary mobility, announced a $12 million seed funding round today. The closed round was led by Explorer 1 Fund with participation from Promus Ventures , Space Capital , Type 1 Ventures and Cathexis Ventures .", "quote_confirmed_raw": true, "supports": [ "amount", "investor_names", "round_label" ], "language": "en", "translation": "none" } ], "confidence": "high", "missing_evidence": [], "history": [], "last_checked": "2026-09-26", "review_state": "verified", "review": { "author_model": "claude-opus-5-5", "reviewer_model": "gpt-5.6-sol", "reviewer_run": "research/review/sol-events-and-held-20260926.json", "date": "2026-09-26", "sources_reopened": [ 0 ], "edits_applied": 0, "base_record_sha256": "126260bad19aa5508e256e2df6cf95c9f9d018d1af3ac3b1c05ebc6b0f02078f" } }, { "stable_id": "evt-honeybee-robotics-acquisition-20220124", "name": "Blue Origin agrees to acquire Honeybee Robotics", "summary": "Blue Origin agreed to acquire Honeybee Robotics from Ensign-Bickford Industries, making it a wholly owned subsidiary; the deal was expected to close in mid-February 2022 and terms were not disclosed.", "event_type": "acquisition", "date": { "value": "2022-01-24", "precision": "day" }, "subject_ids": [ "org-honeybee-robotics" ], "related_ids": [ "org-blue-origin" ], "counterparty_id": "org-blue-origin", "amount": null, "currency": null, "basis": "announced", "round_label": null, "investor_names": [], "resources": [], "status": "recorded", "status_basis": "Blue Origin news page (Wayback copy).", "sources": [ { "url": "https://web.archive.org/web/20260420130239/https://www.blueorigin.com/news/honeybee-robotics-to-join-blue-origin", "title": "Honeybee Robotics to Join Blue Origin (Wayback Machine copy of blueorigin.com news page)", "publisher": "Blue Origin", "source_class": "company_primary", "published": "2022-01-24", "accessed": "2026-09-25", "quote": "The deal between Honeybee's parent organization, Ensign-Bickford Industries, and Blue Origin is expected to close in mid-February. Terms of the deal are not being disclosed.", "quote_confirmed_raw": true, "supports": [ "summary", "date" ], "language": "en", "translation": "none" }, { "url": "https://web.archive.org/web/20260420130239/https://www.blueorigin.com/news/honeybee-robotics-to-join-blue-origin", "title": "Honeybee Robotics to Join Blue Origin (Wayback Machine copy of blueorigin.com news page)", "publisher": "Blue Origin", "source_class": "company_primary", "published": "2022-01-24", "accessed": "2026-09-25", "quote": "Honeybee will become a wholly owned subsidiary of Blue Origin, headquartered in Kent, Washington.", "quote_confirmed_raw": true, "supports": [ "counterparty_id" ], "language": "en", "translation": "none" } ], "confidence": "medium", "missing_evidence": [ "Closing not confirmed by a primary source; date is the announcement date" ], "last_checked": "2026-09-26", "review_state": "verified", "history": [], "review": { "author_model": "claude-opus-5-5", "reviewer_model": "gpt-5.6-sol", "reviewer_run": "research/review/sol-events-and-held-20260926.json", "date": "2026-09-26", "sources_reopened": [ 0, 1 ], "edits_applied": 0, "base_record_sha256": "c0545aa986c32962eebc3ee6c6994f313a32e2fc8f2871cacdc0ad92d028a6a3" } }, { "status": "recorded", "stable_id": "evt-ispace-funding-round-20210804", "name": "ispace Series C round (approx. USD 46 million)", "summary": "ispace announced contracted Series C funding of JPY 5.07 billion (approximately USD 46 million for reference) from seven investors led by Incubate Fund. The release states that part was scheduled to be credited from August 2021 onward.", "event_type": "funding_round", "date": { "value": "2021-08-04", "precision": "day" }, "subject_ids": [ "org-ispace" ], "related_ids": [], "amount": 46000000, "currency": "USD", "basis": "announced", "round_label": "Series C", "investor_names": [ "Incubate Fund (lead)" ], "resources": [], "status_basis": "ispace release 2021-08-04.", "sources": [ { "url": "https://www.ispace-inc.com/2021/08/04/ispace-raises-46-million-in-series-c-funding-with-new-funds-going-toward-mission-2-3/", "title": "ispace Raises $46 Million in Series C Funding with New Funds Going Toward Mission 2 & 3", "publisher": "ispace, inc.", "source_class": "company_primary", "published": "2021-08-04", "accessed": "2026-09-25", "quote": "announced that it contracted to fund approximately $46 million (USD)[i] from seven investors, including Incubate Fund as the lead investor, for its Series C investment round.", "quote_confirmed_raw": true, "supports": [ "amount", "round_label", "investor_names" ], "language": "en", "translation": "official" } ], "confidence": "high", "missing_evidence": [ "Full Series C investor list not transcribed." ], "history": [], "last_checked": "2026-09-26", "review_state": "verified", "review": { "author_model": "claude-opus-5-5", "reviewer_model": "gpt-6-astra", "reviewer_run": "research/review/astra-events-20260926.json", "date": "2026-09-26", "sources_reopened": [ 0 ], "edits_applied": 1, "base_record_sha256": "aec8cffac4a8f0c0a0e5a06977524b55803a869c20b4bfa95d31542b99141070" } }, { "stable_id": "evt-masten-space-systems-contract-20201203", "name": "NASA lunar regolith purchase contract to Masten Space Systems, $15,000", "summary": "NASA selected Masten Space Systems to collect lunar regolith and transfer ownership in place to NASA for $15,000, following a planned 2023 South Pole landing. Masten never flew a lunar lander; Masten filed for Chapter 11 in July 2022; Astrobotic announced in September 2022 that it had acquired Masten, and the company was later liquidated under a Chapter 11 plan. The fate of this contract is not documented in retrieved sources.", "status": "recorded", "status_basis": "Dated act recorded in the cited primary source.", "sources": [ { "url": "https://www.nasa.gov/news-release/nasa-selects-companies-to-collect-lunar-resources-for-artemis-demonstrations/", "title": "NASA Selects Companies to Collect Lunar Resources for Artemis Demonstrations (Release 20-118, 3 December 2020)", "publisher": "NASA", "source_class": "government_primary", "published": "2020-12-03", "accessed": "2026-09-25", "quote": "NASA has selected four companies to collect space resources and transfer ownership to the agency: Lunar Outpost of Golden, Colorado; Masten Space Systems of Mojave, California; ispace Europe of Luxembourg; and ispace Japan of Tokyo.", "quote_confirmed_raw": true, "supports": [ "subject_ids", "date" ], "language": "en", "translation": "none" }, { "url": "https://www.nasa.gov/news-release/nasa-selects-companies-to-collect-lunar-resources-for-artemis-demonstrations/", "title": "NASA Release 20-118 - selection details", "publisher": "NASA", "source_class": "government_primary", "published": "2020-12-03", "accessed": "2026-09-25", "quote": "Masten Space Systems proposed collection for $15,000 following arrival in 2023 of a lander to the lunar South Pole.", "quote_confirmed_raw": true, "supports": [ "amount" ], "language": "en", "translation": "none" }, { "url": "http://web.archive.org/web/2023id_/https://www.astrobotic.com/astrobotic-acquires-masten-space-systems/", "title": "Astrobotic Acquires Masten Space Systems (13 September 2022, archived)", "publisher": "Astrobotic Technology", "source_class": "company_primary", "published": "2022-09-13", "accessed": "2026-09-25", "quote": "Astrobotic announces today the acquisition of Masten Space Systems", "quote_confirmed_raw": true, "supports": [ "summary" ], "language": "en", "translation": "none" }, { "url": "https://www.courtlistener.com/docket/64480299/space-case-inc/", "title": "Space Case, Inc., 22-10657 (Bankr. D. Del.) - docket", "publisher": "CourtListener (RECAP of PACER)", "source_class": "court_or_filing", "published": null, "accessed": "2026-09-25", "quote": "Chapter 11 Voluntary Petition . Fee Amount $1738. Filed by Masten Space Systems, Inc.", "quote_confirmed_raw": true, "supports": [ "summary" ], "language": "en", "translation": "none" }, { "url": "https://www.courtlistener.com/docket/64480299/space-case-inc/?page=3", "title": "Space Case, Inc., 22-10657 (Bankr. D. Del.) - docket page 3", "publisher": "CourtListener (RECAP of PACER)", "source_class": "court_or_filing", "published": null, "accessed": "2026-09-25", "quote": "Notice of Entry of Order Confirming, and Occurrence of Effective Date of Modified Combined Disclosure Statement and Chapter 11 Plan of Liquidation of Masten Space Systems, Inc.", "quote_confirmed_raw": true, "supports": [ "summary" ], "language": "en", "translation": "none" } ], "confidence": "high", "missing_evidence": [ "Termination, assignment, or other disposition of Masten's regolith contract after the 2022 acquisition not found in any primary source." ], "last_checked": "2026-09-25", "history": [], "review_state": "verified", "event_type": "contract", "date": { "value": "2020-12-03", "precision": "day" }, "subject_ids": [ "org-masten-space-systems" ], "related_ids": [ "msn-masten-mission-one" ], "counterparty_id": "org-nasa", "amount": 15000, "currency": "USD", "basis": "official_award", "round_label": null, "investor_names": [], "resources": [ { "resource": "regolith", "evidence_level": "targeted" } ], "review": { "author_model": "claude-opus-5-5", "reviewer_model": "claude-sonnet-5", "reviewer_run": "research/review/legal-and-authorizations.json", "date": "2026-09-26", "sources_reopened": true, "edits_applied": 0 } }, { "stable_id": "evt-lunar-outpost-contract-20201203", "name": "NASA lunar regolith purchase contract to Lunar Outpost, $1", "summary": "NASA selected Lunar Outpost to collect lunar regolith and transfer ownership in place to NASA for $1. Lunar Outpost states NASA paid $0.10 on completion of the contract's Concept Review (August 2021) and that its MAPP rover on Intuitive Machines IM-2 (Lunar Voyage 1) was to make the collection; the lander came to rest on its side on 6 March 2025 and MAPP could not be deployed, so no collection occurred.", "status": "recorded", "status_basis": "Dated act recorded in the cited primary source.", "sources": [ { "url": "https://www.nasa.gov/news-release/nasa-selects-companies-to-collect-lunar-resources-for-artemis-demonstrations/", "title": "NASA Selects Companies to Collect Lunar Resources for Artemis Demonstrations (Release 20-118, 3 December 2020)", "publisher": "NASA", "source_class": "government_primary", "published": "2020-12-03", "accessed": "2026-09-25", "quote": "NASA has selected four companies to collect space resources and transfer ownership to the agency: Lunar Outpost of Golden, Colorado; Masten Space Systems of Mojave, California; ispace Europe of Luxembourg; and ispace Japan of Tokyo.", "quote_confirmed_raw": true, "supports": [ "subject_ids", "date" ], "language": "en", "translation": "none" }, { "url": "https://www.nasa.gov/news-release/nasa-selects-companies-to-collect-lunar-resources-for-artemis-demonstrations/", "title": "NASA Release 20-118 - selection details", "publisher": "NASA", "source_class": "government_primary", "published": "2020-12-03", "accessed": "2026-09-25", "quote": "Lunar Outpost proposed collection for $1 following arrival of a lander to the lunar South Pole in 2023.", "quote_confirmed_raw": true, "supports": [ "amount" ], "language": "en", "translation": "none" }, { "url": "https://www.lunaroutpost.com/post/lunar-outpost-becomes-first-company-to-receive-payment-for-space-resources", "title": "Lunar Outpost Becomes First Company to Receive Payment for Space Resources (23 August 2021)", "publisher": "Lunar Outpost", "source_class": "company_primary", "published": "2021-08-23", "accessed": "2026-09-25", "quote": "NASA administrator Bill Nelson presented a check for $0.10 to Lunar Outpost CEO, Justin Cyrus, for the successful completion of the Concept Review for that contract.", "quote_confirmed_raw": true, "supports": [ "summary" ], "language": "en", "translation": "none" }, { "url": "https://www.lunaroutpost.com/post/lunar-outpost-to-launch-first-mission-to-explore-the-moon-s-surface-advancing-a-sustainable-human-p", "title": "Lunar Outpost to Launch First Mission to Explore the Moon's Surface (26 February 2025)", "publisher": "Lunar Outpost", "source_class": "company_primary", "published": "2025-02-26", "accessed": "2026-09-25", "quote": "execute the first sale of space resources with NASA through regolith collection", "quote_confirmed_raw": true, "supports": [ "summary" ], "language": "en", "translation": "none" }, { "url": "https://www.lunaroutpost.com/post/lunar-voyage-1-update", "title": "Lunar Voyage 1 Update (7 March 2025)", "publisher": "Lunar Outpost", "source_class": "company_primary", "published": "2025-03-07", "accessed": "2026-09-25", "quote": "The Nova-C lander ended up on its side with MAPP's garage wedged upside down under the lander, preventing MAPP's deployment to the lunar surface.", "quote_confirmed_raw": true, "supports": [ "summary" ], "language": "en", "translation": "none" } ], "confidence": "high", "missing_evidence": [ "Whether the contract remains open for a later Lunar Outpost mission is not stated in any retrieved source.", "No mission record exists here for Lunar Outpost Lunar Voyage 1 / MAPP on IM-2." ], "last_checked": "2026-09-25", "history": [], "review_state": "verified", "event_type": "contract", "date": { "value": "2020-12-03", "precision": "day" }, "subject_ids": [ "org-lunar-outpost" ], "related_ids": [ "msn-lunar-outpost-mapp-im2" ], "counterparty_id": "org-nasa", "amount": 1, "currency": "USD", "basis": "official_award", "round_label": null, "investor_names": [], "resources": [ { "resource": "regolith", "evidence_level": "targeted" } ], "review": { "author_model": "claude-opus-5-5", "reviewer_model": "claude-sonnet-5", "reviewer_run": "research/review/legal-and-authorizations.json", "date": "2026-09-26", "sources_reopened": true, "edits_applied": 0 } }, { "stable_id": "evt-ispace-europe-contract-20201203", "name": "NASA lunar regolith purchase contract to ispace Europe, $5,000", "summary": "NASA selected ispace Europe (Luxembourg) to collect lunar regolith and transfer ownership in place to NASA for $5,000. ispace states ispace EUROPE met interim milestones and received a payment in September 2022. The collection was planned with the TENACIOUS rover on Mission 2 under Luxembourg's authorisation; the lander was lost in a likely hard landing on 6 June 2025 and ispace concluded the mission, so no collection took place.", "status": "recorded", "status_basis": "Dated act recorded in the cited primary source.", "sources": [ { "url": "https://www.nasa.gov/news-release/nasa-selects-companies-to-collect-lunar-resources-for-artemis-demonstrations/", "title": "NASA Selects Companies to Collect Lunar Resources for Artemis Demonstrations (Release 20-118, 3 December 2020)", "publisher": "NASA", "source_class": "government_primary", "published": "2020-12-03", "accessed": "2026-09-25", "quote": "NASA has selected four companies to collect space resources and transfer ownership to the agency: Lunar Outpost of Golden, Colorado; Masten Space Systems of Mojave, California; ispace Europe of Luxembourg; and ispace Japan of Tokyo.", "quote_confirmed_raw": true, "supports": [ "subject_ids", "date" ], "language": "en", "translation": "none" }, { "url": "https://www.nasa.gov/news-release/nasa-selects-companies-to-collect-lunar-resources-for-artemis-demonstrations/", "title": "NASA Release 20-118 - selection details", "publisher": "NASA", "source_class": "government_primary", "published": "2020-12-03", "accessed": "2026-09-25", "quote": "ispace Europe proposed collection for $5,000 following arrival in 2023 of a lander to the lunar South Pole.", "quote_confirmed_raw": true, "supports": [ "amount" ], "language": "en", "translation": "none" }, { "url": "https://www.nasa.gov/news-release/nasa-selects-companies-to-collect-lunar-resources-for-artemis-demonstrations/", "title": "NASA Release 20-118 - contract terms", "publisher": "NASA", "source_class": "government_primary", "published": "2020-12-03", "accessed": "2026-09-25", "quote": "Companies will receive 10% of their total proposed price upon award, will receive 10% upon launch, and the remaining 80% upon successful completion.", "quote_confirmed_raw": true, "supports": [ "summary" ], "language": "en", "translation": "none" }, { "url": "https://www.ispace-inc.com/2022/09/22/ispace-receives-interim-payment-on-lunar-regolith-transfer-contract-from-nasa/", "title": "ispace Receives Interim Payment on Lunar Regolith Transfer Contract from NASA (22 September 2022)", "publisher": "ispace, inc.", "source_class": "company_primary", "published": "2022-09-22", "accessed": "2026-09-25", "quote": "The payment is for achieving milestones in the second contract held by ispace EU.", "quote_confirmed_raw": true, "supports": [ "summary" ], "language": "en", "translation": "none" }, { "url": "https://www.ispace-inc.com/2025/06/06/status-update-on-ispace-mission-2-smbc-x-hakuto-r-venture-moon/", "title": "Status Update on ispace Mission 2 SMBC x HAKUTO-R VENTURE MOON (6 June 2025)", "publisher": "ispace, inc.", "source_class": "company_primary", "published": "2025-06-06", "accessed": "2026-09-25", "quote": "It has been decided to conclude the mission.", "quote_confirmed_raw": true, "supports": [ "summary" ], "language": "en", "translation": "none" } ], "confidence": "high", "missing_evidence": [ "Amount of the 2022 milestone payment not stated; current contract status after Mission 2 not stated in any retrieved source." ], "last_checked": "2026-09-25", "history": [], "review_state": "verified", "event_type": "contract", "date": { "value": "2020-12-03", "precision": "day" }, "subject_ids": [ "org-ispace-europe" ], "related_ids": [ "auth-luxembourg-ispace-europe-2024", "msn-ispace-m2-resilience", "msn-ispace-europe-tenacious" ], "counterparty_id": "org-nasa", "amount": 5000, "currency": "USD", "basis": "official_award", "round_label": null, "investor_names": [], "resources": [ { "resource": "regolith", "evidence_level": "targeted" } ], "review": { "author_model": "claude-opus-5-5", "reviewer_model": "claude-sonnet-5", "reviewer_run": "research/review/legal-and-authorizations.json", "date": "2026-09-26", "sources_reopened": true, "edits_applied": 0 } }, { "stable_id": "evt-ispace-contract-20201203", "name": "NASA lunar regolith purchase contract to ispace (Japan), $5,000", "summary": "NASA selected ispace (Japan) to collect a small amount of lunar regolith and transfer ownership in place to NASA for $5,000 (10% on award, 10% on launch, 80% on completion). The collection attempt under this contract was covered by Japanese permits for Mission 1 (lander lost 26 April 2023) and Mission 2 (lander lost 6 June 2025); no transfer has occurred as far as primary sources show.", "status": "recorded", "status_basis": "Dated act recorded in the cited primary source.", "sources": [ { "url": "https://www.nasa.gov/news-release/nasa-selects-companies-to-collect-lunar-resources-for-artemis-demonstrations/", "title": "NASA Selects Companies to Collect Lunar Resources for Artemis Demonstrations (Release 20-118, 3 December 2020)", "publisher": "NASA", "source_class": "government_primary", "published": "2020-12-03", "accessed": "2026-09-25", "quote": "NASA has selected four companies to collect space resources and transfer ownership to the agency: Lunar Outpost of Golden, Colorado; Masten Space Systems of Mojave, California; ispace Europe of Luxembourg; and ispace Japan of Tokyo.", "quote_confirmed_raw": true, "supports": [ "subject_ids", "date" ], "language": "en", "translation": "none" }, { "url": "https://www.nasa.gov/news-release/nasa-selects-companies-to-collect-lunar-resources-for-artemis-demonstrations/", "title": "NASA Release 20-118 - selection details", "publisher": "NASA", "source_class": "government_primary", "published": "2020-12-03", "accessed": "2026-09-25", "quote": "ispace Japan proposed collection for $5,000 following arrival in 2022 of a lander to Lacus Somniorum on the Moon's northeastern near side.", "quote_confirmed_raw": true, "supports": [ "amount" ], "language": "en", "translation": "none" }, { "url": "https://www.nasa.gov/news-release/nasa-selects-companies-to-collect-lunar-resources-for-artemis-demonstrations/", "title": "NASA Release 20-118 - contract terms", "publisher": "NASA", "source_class": "government_primary", "published": "2020-12-03", "accessed": "2026-09-25", "quote": "Companies will receive 10% of their total proposed price upon award, will receive 10% upon launch, and the remaining 80% upon successful completion.", "quote_confirmed_raw": true, "supports": [ "summary" ], "language": "en", "translation": "none" }, { "url": "https://www.nasa.gov/news-release/nasa-selects-companies-to-collect-lunar-resources-for-artemis-demonstrations/", "title": "NASA Release 20-118 - in-place transfer", "publisher": "NASA", "source_class": "government_primary", "published": "2020-12-03", "accessed": "2026-09-25", "quote": "Subsequent to receiving such imagery and data, an \"in-place\" transfer of ownership of the lunar regolith to NASA will take place.", "quote_confirmed_raw": true, "supports": [ "summary" ], "language": "en", "translation": "none" }, { "url": "https://2022.ispace-inc.com/news-en/?p=6558", "title": "ispace Mission 2 license release (contract carried to Mission 2)", "publisher": "ispace, inc.", "source_class": "company_primary", "published": "2024-12-17", "accessed": "2026-09-25", "quote": "The license allows ispace to complete a contract awarded by NASA in December 2020, to acquire regolith from the lunar surface and transfer ownership to the space agency.", "quote_confirmed_raw": true, "supports": [ "summary" ], "language": "en", "translation": "none" }, { "url": "https://www.ispace-inc.com/2023/05/26/ispace-announces-results-of-the-hakuto-r-mission-1-lunar-landing/", "title": "ispace Announces Results of the HAKUTO-R Mission 1 Lunar Landing (26 May 2023)", "publisher": "ispace, inc.", "source_class": "company_primary", "published": "2023-05-26", "accessed": "2026-09-25", "quote": "Although the lander did not complete a soft landing", "quote_confirmed_raw": true, "supports": [ "summary" ], "language": "en", "translation": "none" }, { "url": "https://www.ispace-inc.com/2025/06/06/status-update-on-ispace-mission-2-smbc-x-hakuto-r-venture-moon/", "title": "Status Update on ispace Mission 2 SMBC x HAKUTO-R VENTURE MOON (6 June 2025)", "publisher": "ispace, inc.", "source_class": "company_primary", "published": "2025-06-06", "accessed": "2026-09-25", "quote": "it is currently assumed that the lander likely performed a hard landing on the lunar surface", "quote_confirmed_raw": true, "supports": [ "summary" ], "language": "en", "translation": "none" } ], "confidence": "high", "missing_evidence": [ "Current status of the contract after the Mission 2 loss (open, modified, or terminated) is not stated in any retrieved NASA or ispace source." ], "last_checked": "2026-09-25", "history": [], "review_state": "verified", "event_type": "contract", "date": { "value": "2020-12-03", "precision": "day" }, "subject_ids": [ "org-ispace" ], "related_ids": [ "auth-japan-ispace-2022", "auth-japan-ispace-2024", "msn-ispace-hakuto-r-m1", "msn-ispace-m2-resilience" ], "counterparty_id": "org-nasa", "amount": 5000, "currency": "USD", "basis": "official_award", "round_label": null, "investor_names": [], "resources": [ { "resource": "regolith", "evidence_level": "targeted" } ], "review": { "author_model": "claude-opus-5-5", "reviewer_model": "claude-sonnet-5", "reviewer_run": "research/review/legal-and-authorizations.json", "date": "2026-09-26", "sources_reopened": true, "edits_applied": 0 } }, { "stable_id": "evt-esric-agreement-20201118", "name": "ESRIC implementation agreement signed with ESA", "summary": "Luxembourg's Ministry of the Economy (supervising the LSA), LIST and ESA signed an implementation agreement on cooperation activities at ESRIC, making ESA a strategic partner.", "status_basis": "Dated act stated in The Luxembourg Government's government primary source.", "sources": [ { "url": "https://gouvernement.lu/en/actualites/toutes_actualites/communiques/2020/11-novembre/18-luxembourg-spaceresources.html", "title": "Luxembourg teams up with ESA to create a unique \"European Space Resources Innovation Centre\" to be established in the Grand Duchy", "publisher": "The Luxembourg Government", "source_class": "government_primary", "published": "2020-11-18", "accessed": "2026-09-25", "quote": "On 18 November 2020, an implementation agreement concerning cooperation activities at ESRIC was signed between the Ministry of the Economy", "quote_confirmed_raw": true, "supports": [ "date", "summary" ], "language": "en", "translation": "none" } ], "confidence": "high", "missing_evidence": [], "last_checked": "2026-09-26", "history": [], "review_state": "verified", "event_type": "agreement", "date": { "value": "2020-11-18", "precision": "day" }, "subject_ids": [ "org-esric" ], "related_ids": [ "org-esa", "org-luxembourg-space-agency" ], "counterparty_id": null, "amount": null, "currency": null, "basis": "announced", "round_label": null, "investor_names": [], "resources": [], "status": "recorded", "review": { "author_model": "claude-opus-5-5", "reviewer_model": "gpt-6-astra", "reviewer_run": "research/review/astra-events-20260926.json", "date": "2026-09-26", "sources_reopened": [ 0 ], "edits_applied": 0, "base_record_sha256": "349c9c3ea7977bfd8bfabadfc7945f7c423ece1a53e8bfaf21058eafbad923cc" } }, { "stable_id": "evt-metalysis-government-award-20201106", "name": "ESA contract 4000131940 to Metalysis for FFC oxygen production from regolith (ISRU)", "summary": "Metalysis announced ESA funding under the General Support Technology Programme for 'The Metalysis FFC Process for Extra-Terrestrial Oxygen Production from ISRU'; value not disclosed.", "event_type": "government_award", "date": { "value": "2020-11-06", "precision": "day" }, "subject_ids": [ "org-metalysis" ], "related_ids": [ "org-esa" ], "counterparty_id": "org-esa", "amount": null, "currency": null, "basis": "announced", "round_label": null, "investor_names": [], "resources": [ { "resource": "oxygen", "evidence_level": "claimed" } ], "status": "recorded", "status_basis": "Metalysis release (company-announced; ESA page not retrieved). Date is the release date, not the contract signature date.", "sources": [ { "url": "https://metalysis.com/media-release/newest/metalysis-awarded-european-space-agency-development-contract-for-its-ffc-process/", "title": "Metalysis Awarded European Space Agency Development Contract for its FFC Process", "publisher": "Metalysis", "source_class": "company_primary", "published": "2020-11-06", "accessed": "2026-09-25", "quote": "has been awarded European Space Agency (ESA) funding, contract number 4000131940, for its project titled, \"The Metalysis FFC Process for Extra-Terrestrial Oxygen Production from ISRU,\"", "quote_confirmed_raw": true, "supports": [ "date", "counterparty_id" ], "language": "en", "translation": "none" } ], "confidence": "medium", "missing_evidence": [ "ESA-side record of contract 4000131940 and its value not retrieved." ], "history": [], "last_checked": "2026-09-26", "review_state": "verified", "review": { "author_model": "claude-opus-5-5", "reviewer_model": "gpt-6-astra", "reviewer_run": "research/review/astra-events-20260926.json", "date": "2026-09-26", "sources_reopened": [ 0 ], "edits_applied": 0, "base_record_sha256": "e14340891a51fcf833bc2475a5584521cf96c0a3de4daaa9cb393f7c0fb40477" } }, { "status": "recorded", "stable_id": "evt-ispace-funding-round-20200820", "name": "ispace Series B round (approx. USD 28 million)", "summary": "ispace announced a Series B round of approximately USD 28 million led by Incubate Fund's IF SPV 1st Investment Partnership, bringing its stated cumulative investment to about USD 125 million.", "event_type": "funding_round", "date": { "value": "2020-08-20", "precision": "day" }, "subject_ids": [ "org-ispace" ], "related_ids": [], "amount": 28000000, "currency": "USD", "basis": "announced", "round_label": "Series B", "investor_names": [ "IF SPV 1st Investment Partnership (Incubate Fund)", "Space Frontier Fund (Sparks Innovation for Future)", "Takasago Thermal Engineering Co., Ltd.", "Mitsui Sumitomo Insurance Co., Ltd." ], "resources": [], "status_basis": "ispace release 2020-08-20.", "sources": [ { "url": "https://www.ispace-inc.com/2020/08/20/ispace-raises-28-million-in-series-b-funding-announces-lunar-data-business/", "title": "ispace Raises $28 Million in Series B Funding; Announces Lunar Data Business", "publisher": "ispace, inc.", "source_class": "company_primary", "published": "2020-08-20", "accessed": "2026-09-25", "quote": "announced that ispace raised approximately $28 million (USD)[1] from the four organizations for its Series B investment round.", "quote_confirmed_raw": true, "supports": [ "amount", "round_label" ], "language": "en", "translation": "official" }, { "url": "https://www.ispace-inc.com/2020/08/20/ispace-raises-28-million-in-series-b-funding-announces-lunar-data-business/", "title": "ispace Raises $28 Million in Series B Funding; Announces Lunar Data Business", "publisher": "ispace, inc.", "source_class": "company_primary", "published": "2020-08-20", "accessed": "2026-09-25", "quote": "IF SPV 1st Investment Partnership (managed by Incubate Fund) as the lead investor, Space Frontier Fund (managed by Sparks Innovation for Future, Inc.), Takasago Thermal Engineering Co., Ltd., and Mitsui Sumitomo Insurance Co., Ltd.", "quote_confirmed_raw": true, "supports": [ "investor_names" ], "language": "en", "translation": "official" } ], "confidence": "high", "missing_evidence": [], "history": [], "last_checked": "2026-09-26", "review_state": "verified", "review": { "author_model": "claude-opus-5-5", "reviewer_model": "gpt-5.6-sol", "reviewer_run": "research/review/sol-events-and-held-20260926.json", "date": "2026-09-26", "sources_reopened": [ 0, 1 ], "edits_applied": 0, "base_record_sha256": "2add0fb61716f4f714aa8f6e2cfa5975f8ab0728d0277021465e4d74873149e0" } }, { "stable_id": "evt-esric-founding-202008", "name": "ESRIC established", "summary": "The Luxembourg Space Agency and the Luxembourg Institute of Science and Technology established the European Space Resources Innovation Centre in August 2020.", "status_basis": "Dated act stated in Luxembourg Space Agency's government primary source.", "sources": [ { "url": "https://space-agency.public.lu/en/support/industry-portal/spaceresourceslu/european-space-resources-innovation-centre.html", "title": "European Space Resources Innovation Centre", "publisher": "Luxembourg Space Agency", "source_class": "government_primary", "published": null, "accessed": "2026-09-25", "quote": "was established in August 2020 by the Luxembourg Space Agency (LSA) and the Luxembourg Institute of Science and Technology (LIST) as a national innovation centre in the field of space resources", "quote_confirmed_raw": true, "supports": [ "founded_year", "summary", "date" ], "language": "en", "translation": "none" } ], "confidence": "high", "missing_evidence": [], "last_checked": "2026-09-26", "history": [], "review_state": "verified", "event_type": "founding", "date": { "value": "2020-08", "precision": "month" }, "subject_ids": [ "org-esric" ], "related_ids": [ "org-luxembourg-space-agency" ], "counterparty_id": null, "amount": null, "currency": null, "basis": "announced", "round_label": null, "investor_names": [], "resources": [], "status": "recorded", "review": { "author_model": "claude-opus-5-5", "reviewer_model": "gpt-5.6-sol", "reviewer_run": "research/review/sol-events-and-held-20260926.json", "date": "2026-09-26", "sources_reopened": [ 0 ], "edits_applied": 0, "base_record_sha256": "378fd5d034b1d0ee365dc8340066cf95cab18350d4086c8cdc038880aa6383fb" } }, { "stable_id": "evt-astrobotic-government-award-20200611", "name": "NASA CLPS task order for Astrobotic to deliver VIPER ($199.5 million)", "summary": "NASA awarded Astrobotic $199.5 million to deliver the VIPER water-ice prospecting rover to the lunar south pole on its Griffin lander; NASA cancelled VIPER in July 2024 and Griffin Mission One continued without it.", "event_type": "government_award", "date": { "value": "2020-06-11", "precision": "day" }, "subject_ids": [ "org-astrobotic" ], "related_ids": [ "msn-nasa-viper" ], "counterparty_id": "org-nasa", "amount": 199500000, "currency": "USD", "basis": "official_award", "round_label": null, "investor_names": [], "resources": [ { "resource": "water_ice", "evidence_level": "targeted" } ], "status": "recorded", "status_basis": "NASA release 20-063; later cancellation in NASA release 24-094.", "sources": [ { "url": "https://www.nasa.gov/news-release/nasa-selects-astrobotic-to-fly-water-hunting-rover-to-the-moon/", "title": "NASA Selects Astrobotic to Fly Water-Hunting Rover to the Moon (release 20-063)", "publisher": "NASA", "source_class": "government_primary", "published": "2020-06-11", "accessed": "2026-09-25", "quote": "NASA has awarded Astrobotic of Pittsburgh $199.5 million to deliver NASA's Volatiles Investigating Polar Exploration Rover (VIPER) to the Moon's South Pole in late 2023.", "quote_confirmed_raw": true, "supports": [ "amount", "date", "counterparty_id" ], "language": "en", "translation": "none" }, { "url": "https://www.nasa.gov/news-release/nasa-ends-viper-project-continues-moon-exploration/", "title": "NASA Ends VIPER Project, Continues Moon Exploration (release 24-094)", "publisher": "NASA", "source_class": "government_primary", "published": "2024-07-17", "accessed": "2026-09-25", "quote": "Astrobotic will continue its Griffin Mission One within its contract with NASA, working toward a launch scheduled for no earlier than fall 2025. The landing without VIPER will provide a flight demonstration of the Griffin lander and its engines.", "quote_confirmed_raw": true, "supports": [ "summary" ], "language": "en", "translation": "none" } ], "confidence": "high", "missing_evidence": [ "Whether the task-order value was modified after VIPER's removal is not stated." ], "history": [], "last_checked": "2026-09-26", "review_state": "verified", "review": { "author_model": "claude-opus-5-5", "reviewer_model": "gpt-5.6-sol", "reviewer_run": "research/review/sol-events-and-held-20260926.json", "date": "2026-09-26", "sources_reopened": [ 0, 1 ], "edits_applied": 0, "base_record_sha256": "9ed6cf64c63754bca0ef8f21c3c822accc89ab7fdf9eecabf38436e84b3a017a" } }, { "stable_id": "evt-masten-space-systems-contract-20200408", "name": "NASA CLPS task order to Masten Space Systems for south-pole delivery (USD 75.9 million)", "summary": "NASA awarded Masten a USD 75.9 million CLPS task order to deliver eight payloads (nine instruments), several resource-related, to the lunar south pole; NASA OIG later reported the value grew to USD 81.3 million and the task order was terminated.", "event_type": "contract", "date": { "value": "2020-04-08", "precision": "day" }, "subject_ids": [ "org-masten-space-systems" ], "related_ids": [ "msn-masten-mission-one", "org-nasa" ], "counterparty_id": "org-nasa", "amount": 75900000, "currency": "USD", "basis": "official_award", "round_label": null, "investor_names": [], "resources": [ { "resource": "water_ice", "evidence_level": "targeted" }, { "resource": "volatiles", "evidence_level": "targeted" } ], "status": "recorded", "status_basis": "NASA release 20-038.", "sources": [ { "url": "https://www.nasa.gov/news-release/nasa-awards-contract-to-deliver-science-tech-to-moon-ahead-of-human-missions/", "title": "NASA Awards Contract to Deliver Science, Tech to Moon Ahead of Human Missions", "publisher": "NASA", "source_class": "government_primary", "published": "2020-04-08", "accessed": "2026-09-25", "quote": "The $75.9 million award includes end-to-end services for delivery of the instruments", "quote_confirmed_raw": true, "supports": [ "amount", "date" ], "language": "en", "translation": "none" }, { "url": "https://oig.nasa.gov/wp-content/uploads/2024/06/final-report-ig-24-013-nasas-commercial-lunar-payload-services-initiative.pdf", "title": "NASA's Commercial Lunar Payload Services Initiative (IG-24-013)", "publisher": "NASA Office of Inspector General", "source_class": "government_primary", "published": "2024-06-06", "accessed": "2026-09-25", "quote": "Further, two task orders were terminated, one of which had already been paid $66.1 million of the $81.3 million task order value based on milestones performed.", "quote_confirmed_raw": true, "supports": [ "summary" ], "language": "en", "translation": "none" }, { "url": "https://oig.nasa.gov/wp-content/uploads/2024/06/final-report-ig-24-013-nasas-commercial-lunar-payload-services-initiative.pdf", "title": "NASA's Commercial Lunar Payload Services Initiative (IG-24-013)", "publisher": "NASA Office of Inspector General", "source_class": "government_primary", "published": "2024-06-06", "accessed": "2026-09-25", "quote": "As a result of this bankruptcy, NASA lost the $66 million in milestone payments made to Masten and is in the process of settling recoveries.", "quote_confirmed_raw": true, "supports": [ "summary" ], "language": "en", "translation": "none" } ], "confidence": "high", "missing_evidence": [], "history": [], "last_checked": "2026-09-25", "review_state": "verified", "review": { "author_model": "claude-opus-5-5", "reviewer_model": "claude-sonnet-5", "reviewer_run": "research/review/legal-and-authorizations.json", "date": "2026-09-26", "sources_reopened": true, "edits_applied": 0 } }, { "stable_id": "evt-esa-agreement-201911", "name": "ESA-Luxembourg Memorandum of Cooperation on space resources", "summary": "ESA and the Government of Luxembourg signed a Memorandum of Cooperation in the field of space resources, which preceded ESRIC's creation.", "status_basis": "Dated act stated in Luxembourg Space Agency's government primary source.", "sources": [ { "url": "https://space-agency.public.lu/en/support/industry-portal/spaceresourceslu/european-space-resources-innovation-centre.html", "title": "European Space Resources Innovation Centre", "publisher": "Luxembourg Space Agency", "source_class": "government_primary", "published": null, "accessed": "2026-09-25", "quote": "The creation of ESRIC follows a Memorandum of Cooperation in the field of space resources that was signed between ESA and the Government of Luxembourg in November 2019.", "quote_confirmed_raw": true, "supports": [ "date", "summary" ], "language": "en", "translation": "none" } ], "confidence": "high", "missing_evidence": [], "last_checked": "2026-09-26", "history": [], "review_state": "verified", "event_type": "agreement", "date": { "value": "2019-11", "precision": "month" }, "subject_ids": [ "org-esa" ], "related_ids": [ "org-luxembourg-space-agency", "org-esric" ], "counterparty_id": null, "amount": null, "currency": null, "basis": "announced", "round_label": null, "investor_names": [], "resources": [], "status": "recorded", "review": { "author_model": "claude-opus-5-5", "reviewer_model": "gpt-5.6-sol", "reviewer_run": "research/review/sol-events-and-held-20260926.json", "date": "2026-09-26", "sources_reopened": [ 0 ], "edits_applied": 0, "base_record_sha256": "8876797f70c4090b67e0e9fba9e2618be789250d354808969590b78c27a5d7d6" } }, { "stable_id": "evt-honeybee-robotics-government-award-20190701", "name": "NASA selects Honeybee's PlanetVac for a CLPS flight", "summary": "NASA selected PlanetVac (principal investigator Kris Zacny, Honeybee Robotics), a technology to acquire and transfer lunar regolith, among 12 lunar science and technology investigations for CLPS flights; it later flew as Lunar PlanetVac on Blue Ghost Mission 1.", "event_type": "government_award", "date": { "value": "2019-07-01", "precision": "day" }, "subject_ids": [ "org-honeybee-robotics" ], "related_ids": [ "msn-firefly-blue-ghost-m1" ], "counterparty_id": "org-nasa", "amount": null, "currency": null, "basis": "official_award", "round_label": null, "investor_names": [], "resources": [ { "resource": "regolith", "evidence_level": "targeted" } ], "status": "recorded", "status_basis": "NASA release.", "sources": [ { "url": "https://www.nasa.gov/press-release/nasa-selects-12-new-lunar-science-technology-investigations", "title": "NASA Selects 12 New Lunar Science, Technology Investigations (Release 19-053)", "publisher": "NASA", "source_class": "government_primary", "published": "2019-07-01", "accessed": "2026-09-25", "quote": "PlanetVac is a technology for acquiring and transferring lunar regolith from the surface to other instruments that would analyze the material, or put it in a container that another spacecraft could return to Earth. The principal investigator is Kris Zacny of Honeybee Robotics", "quote_confirmed_raw": true, "supports": [ "summary", "date" ], "language": "en", "translation": "none" }, { "url": "https://www.nasa.gov/blogs/missions/2025/03/14/nasa-science-data-received-blue-ghost-captures-eclipse-from-moon/", "title": "NASA Science Data Received, Blue Ghost Captures Eclipse From Moon", "publisher": "NASA", "source_class": "government_primary", "published": "2025-03-14", "accessed": "2026-09-26", "quote": "Lunar PlanetVac (LPV) was deployed on Blue Ghost’s surface access arm and successfully collected, transferred, and sorted lunar soil", "quote_confirmed_raw": true, "supports": [ "summary" ], "language": "en", "translation": "none" } ], "confidence": "high", "missing_evidence": [], "last_checked": "2026-09-26", "review_state": "verified", "history": [], "review": { "author_model": "claude-opus-5-5", "reviewer_model": "gpt-6-astra", "reviewer_run": "research/review/astra-events-20260926.json", "date": "2026-09-26", "sources_reopened": [ 0, 1 ], "edits_applied": 1, "base_record_sha256": "ae486df8503557ade3586dbe771b05647b8eb12166d0f36f0e8dff1282a2e454" } }, { "stable_id": "evt-metalysis-other-20190625", "name": "Metalysis Limited (04304849) enters administration", "summary": "Companies House records the appointment of an administrator for Metalysis Limited on 25 June 2019, a move from administration to dissolution filed 9 June 2021, and dissolution following liquidation on 9 September 2021.", "event_type": "other", "date": { "value": "2019-06-25", "precision": "day" }, "subject_ids": [ "org-metalysis" ], "related_ids": [], "amount": null, "currency": null, "basis": "filing", "round_label": null, "investor_names": [], "resources": [], "status": "recorded", "status_basis": "Companies House filing history.", "sources": [ { "url": "https://find-and-update.company-information.service.gov.uk/company/04304849/filing-history", "title": "METALYSIS LIMITED (04304849) - filing history", "publisher": "Companies House (UK)", "source_class": "court_or_filing", "published": null, "accessed": "2026-09-25", "quote": "25 Jun 2019 AM01 Appointment of an administrator", "quote_confirmed_raw": true, "supports": [ "date", "event_type" ], "language": "en", "translation": "none" }, { "url": "https://find-and-update.company-information.service.gov.uk/company/04304849/filing-history", "title": "METALYSIS LIMITED (04304849) - filing history", "publisher": "Companies House (UK)", "source_class": "court_or_filing", "published": null, "accessed": "2026-09-25", "quote": "09 Jun 2021 AM23 Notice of move from Administration to Dissolution", "quote_confirmed_raw": true, "supports": [ "summary" ], "language": "en", "translation": "none" } ], "confidence": "high", "missing_evidence": [ "How the business and assets passed to Metalysis Ltd (e.g. pre-pack sale) not documented in retrieved records." ], "history": [], "last_checked": "2026-09-26", "review_state": "verified", "review": { "author_model": "claude-opus-5-5", "reviewer_model": "gpt-5.6-sol", "reviewer_run": "research/review/sol-events-and-held-20260926.json", "date": "2026-09-26", "sources_reopened": [ 0, 1 ], "edits_applied": 1, "base_record_sha256": "9cde38bdaed7db463d1f8e60536bfedeb3766d5b94bab5f9312229635022642b" } }, { "status": "recorded", "status_basis": "Recorded from the dated sources cited; company announcements are claims, not confirmations.", "last_checked": "2026-09-26", "review_state": "verified", "history": [], "missing_evidence": [ "Amount is a ceiling ('as much as'), not a confirmed obligated value." ], "related_ids": [], "resources": [ { "resource": "volatiles", "evidence_level": "claimed" } ], "investor_names": [], "confidence": "high", "stable_id": "evt-transastra-government-award-20190611", "name": "NASA NIAC Phase III selection for TransAstra Mini Bee", "event_type": "government_award", "summary": "NASA selected TransAstra's Mini Bee optical-mining flight-demonstration concept as one of two inaugural NIAC Phase III studies, each eligible for up to $2 million over two years.", "date": { "value": "2019-06-11", "precision": "day" }, "subject_ids": [ "org-transastra" ], "counterparty_id": "org-nasa", "amount": 2000000, "currency": "USD", "basis": "official_award", "sources": [ { "url": "https://www.nasa.gov/news-release/nasa-invests-in-tech-concepts-aimed-at-exploring-lunar-craters-mining-asteroids/", "title": "NASA Invests in Tech Concepts Aimed at Exploring Lunar Craters, Mining Asteroids", "publisher": "NASA", "source_class": "government_primary", "published": "2019-06-11", "accessed": "2026-09-25", "quote": "Mini Bee Prototype to Demonstrate the Apis Mission Architecture and Optical Mining Technology", "quote_confirmed_raw": true, "supports": [ "summary" ], "language": "en", "translation": "none" }, { "url": "https://www.nasa.gov/news-release/nasa-invests-in-tech-concepts-aimed-at-exploring-lunar-craters-mining-asteroids/", "title": "NASA Invests in Tech Concepts Aimed at Exploring Lunar Craters, Mining Asteroids", "publisher": "NASA", "source_class": "government_primary", "published": "2019-06-11", "accessed": "2026-09-25", "quote": "Each selection will receive as much as $2 million.", "quote_confirmed_raw": true, "supports": [ "amount" ], "language": "en", "translation": "none" } ], "review": { "author_model": "claude-opus-5-5", "reviewer_model": "gpt-6-astra", "reviewer_run": "research/review/astra-events-20260926.json", "date": "2026-09-26", "sources_reopened": [ 0, 1 ], "edits_applied": 0, "base_record_sha256": "ad87ad32aaf1a9d32b74ae7dd2061dc256c9d8213354c71e0e5adb41ea1d7134" } }, { "status": "recorded", "status_basis": "Recorded from the dated sources cited; company announcements are claims, not confirmations.", "last_checked": "2026-09-26", "review_state": "verified", "history": [], "missing_evidence": [], "related_ids": [ "org-bradford-space" ], "resources": [], "investor_names": [], "confidence": "high", "stable_id": "evt-deep-space-industries-acquisition-20190102", "name": "Bradford Space acquires control of Deep Space Industries", "event_type": "acquisition", "summary": "Bradford Space announced it had acquired control of Deep Space Industries, taking over the Comet thruster line and the Xplorer spacecraft bus and rebranding DSI as Bradford Space, Inc.; terms were not disclosed.", "date": { "value": "2019-01-02", "precision": "day" }, "subject_ids": [ "org-deep-space-industries" ], "counterparty_id": "org-bradford-space", "basis": "announced", "sources": [ { "url": "http://web.archive.org/web/20190107132957/http://deepspaceindustries.com/", "title": "Deep Space Industries home page with acquisition release (archived)", "publisher": "Deep Space Industries / Bradford Space (Internet Archive capture)", "source_class": "company_primary", "published": "2019-01-02", "accessed": "2026-09-25", "quote": "announced today that it has acquired control over Deep Space Industries, Inc., often known as DSI", "quote_confirmed_raw": true, "supports": [ "summary" ], "language": "en", "translation": "none" }, { "url": "https://www.geekwire.com/2019/bradford-buys-deep-space-industries-shifting-focus-asteroid-mining-green-propulsion/", "title": "Bradford Space Group buys Deep Space Industries, shifting focus from asteroid mining to propulsion", "publisher": "GeekWire", "source_class": "reputable_press", "published": "2019-01-02", "accessed": "2026-09-25", "quote": "Financial terms of the acquisition were not disclosed.", "quote_confirmed_raw": true, "supports": [ "summary" ], "language": "en", "translation": "none" } ], "review": { "author_model": "claude-opus-5-5", "reviewer_model": "gpt-5.6-sol", "reviewer_run": "research/review/sol-events-and-held-20260926.json", "date": "2026-09-26", "sources_reopened": [ 0, 1 ], "edits_applied": 0, "base_record_sha256": "c6e9f9780b3aea13a3349ebe2f80045a39451c463bbfd8e0d1f515aef9878309" } }, { "stable_id": "evt-moon-express-government-award-20181129", "name": "Moon Express selected for NASA CLPS vendor pool", "summary": "NASA named Moon Express one of nine companies eligible to bid on Commercial Lunar Payload Services task orders.", "event_type": "government_award", "date": { "value": "2018-11-29", "precision": "day" }, "subject_ids": [ "org-moon-express" ], "related_ids": [ "org-nasa" ], "counterparty_id": "org-nasa", "amount": null, "currency": null, "basis": "official_award", "round_label": null, "investor_names": [], "resources": [], "status": "recorded", "status_basis": "NASA release 18-105.", "sources": [ { "url": "https://www.nasa.gov/news-release/nasa-announces-new-partnerships-for-commercial-lunar-payload-delivery-services/", "title": "NASA Announces New Partnerships for Commercial Lunar Payload Delivery Services", "publisher": "NASA", "source_class": "government_primary", "published": "2018-11-29", "accessed": "2026-09-25", "quote": "Nine U.S. companies now are eligible to bid on NASA delivery services to the lunar surface", "quote_confirmed_raw": true, "supports": [ "event_type", "date" ], "language": "en", "translation": "none" } ], "confidence": "high", "missing_evidence": [ "Absence of any Moon Express task order is inferred from the NASA OIG list of task orders (IG-24-013), not from an explicit statement." ], "history": [], "last_checked": "2026-09-26", "review_state": "verified", "review": { "author_model": "claude-opus-5-5", "reviewer_model": "gpt-5.6-sol", "reviewer_run": "research/review/sol-events-and-held-20260926.json", "date": "2026-09-26", "sources_reopened": [ 0 ], "edits_applied": 1, "base_record_sha256": "1f7986f213a0d6d30d1381550f3687fe1b6fdaba8bf13802b9db262d22a9dd59" } }, { "status": "recorded", "status_basis": "Recorded from the dated sources cited; company announcements are claims, not confirmations.", "last_checked": "2026-09-26", "review_state": "verified", "history": [], "missing_evidence": [], "related_ids": [ "org-consensys" ], "resources": [], "investor_names": [], "confidence": "high", "stable_id": "evt-planetary-resources-acquisition-20181031", "name": "ConsenSys acquires Planetary Resources", "event_type": "acquisition", "summary": "Planetary Resources announced that ConsenSys had acquired the company through an asset-purchase transaction.", "date": { "value": "2018-10-31", "precision": "day" }, "subject_ids": [ "org-planetary-resources" ], "counterparty_id": "org-consensys", "basis": "announced", "sources": [ { "url": "https://web.archive.org/web/20201111220047/https://www.planetaryresources.com/2018/10/consensys-acquires-planetary-resources/", "title": "ConsenSys Acquires Planetary Resources (archived)", "publisher": "Planetary Resources (Internet Archive capture)", "source_class": "company_primary", "published": "2018-10-31", "accessed": "2026-09-25", "quote": "has acquired the pioneering space company Planetary Resources, Inc. through an asset-purchase transaction", "quote_confirmed_raw": true, "supports": [ "summary" ], "language": "en", "translation": "none" } ], "review": { "author_model": "claude-opus-5-5", "reviewer_model": "gpt-5.6-sol", "reviewer_run": "research/review/sol-events-and-held-20260926.json", "date": "2026-09-26", "sources_reopened": [ 0 ], "edits_applied": 1, "base_record_sha256": "b62864d6b54d7c36febc5cc438c2835d0627a13138895ae5778329e347d249fb" } }, { "status": "recorded", "status_basis": "Recorded from the dated sources cited; company announcements are claims, not confirmations.", "last_checked": "2026-09-26", "review_state": "verified", "history": [], "missing_evidence": [ "Date taken from the archived page's article:published_time metadata (2018-04-16)." ], "related_ids": [], "resources": [], "investor_names": [ "Eric Uhrhane" ], "confidence": "high", "stable_id": "evt-deep-space-industries-funding-round-20180416", "name": "Deep Space Industries Series A first tranche", "event_type": "funding_round", "summary": "DSI announced closing the first tranche of a Series A of just over $3.5 million from private investors, to fund its Meteor engine and Xplorer deep-space spacecraft.", "date": { "value": "2018-04-16", "precision": "day" }, "subject_ids": [ "org-deep-space-industries" ], "amount": 3500000, "currency": "USD", "basis": "announced", "round_label": "Series A (first tranche)", "sources": [ { "url": "http://web.archive.org/web/20190107132957/http://deepspaceindustries.com/dsi-raises-3-5m-series-a/", "title": "DSI Raises $3.5M+ Series A to Fund New Propulsion System and Deep Space Exploration Spacecraft (archived)", "publisher": "Deep Space Industries (Internet Archive capture)", "source_class": "company_primary", "published": "2018-04-16", "accessed": "2026-09-25", "quote": "The company raised just over $3.5M from private investors.", "quote_confirmed_raw": true, "supports": [ "amount" ], "language": "en", "translation": "none" }, { "url": "http://web.archive.org/web/20190107132957/http://deepspaceindustries.com/dsi-raises-3-5m-series-a/", "title": "DSI Raises $3.5M+ Series A to Fund New Propulsion System and Deep Space Exploration Spacecraft (archived)", "publisher": "Deep Space Industries (Internet Archive capture)", "source_class": "company_primary", "published": "2018-04-16", "accessed": "2026-09-25", "quote": "announced today the closing of the first tranche of its Series A funding round", "quote_confirmed_raw": true, "supports": [ "round_label" ], "language": "en", "translation": "none" } ], "review": { "author_model": "claude-opus-5-5", "reviewer_model": "gpt-6-astra", "reviewer_run": "research/review/astra-events-20260926.json", "date": "2026-09-26", "sources_reopened": [ 0, 1 ], "edits_applied": 0, "base_record_sha256": "56793370f6065e8883f4eae749bd6836c0eeb6411d9fcd155da42dcdcffd7432" } }, { "stable_id": "evt-luxembourg-space-agency-founding-2018", "name": "Luxembourg Space Agency established", "summary": "The Luxembourg Ministry of the Economy established the Luxembourg Space Agency in 2018.", "status_basis": "Dated act stated in Luxembourg Space Agency's government primary source.", "sources": [ { "url": "https://space-agency.public.lu/en/agency.html", "title": "The Agency", "publisher": "Luxembourg Space Agency", "source_class": "government_primary", "published": null, "accessed": "2026-09-26", "quote": "Established by the Ministry of Economy in 2018 with the goal of developing the national space sector", "quote_confirmed_raw": true, "supports": [ "date", "summary" ], "language": "en", "translation": "none" } ], "confidence": "high", "missing_evidence": [], "last_checked": "2026-09-26", "history": [], "review_state": "verified", "event_type": "founding", "date": { "value": "2018", "precision": "year" }, "subject_ids": [ "org-luxembourg-space-agency" ], "related_ids": [], "counterparty_id": null, "amount": null, "currency": null, "basis": "announced", "round_label": null, "investor_names": [], "resources": [], "status": "recorded", "review": { "author_model": "claude-opus-5-5", "reviewer_model": "gpt-6-astra", "reviewer_run": "research/review/astra-events-20260926.json", "date": "2026-09-26", "sources_reopened": [ 0 ], "edits_applied": 1, "base_record_sha256": "85e552e6a53cc156058ec473899f44e9bc9df751bff99034c4d9b62352934093" } }, { "status": "recorded", "status_basis": "Recorded from the dated sources cited; company announcements are claims, not confirmations.", "last_checked": "2026-09-26", "review_state": "verified", "history": [], "missing_evidence": [ "Luxembourg government record of the investment and grants.", "Counterparty (Government of Luxembourg / SNCI, predating the Luxembourg Space Agency) has no entity id." ], "related_ids": [], "resources": [], "investor_names": [], "confidence": "high", "stable_id": "evt-planetary-resources-agreement-20161103", "name": "Planetary Resources and Government of Luxembourg EUR 25 million agreement", "event_type": "agreement", "summary": "Planetary Resources announced a EUR 25 million agreement with the Government of Luxembourg and the state bank SNCI, comprising EUR 12 million of direct capital investment and EUR 13 million of grants, aimed at a first commercial asteroid-prospecting mission by 2020.", "date": { "value": "2016-11-03", "precision": "day" }, "subject_ids": [ "org-planetary-resources" ], "amount": 25000000, "currency": "EUR", "basis": "announced", "sources": [ { "url": "https://web.archive.org/web/20201110151215/https://www.planetaryresources.com/2016/11/planetary-resources-and-the-government-of-luxembourg-announce-e25-million-investment-and-cooperation-agreement/", "title": "Planetary Resources and the Government of Luxembourg Announce EUR 25 Million Investment and Cooperation Agreement (archived)", "publisher": "Planetary Resources (Internet Archive capture)", "source_class": "company_primary", "published": "2016-11-03", "accessed": "2026-09-25", "quote": "it has finalized a 25 million euro agreement that includes direct capital investment of 12 million euros and grants of 13 million euros", "quote_confirmed_raw": true, "supports": [ "amount", "summary" ], "language": "en", "translation": "none" } ], "review": { "author_model": "claude-opus-5-5", "reviewer_model": "gpt-6-astra", "reviewer_run": "research/review/astra-events-20260926.json", "date": "2026-09-26", "sources_reopened": [ 0 ], "edits_applied": 1, "base_record_sha256": "2aae4cd9e551af37bb8073d230c63818eb32e16a9c93dc40014ed9b9d1183912" } }, { "status": "recorded", "status_basis": "Recorded from the dated sources cited; company announcements are claims, not confirmations.", "last_checked": "2026-09-26", "review_state": "verified", "history": [], "missing_evidence": [], "related_ids": [], "resources": [], "investor_names": [ "Bryan Johnson", "OS Fund", "Idea Bulb Ventures", "Tencent", "Vast Ventures", "Grishin Robotics", "Conversion Capital", "The Seraph Group", "Space Angels Network", "Larry Page" ], "confidence": "high", "stable_id": "evt-planetary-resources-funding-round-20160526", "name": "Planetary Resources $21.1 million Series A", "event_type": "funding_round", "summary": "Planetary Resources announced a $21.1 million Series A led by Bryan Johnson and the OS Fund, to be used to deploy an Earth-observation business (Ceres) rather than an asteroid mission.", "date": { "value": "2016-05-26", "precision": "day" }, "subject_ids": [ "org-planetary-resources" ], "amount": 21100000, "currency": "USD", "basis": "announced", "round_label": "Series A", "sources": [ { "url": "https://web.archive.org/web/20201110151215/https://www.planetaryresources.com/2016/05/planetary-resources-raises-21-1-million-in-series-a-funding-unveils-advanced-earth-observation-capability/", "title": "Planetary Resources Raises $21.1 Million in Series A Funding (archived)", "publisher": "Planetary Resources (Internet Archive capture)", "source_class": "company_primary", "published": "2016-05-26", "accessed": "2026-09-25", "quote": "announced today that it has secured US$21.1 million in Series A funding", "quote_confirmed_raw": true, "supports": [ "amount", "round_label" ], "language": "en", "translation": "none" }, { "url": "https://web.archive.org/web/20201110151215/https://www.planetaryresources.com/2016/05/planetary-resources-raises-21-1-million-in-series-a-funding-unveils-advanced-earth-observation-capability/", "title": "Planetary Resources Raises $21.1 Million in Series A Funding (archived)", "publisher": "Planetary Resources (Internet Archive capture)", "source_class": "company_primary", "published": "2016-05-26", "accessed": "2026-09-25", "quote": "The capital will be used to deploy and operate Ceres", "quote_confirmed_raw": true, "supports": [ "summary" ], "language": "en", "translation": "none" } ], "review": { "author_model": "claude-opus-5-5", "reviewer_model": "gpt-5.6-sol", "reviewer_run": "research/review/sol-events-and-held-20260926.json", "date": "2026-09-26", "sources_reopened": [ 0, 1 ], "edits_applied": 0, "base_record_sha256": "c96abaac307c97a0dbfc7078312eb1fcb624dd0cc5f751edaa90e893f3d1e701" } }, { "stable_id": "evt-spaceresources-lu-founding-201602", "name": "Luxembourg launches the SpaceResources.lu initiative", "summary": "Luxembourg launched the SpaceResources.lu initiative in February 2016; it is led today by the Luxembourg Space Agency.", "status_basis": "Dated act stated in Luxembourg Space Agency's government primary source.", "sources": [ { "url": "https://space-agency.public.lu/en/support/industry-portal/spaceresourceslu/spaceresourceslu-initiative.html", "title": "Spaceresources.lu initiative", "publisher": "Luxembourg Space Agency", "source_class": "government_primary", "published": null, "accessed": "2026-09-25", "quote": "Launched in February 2016 and led today by the LSA, the SpaceResources.lu Initiative positions Luxembourg as a pioneer in the exploration and utilisation of space resources.", "quote_confirmed_raw": true, "supports": [ "founded_year", "parent_id", "summary", "date" ], "language": "en", "translation": "none" } ], "confidence": "high", "missing_evidence": [], "last_checked": "2026-09-26", "history": [], "review_state": "verified", "event_type": "founding", "date": { "value": "2016-02", "precision": "month" }, "subject_ids": [ "org-spaceresources-lu" ], "related_ids": [ "org-luxembourg-space-agency" ], "counterparty_id": null, "amount": null, "currency": null, "basis": "announced", "round_label": null, "investor_names": [], "resources": [], "status": "recorded", "review": { "author_model": "claude-opus-5-5", "reviewer_model": "gpt-5.6-sol", "reviewer_run": "research/review/sol-events-and-held-20260926.json", "date": "2026-09-26", "sources_reopened": [ 0 ], "edits_applied": 0, "base_record_sha256": "8b918ee7f1da63b170eb6047460db5de6656af18996474df86580de8d079d5c0" } }, { "stable_id": "evt-moon-express-contract-20150930", "name": "Moon Express-Rocket Lab launch contract for three Electron launches", "summary": "Moon Express announced it signed a contract with Rocket Lab on 30 Sept 2015 for three Electron launches of its MX-1 lander, with two launches manifested for 2017; none took place.", "event_type": "contract", "date": { "value": "2015-09-30", "precision": "day" }, "subject_ids": [ "org-moon-express" ], "related_ids": [ "msn-moon-express-mx-1e", "org-rocket-lab" ], "counterparty_id": "org-rocket-lab", "amount": null, "currency": null, "basis": "announced", "round_label": null, "investor_names": [], "resources": [], "status": "recorded", "status_basis": "Moon Express press release (PR Newswire).", "sources": [ { "url": "https://www.prnewswire.com/news-releases/moon-express-signs-historic-launch-agreement-for-private-missions-to-the-moon-300152825.html", "title": "Moon Express signs historic launch agreement for private missions to the Moon", "publisher": "Moon Express, Inc. (via PR Newswire)", "source_class": "company_primary", "published": "2015-10-01", "accessed": "2026-09-25", "quote": "The company today announced it signed a contract with Rocket Lab on Sept. 30 to launch", "quote_confirmed_raw": true, "supports": [ "date", "counterparty_id" ], "language": "en", "translation": "none" } ], "confidence": "high", "missing_evidence": [ "Contract value not disclosed in the release." ], "history": [], "last_checked": "2026-09-25", "review_state": "verified", "review": { "author_model": "claude-opus-5-5", "reviewer_model": "claude-sonnet-5", "reviewer_run": "research/review/legal-and-authorizations.json", "date": "2026-09-26", "sources_reopened": true, "edits_applied": 0 } } ] } }