{ "name": "SpaceMiningData space resources dataset", "version": "d8d22e0172a91cff013fc82dc7f9176b8db75656fa45b2c188079c2b83841fd3", "built": "2026-09-27", "license": "https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0/", "url": "https://spaceminingdata.com/data.html", "records": [ { "last_checked": "2026-09-25", "review_state": "verified", "history": [], "missing_evidence": [ "Operator post-mission results statement.", "Re-entry date from a primary tracking source.", "The original Arkyd-3 (lost on Antares/Orb-3, 28 Oct 2014) has no separate record." ], "host_mission_id": null, "stable_id": "msn-planetary-resources-arkyd-3r", "name": "Arkyd-3 Reflight (A3R)", "summary": "Planetary Resources technology-demonstration small satellite launched to the International Space Station on SpaceX CRS-6 on 14 April 2015 and deployed from the Kibo airlock on 16 July 2015 for a planned 90-day mission validating avionics, control systems and software for future asteroid-prospecting spacecraft. It replaced the first Arkyd-3, which was lost in the October 2014 Antares launch failure; it carried no resource-detection instrument, and no operator post-mission results statement was located.", "participants": [ { "entity_id": "org-planetary-resources", "role": "operator" }, { "entity_id": "org-spacex", "role": "launch_provider" } ], "mission_unit": "spacecraft", "target_body": "other", "target_site": "Low Earth orbit (deployed from the ISS)", "mission_type": "technology_demo", "objective": "Validate avionics, control systems and software for future asteroid-prospecting spacecraft (operator statement).", "resources": [], "inclusion_basis": "resource_objective_stated", "launch_vehicle": "Falcon 9 (SpaceX CRS-6)", "launch_date": { "value": "2015-04-14", "precision": "day", "basis": "actual" }, "phase": "ended", "outcome": { "class": "unknown", "basis": "inferred", "statement": null }, "status_basis": "Operator stated a 90-day mission ending in atmospheric re-entry by orbital decay; phase 'ended' is inferred from that plan, not from an operator end-of-mission statement.", "confidence": "medium", "sources": [ { "url": "https://web.archive.org/web/20201110151215/https://www.planetaryresources.com/2015/07/planetary-resources-first-spacecraft-deployed/", "title": "Planetary Resources' First Spacecraft Successfully Deployed, Testing Asteroid Prospecting Technology on Orbit (archived)", "publisher": "Planetary Resources (Internet Archive capture)", "source_class": "company_primary", "published": "2015-07-16", "accessed": "2026-09-25", "quote": "deployed successfully from the International Space Station's (ISS) Kibo airlock and has begun its 90-day mission", "quote_confirmed_raw": true, "supports": [ "phase", "summary" ], "language": "en", "translation": "none" }, { "url": "https://web.archive.org/web/20201110151215/https://www.planetaryresources.com/2015/07/planetary-resources-first-spacecraft-deployed/", "title": "Planetary Resources' First Spacecraft Successfully Deployed, Testing Asteroid Prospecting Technology on Orbit (archived)", "publisher": "Planetary Resources (Internet Archive capture)", "source_class": "company_primary", "published": "2015-07-16", "accessed": "2026-09-25", "quote": "The demonstration vehicle will validate several core technologies including the avionics, control systems and software", "quote_confirmed_raw": true, "supports": [ "objective" ], "language": "en", "translation": "none" }, { "url": "https://web.archive.org/web/20201110151215/https://www.planetaryresources.com/2015/04/arkyd-3-reflight-a3r-launches-from-cape-canaveral-on-spacex-crs-6/", "title": "Arkyd 3 Reflight (A3R) Launches from Cape Canaveral on SpaceX CRS-6 (archived)", "publisher": "Planetary Resources (Internet Archive capture)", "source_class": "company_primary", "published": "2015-04-14", "accessed": "2026-09-25", "quote": "A3R will also complete the mission of the first Arkyd 3 that we lost last year in the Antares explosion", "quote_confirmed_raw": true, "supports": [ "summary" ], "language": "en", "translation": "none" }, { "url": "https://web.archive.org/web/20201110151215/https://www.planetaryresources.com/2015/04/arkyd-3-reflight-a3r-launches-from-cape-canaveral-on-spacex-crs-6/", "title": "Arkyd 3 Reflight (A3R) Launches from Cape Canaveral on SpaceX CRS-6 (archived)", "publisher": "Planetary Resources (Internet Archive capture)", "source_class": "company_primary", "published": "2015-04-14", "accessed": "2026-09-25", "quote": "The Arkyd 3 Reflight (A3R) technology demonstration spacecraft is on board the SpaceX Falcon 9 that is on its way to the International Space Station (ISS) as a part of the CRS-6 crew resupply mission.", "quote_confirmed_raw": true, "supports": [ "launch_vehicle", "launch_date" ], "language": "en", "translation": "none" } ], "review": { "author_model": "claude-opus-5-5", "reviewer_model": "claude-sonnet-5", "reviewer_run": "research/review/missions.json", "date": "2026-09-26", "sources_reopened": false, "edits_applied": 0 } }, { "last_checked": "2026-09-25", "review_state": "verified", "history": [], "missing_evidence": [ "ISRO PSLV-C40 payload list naming Arkyd-6 (would support the launch-provider participant)." ], "host_mission_id": null, "stable_id": "msn-planetary-resources-arkyd-6", "name": "Arkyd-6", "summary": "Planetary Resources 6U CubeSat launched on 12 January 2018 on India's PSLV-C40 to test spacecraft subsystems and a mid-wave infrared imager intended for future detection of water and hydrated minerals on near-Earth asteroids. The operator declared that it satisfied all of its mission requirements; the imager observed only Earth targets.", "participants": [ { "entity_id": "org-planetary-resources", "role": "operator" }, { "entity_id": "org-isro", "role": "launch_provider" } ], "mission_unit": "spacecraft", "target_body": "other", "target_site": "Low Earth orbit (polar); imager tested on Earth targets", "mission_type": "technology_demo", "objective": "Demonstrate a mid-wave infrared imager and supporting subsystems intended for detecting water on near-Earth asteroids (operator statement).", "resources": [ { "resource": "volatiles", "evidence_level": "claimed" } ], "inclusion_basis": "resource_objective_stated", "launch_vehicle": "PSLV-C40", "launch_date": { "value": "2018-01-12", "precision": "day", "basis": "actual" }, "phase": "ended", "outcome": { "class": "success", "basis": "operator_statement", "statement": "We are excited to share that the Arkyd-6 has satisfied all of its mission requirements." }, "status_basis": "Operator post of 24 April 2018 declaring mission success.", "confidence": "high", "sources": [ { "url": "https://web.archive.org/web/20180724075953/https://www.planetaryresources.com/2018/04/mission-success-arkyd-6-tests-key-technologies-for-commercial-space-resource-exploration/", "title": "Mission Success: Arkyd-6 tests key technologies for commercial space resource exploration (archived)", "publisher": "Planetary Resources (Internet Archive capture)", "source_class": "company_primary", "published": "2018-04-24", "accessed": "2026-09-25", "quote": "On January 12, 2018, we launched the Arkyd-6, a 6U CubeSat, a demonstration platform for technology intended to detect water resources in space.", "quote_confirmed_raw": true, "supports": [ "launch_date", "objective" ], "language": "en", "translation": "none" }, { "url": "https://web.archive.org/web/20180724075953/https://www.planetaryresources.com/2018/04/mission-success-arkyd-6-tests-key-technologies-for-commercial-space-resource-exploration/", "title": "Mission Success: Arkyd-6 tests key technologies for commercial space resource exploration (archived)", "publisher": "Planetary Resources (Internet Archive capture)", "source_class": "company_primary", "published": "2018-04-24", "accessed": "2026-09-25", "quote": "The launch on the Indian PSLV C40 was spectacular", "quote_confirmed_raw": true, "supports": [ "launch_vehicle", "participants" ], "language": "en", "translation": "none" }, { "url": "https://web.archive.org/web/20180724075953/https://www.planetaryresources.com/2018/04/mission-success-arkyd-6-tests-key-technologies-for-commercial-space-resource-exploration/", "title": "Mission Success: Arkyd-6 tests key technologies for commercial space resource exploration (archived)", "publisher": "Planetary Resources (Internet Archive capture)", "source_class": "company_primary", "published": "2018-04-24", "accessed": "2026-09-25", "quote": "We are excited to share that the Arkyd-6 has satisfied all of its mission requirements.", "quote_confirmed_raw": true, "supports": [ "outcome", "phase" ], "language": "en", "translation": "none" }, { "url": "https://web.archive.org/web/20180724075953/https://www.planetaryresources.com/2018/04/mission-success-arkyd-6-tests-key-technologies-for-commercial-space-resource-exploration/", "title": "Mission Success: Arkyd-6 tests key technologies for commercial space resource exploration (archived)", "publisher": "Planetary Resources (Internet Archive capture)", "source_class": "company_primary", "published": "2018-04-24", "accessed": "2026-09-25", "quote": "During the mission, the imager was used as a tool to search for the presence of water and other economic signatures on Earth, but our focus is to find the presence of water beyond Earth.", "quote_confirmed_raw": true, "supports": [ "summary", "resources" ], "language": "en", "translation": "none" } ], "review": { "author_model": "claude-opus-5-5", "reviewer_model": "claude-sonnet-5", "reviewer_run": "research/review/missions.json", "date": "2026-09-26", "sources_reopened": false, "edits_applied": 0 } }, { "stable_id": "msn-astrobotic-peregrine-m1", "name": "Astrobotic Peregrine Mission One", "summary": "Astrobotic's Peregrine lander launched 2024-01-08 on the first Vulcan flight carrying NASA instruments that measure hydrogen, hydration and exospheric volatiles; a propulsion failure prevented a landing, and the spacecraft re-entered Earth's atmosphere on 2024-01-18. The lander never reached the Moon, so no lunar resource measurements were made.", "mission_unit": "spacecraft", "host_mission_id": null, "participants": [ { "entity_id": "org-astrobotic", "role": "operator" }, { "entity_id": "org-nasa", "role": "customer" } ], "target_body": "moon", "target_site": "Sinus Viscositatis (planned)", "mission_type": "prospecting", "inclusion_basis": "resource_objective_stated", "objective": "Deliver NASA's Neutron Spectrometer System, Near-Infrared Volatile Spectrometer System and Peregrine Ion-Trap Mass Spectrometer to measure hydrogen-bearing materials, hydration and volatiles at the landing site.", "resources": [ { "resource": "water_ice", "evidence_level": "targeted" }, { "resource": "volatiles", "evidence_level": "targeted" } ], "launch_vehicle": "ULA Vulcan Centaur (maiden flight)", "launch_date": { "value": "2024-01-08", "precision": "day", "basis": "actual" }, "phase": "ended", "outcome": { "class": "failure", "basis": "operator_statement", "statement": "the failure of the PCV2 valve to fully reseat was the most likely root cause of the anomaly" }, "status_basis": "NASA release 24-012 and Astrobotic's August 2024 post-mission report.", "sources": [ { "url": "https://www.nasa.gov/news-release/nasa-science-astrobotic-peregrine-mission-one-concludes/", "title": "NASA Science, Astrobotic Peregrine Mission One Concludes (release 24-012)", "publisher": "NASA", "source_class": "government_primary", "published": "2024-01-19", "accessed": "2026-09-25", "quote": "the spacecraft experienced a propulsion issue preventing Peregrine from softly landing on the Moon", "quote_confirmed_raw": true, "supports": [ "phase", "outcome" ], "language": "en", "translation": "none" }, { "url": "https://www.nasa.gov/news-release/nasa-science-astrobotic-peregrine-mission-one-concludes/", "title": "NASA Science, Astrobotic Peregrine Mission One Concludes (release 24-012)", "publisher": "NASA", "source_class": "government_primary", "published": "2024-01-19", "accessed": "2026-09-25", "quote": "Four out five NASA payloads on Peregrine successfully powered on and collected data while in flight", "quote_confirmed_raw": true, "supports": [ "outcome" ], "language": "en", "translation": "none" }, { "url": "https://www.astrobotic.com/wp-content/uploads/2024/08/PM1_Post-Mission-Report_2024-1.pdf", "title": "Peregrine: Mission 1 Post-Mission Report", "publisher": "Astrobotic", "source_class": "company_primary", "published": "2024-08", "accessed": "2026-09-25", "quote": "the failure of the PCV2 valve to fully reseat was the most likely root cause of the anomaly", "quote_confirmed_raw": true, "supports": [ "outcome" ], "language": "en", "translation": "none" }, { "url": "https://www.astrobotic.com/wp-content/uploads/2024/08/PM1_Post-Mission-Report_2024-1.pdf", "title": "Peregrine: Mission 1 Post-Mission Report", "publisher": "Astrobotic", "source_class": "company_primary", "published": "2024-08", "accessed": "2026-09-25", "quote": "At 2:18:38 am ET on January 8th, 2024, ULA's Vulcan rocket lifted off the launch pad carrying Peregrine Mission One (PM1).", "quote_confirmed_raw": true, "supports": [ "launch_date", "launch_vehicle" ], "language": "en", "translation": "none" }, { "url": "https://science.nasa.gov/lunar-science/clps-deliveries/to2-astrobotic/", "title": "TO2-AB Science Payloads", "publisher": "NASA Science", "source_class": "government_primary", "published": null, "accessed": "2026-09-25", "quote": "The NSS instrument will determine the abundance of hydrogen-bearing materials and the bulk regolith composition at the landing site", "quote_confirmed_raw": true, "supports": [ "objective", "resources" ], "language": "en", "translation": "none" }, { "url": "https://science.nasa.gov/lunar-science/clps-deliveries/to2-astrobotic/", "title": "TO2-AB Science Payloads", "publisher": "NASA Science", "source_class": "government_primary", "published": null, "accessed": "2026-09-25", "quote": "It measures surface and subsurface hydration (H2O and OH) and CO2 and methane (CH4)", "quote_confirmed_raw": true, "supports": [ "objective", "resources" ], "language": "en", "translation": "none" }, { "url": "https://science.nasa.gov/lunar-science/clps-deliveries/to2-astrobotic/", "title": "TO2-AB Science Payloads", "publisher": "NASA Science", "source_class": "government_primary", "published": null, "accessed": "2026-09-25", "quote": "Astrobotic's Peregrine lunar lander launched on January 8, 2024 to deliver 5 NASA CLPS science payloads to Sinus Viscositatis. It did not land.", "quote_confirmed_raw": true, "supports": [ "target_site", "phase" ], "language": "en", "translation": "none" }, { "url": "https://www.astrobotic.com/lunar-delivery/manifest/", "title": "Moon Manifest", "publisher": "Astrobotic", "source_class": "company_primary", "published": null, "accessed": "2026-09-25", "quote": "NIRVSS will measure surface and subsurface hydration, carbon dioxide and methane - all resources that could potentially be mined from the Moon", "quote_confirmed_raw": true, "supports": [ "inclusion_basis" ], "language": "en", "translation": "none" } ], "confidence": "high", "missing_evidence": [], "history": [], "last_checked": "2026-09-25", "review_state": "verified", "review": { "author_model": "claude-opus-5-5", "reviewer_model": "claude-sonnet-5", "reviewer_run": "research/review/missions.json", "date": "2026-09-26", "sources_reopened": true, "edits_applied": 0 } }, { "stable_id": "msn-blue-origin-blue-moon-mk1-viper", "name": "Blue Moon Mark 1 (second lander) - VIPER delivery", "summary": "Blue Origin's second Blue Moon Mark 1 lander, which NASA says will carry the VIPER water-ice prospecting rover to the lunar South Pole under a CLPS task order with a total potential value of $190 million. Arrival is scheduled for late 2027.", "mission_unit": "spacecraft", "host_mission_id": null, "participants": [ { "entity_id": "org-blue-origin", "role": "operator" }, { "entity_id": "org-nasa", "role": "customer" } ], "target_body": "moon", "target_site": "Lunar South Pole region", "mission_type": "prospecting", "inclusion_basis": "isru_instrument_carried", "objective": "Deliver NASA's VIPER rover, which carries the Honeybee-built TRIDENT drill and volatile-sensing instruments, to map water ice and other volatiles at the lunar South Pole.", "resources": [ { "resource": "water_ice", "evidence_level": "targeted" }, { "resource": "volatiles", "evidence_level": "targeted" } ], "launch_vehicle": null, "launch_date": null, "phase": "in_development", "outcome": { "class": "not_applicable", "basis": "inferred", "statement": null }, "status_basis": "In development: NASA (2025-09-19 release; Moon Base Phases page updated 2026-08-24) says the second Blue Moon MK1 lander is in production and VIPER is scheduled to arrive in late 2027. The date is an arrival target, not a stated launch date.", "sources": [ { "url": "https://www.nasa.gov/news-release/nasa-selects-blue-origin-to-deliver-viper-rover-to-moons-south-pole/", "title": "NASA Selects Blue Origin to Deliver VIPER Rover to Moon's South Pole (Release 25-064)", "publisher": "NASA", "source_class": "government_primary", "published": "2025-09-19", "accessed": "2026-09-25", "quote": "NASA has awarded Blue Origin of Kent, Washington, a CLPS (Commercial Lunar Payload Services) task order with an option to deliver a rover to the Moon's South Pole region.", "quote_confirmed_raw": true, "supports": [ "participants", "phase" ], "language": "en", "translation": "none" }, { "url": "https://www.nasa.gov/news-release/nasa-selects-blue-origin-to-deliver-viper-rover-to-moons-south-pole/", "title": "NASA Selects Blue Origin to Deliver VIPER Rover to Moon's South Pole (Release 25-064)", "publisher": "NASA", "source_class": "government_primary", "published": "2025-09-19", "accessed": "2026-09-25", "quote": "NASA's VIPER (Volatiles Investigating Polar Exploration Rover) will search for volatile resources, such as ice, on the lunar surface", "quote_confirmed_raw": true, "supports": [ "objective", "resources", "inclusion_basis" ], "language": "en", "translation": "none" }, { "url": "https://www.nasa.gov/news-release/nasa-selects-blue-origin-to-deliver-viper-rover-to-moons-south-pole/", "title": "NASA Selects Blue Origin to Deliver VIPER Rover to Moon's South Pole (Release 25-064)", "publisher": "NASA", "source_class": "government_primary", "published": "2025-09-19", "accessed": "2026-09-25", "quote": "With this new award, Blue Origin will deliver VIPER to the lunar surface in late 2027, using a second Blue Moon MK1 lander, which is in production.", "quote_confirmed_raw": true, "supports": [ "launch_date", "phase" ], "language": "en", "translation": "none" }, { "url": "https://www.nasa.gov/moonbase-phases/", "title": "Moon Base Phases (living page; last updated 2026-08-24)", "publisher": "NASA", "source_class": "government_primary", "published": null, "accessed": "2026-09-25", "quote": "Scheduled to arrive at the lunar South Pole in late 2027 through NASA's CLPS (Commercial Lunar Payload Services) initiative", "quote_confirmed_raw": true, "supports": [ "launch_date" ], "language": "en", "translation": "none" }, { "url": "https://www.nasa.gov/moonbase-phases/", "title": "Moon Base Phases (living page; last updated 2026-08-24)", "publisher": "NASA", "source_class": "government_primary", "published": null, "accessed": "2026-09-25", "quote": "VIPER will ride to the Moon aboard Blue Origin's second Blue Moon MK1 lander currently in production.", "quote_confirmed_raw": true, "supports": [ "phase" ], "language": "en", "translation": "none" }, { "url": "https://spaceflightnow.com/2026/05/29/blue-origins-new-glenn-rocket-explodes-during-prelaunch-testing-at-cape-canaveral/", "title": "Blue Origin's New Glenn rocket explodes during prelaunch testing at Cape Canaveral", "publisher": "Spaceflight Now", "source_class": "reputable_press", "published": "2026-05-29", "accessed": "2026-09-25", "quote": "Blue Origin's New Glenn rocket exploded on the pad at Launch Complex 36 at Cape Canaveral Space Force Station as the result of an anomaly during a static fire test on Thursday, May 28.", "quote_confirmed_raw": true, "supports": [ "missing_evidence" ], "language": "en", "translation": "none" } ], "confidence": "medium", "missing_evidence": [ "Whether NASA has exercised the VIPER-delivery option of the task order is not confirmed from a primary source", "Launch vehicle not stated in NASA's award release", "No NASA or Blue Origin statement found on schedule impact of the 2026-05-28 New Glenn explosion that damaged Launch Complex 36" ], "last_checked": "2026-09-26", "review_state": "verified", "history": [], "review": { "author_model": "claude-opus-5-5", "reviewer_model": "gpt-6-astra", "reviewer_run": "research/review/astra-mission-date-fixes-20260926.json", "date": "2026-09-26", "sources_reopened": [ 0, 1, 2 ], "edits_applied": 1, "base_record_sha256": "dc706116900b1d915f87166faf3458e3d1e2a14c643b7d85a6da229c901678de" } }, { "last_checked": "2026-09-25", "review_state": "verified", "history": [], "missing_evidence": [ "Primary source naming the specific rideshare flight (press reports SpaceX Transporter-7).", "Spacecraft builder OrbAstro is named in the summary and is not recorded as its own organization." ], "host_mission_id": null, "stable_id": "msn-astroforge-brokkr-1", "name": "Brokkr-1", "summary": "AstroForge's first spacecraft, a small satellite launched to low Earth orbit in April 2023 to demonstrate in-space refining of platinum from an asteroid-simulant material. The operator reports the spacecraft was contacted, deployed its solar arrays and was commissioned, but the command uplink needed to activate the refinery payload could not be closed; last contact was 16 May 2024 and the refinery demonstration was not completed.", "participants": [ { "entity_id": "org-astroforge", "role": "operator" }, { "entity_id": "org-spacex", "role": "launch_provider" } ], "mission_unit": "spacecraft", "target_body": "other", "target_site": "Low Earth orbit (the planned demonstration used asteroid-simulant material, not asteroid material)", "mission_type": "technology_demo", "objective": "Demonstrate an in-space refinery by extracting platinum from an asteroid simulant (operator statement).", "resources": [ { "resource": "platinum_group_metals", "evidence_level": "claimed" } ], "inclusion_basis": "resource_objective_stated", "launch_vehicle": "Falcon 9 (SpaceX rideshare)", "launch_date": { "value": "2023-04-15", "precision": "day", "basis": "actual" }, "phase": "ended", "outcome": { "class": "partial", "basis": "operator_statement", "statement": "We received downlink telemetry packets but remained unable to close the command uplink necessary to activate the refinery payload. So while we could reasonably monitor overall vehicle health, we were not able to check out the demo refinery on this flight." }, "status_basis": "Operator update of 30 July 2024 gives the final objective status: separation, initial contact, solar array deployment and commissioning completed; refinery baseline checkouts incomplete; refinery demonstration not completed.", "confidence": "high", "sources": [ { "url": "https://www.astroforge.com/updates-collection/mininginspace", "title": "An Update on Our Progress Towards Mining in Space", "publisher": "AstroForge", "source_class": "company_primary", "published": "2023-12-11", "accessed": "2026-09-25", "quote": "The Brokkr-1 refinery demonstration mission successfully launched on April 15, 2023", "quote_confirmed_raw": true, "supports": [ "launch_date" ], "language": "en", "translation": "none" }, { "url": "https://www.astroforge.com/updates-collection/mininginspace", "title": "An Update on Our Progress Towards Mining in Space", "publisher": "AstroForge", "source_class": "company_primary", "published": "2023-12-11", "accessed": "2026-09-25", "quote": "extracting platinum from an asteroid simulant", "quote_confirmed_raw": true, "supports": [ "objective", "resources" ], "language": "en", "translation": "none" }, { "url": "https://www.astroforge.com/updates-collection/mininginspace", "title": "An Update on Our Progress Towards Mining in Space", "publisher": "AstroForge", "source_class": "company_primary", "published": "2023-12-11", "accessed": "2026-09-25", "quote": "During final integration and testing with OrbAstro, we identified that the magnetic field generated by our refinery system prevented the satellite's ability to actively orient the satellite.", "quote_confirmed_raw": true, "supports": [ "summary" ], "language": "en", "translation": "none" }, { "url": "https://www.astroforge.com/updates-collection/an-update-on-mission-1-mission-2-same-name-new-vehicle-new-standard-for-space-exploration", "title": "An update on Missions 1 and 2", "publisher": "AstroForge", "source_class": "company_primary", "published": "2024-07-30", "accessed": "2026-09-25", "quote": "we made our last contact on May 16, 2024 14:52 UTC", "quote_confirmed_raw": true, "supports": [ "phase", "outcome" ], "language": "en", "translation": "none" }, { "url": "https://www.astroforge.com/updates-collection/an-update-on-mission-1-mission-2-same-name-new-vehicle-new-standard-for-space-exploration", "title": "An update on Missions 1 and 2", "publisher": "AstroForge", "source_class": "company_primary", "published": "2024-07-30", "accessed": "2026-09-25", "quote": "we were not able to check out the demo refinery on this flight", "quote_confirmed_raw": true, "supports": [ "outcome" ], "language": "en", "translation": "none" }, { "url": "https://techcrunch.com/2022/05/26/astroforge-raises-13m-seed-round-for-asteroid-mining-ambitions/", "title": "Astroforge raises $13M seed round for asteroid mining ambitions", "publisher": "TechCrunch", "source_class": "reputable_press", "published": "2022-05-26", "accessed": "2026-09-25", "quote": "scheduled to launch on a SpaceX Falcon 9 rideshare mission next year", "quote_confirmed_raw": true, "supports": [ "launch_vehicle" ], "language": "en", "translation": "none" } ], "review": { "author_model": "claude-opus-5-5", "reviewer_model": "claude-sonnet-5", "reviewer_run": "research/review/missions.json", "date": "2026-09-26", "sources_reopened": true, "edits_applied": 0 } }, { "stable_id": "msn-isro-chandrayaan-1", "name": "Chandrayaan-1", "summary": "India's first lunar orbiter, launched on 22 October 2008 on PSLV-C11 and operated until contact was lost on 29 August 2009. It carried NASA's Moon Mineralogy Mapper (M3), whose spectra showed 2.8-3.0 micrometre absorption features attributed to hydroxyl and/or water on the lunar surface; Pieters et al. (2009) state this could make lunar regolith a candidate source of volatiles for human exploration.", "status_basis": "ISRO mission page: mission concluded when communication was lost on 2009-08-29.", "sources": [ { "url": "https://www.isro.gov.in/Chandrayaan_1.html", "title": "Chandrayaan-1", "publisher": "Indian Space Research Organisation", "source_class": "government_primary", "published": null, "accessed": "2026-09-25", "quote": "Chandrayaan-1, India's first mission to Moon, was launched successfully on October 22, 2008 from SDSC SHAR, Sriharikota.", "quote_confirmed_raw": true, "supports": [ "launch_date", "phase" ], "language": "en", "translation": "none" }, { "url": "https://www.isro.gov.in/Chandrayaan_1.html", "title": "Chandrayaan-1", "publisher": "Indian Space Research Organisation", "source_class": "government_primary", "published": null, "accessed": "2026-09-25", "quote": "the mission was concluded when the communication with the spacecraft was lost on August 29, 2009", "quote_confirmed_raw": true, "supports": [ "phase", "outcome" ], "language": "en", "translation": "none" }, { "url": "https://eutils.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/eutils/efetch.fcgi?db=pubmed&id=19779151&rettype=abstract&retmode=text", "title": "Character and spatial distribution of OH/H2O on the surface of the Moon seen by M3 on Chandrayaan-1 (Pieters et al., Science 2009, doi:10.1126/science.1178658, PMID 19779151)", "publisher": "Science (PubMed abstract via NCBI E-utilities)", "source_class": "peer_reviewed", "published": "2009-09-24", "accessed": "2026-09-25", "quote": "Hydroxyl/water production processes may feed polar cold traps and make the lunar regolith a candidate source of volatiles for human exploration.", "quote_confirmed_raw": true, "supports": [ "inclusion_basis", "resources" ], "language": "en", "translation": "none" } ], "confidence": "high", "missing_evidence": [], "last_checked": "2026-09-25", "history": [], "review_state": "verified", "phase": "ended", "outcome": { "class": "success", "basis": "agency_statement", "statement": "After the successful completion of all the major mission objectives, the orbit has been raised to 200 km during May 2009." }, "participants": [ { "entity_id": "org-isro", "role": "operator" }, { "entity_id": "org-nasa", "role": "payload_owner" } ], "mission_unit": "spacecraft", "host_mission_id": null, "inclusion_basis": "resource_finding_published", "target_body": "moon", "target_site": "Lunar polar orbit (100 km, later 200 km)", "mission_type": "prospecting", "objective": "Chemical, mineralogical and photo-geologic mapping of the Moon from orbit.", "resources": [ { "resource": "volatiles", "evidence_level": "detected" } ], "launch_vehicle": "PSLV-C11", "launch_date": { "value": "2008-10-22", "precision": "day", "basis": "actual" }, "review": { "author_model": "claude-opus-5-5", "reviewer_model": "claude-sonnet-5", "reviewer_run": "research/review/missions.json", "date": "2026-09-26", "sources_reopened": false, "edits_applied": 0 } }, { "stable_id": "msn-cnsa-change-5", "name": "Chang'e-5", "summary": "Chinese lunar sample-return mission launched on 24 November 2020 (Beijing time) that landed near Mons Ruemker in Oceanus Procellarum on 1 December 2020 and returned about 1,731 grams of surface and drilled samples on 17 December 2020. Lander spectra indicated up to 120 ppm water in the regolith (Lin et al. 2022), and a 2024 laboratory study of returned samples reported 51-76 mg of water generated per gram of regolith heated above 1,200 K from solar-wind hydrogen reacting with iron oxides (Chen et al. 2024); that is an Earth laboratory result, not extraction on the Moon.", "status_basis": "CNSA (2020-12-17 and 2020-12-19) report capsule landing and sample handover; launch date is Beijing time (23 Nov 2020 UTC).", "sources": [ { "url": "https://www.cnsa.gov.cn/english/n6465652/n6465653/c6810963/content.html", "title": "China's Chang'e-5 retrieves 1,731 grams of moon samples", "publisher": "CNSA", "source_class": "government_primary", "published": "2020-12-19", "accessed": "2026-09-25", "quote": "China's Chang'e-5 probe retrieved about 1,731 grams of samples from the moon, according to the China National Space Administration (CNSA).", "quote_confirmed_raw": true, "supports": [ "outcome", "resources" ], "language": "en", "translation": "none" }, { "url": "https://www.cnsa.gov.cn/english/n6465652/n6465653/c6810898/content.html", "title": "Chang'e 5's reentry capsule lands with moon samples", "publisher": "CNSA (China Daily)", "source_class": "government_primary", "published": "2020-12-17", "accessed": "2026-09-25", "quote": "The spacecraft was launched by a Long March 5 heavy-lift carrier rocket early on Nov 24 at the Wenchang Space Launch Center", "quote_confirmed_raw": true, "supports": [ "launch_date", "launch_vehicle" ], "language": "en", "translation": "none" }, { "url": "https://www.cnsa.gov.cn/english/n6465652/n6465653/c6810898/content.html", "title": "Chang'e 5's reentry capsule lands with moon samples", "publisher": "CNSA (China Daily)", "source_class": "government_primary", "published": "2020-12-17", "accessed": "2026-09-25", "quote": "Late on Dec 1, the lander-ascender combination landed on the moon", "quote_confirmed_raw": true, "supports": [ "target_site", "summary" ], "language": "en", "translation": "none" }, { "url": "https://pmc.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/articles/PMC8741181/", "title": "In situ detection of water on the Moon by the Chang'E-5 lander (Lin et al., Science Advances 2022)", "publisher": "Science Advances (via PubMed Central)", "source_class": "peer_reviewed", "published": "2022-01-07", "accessed": "2026-09-25", "quote": "We estimate up to 120 parts per million (ppm) of water", "quote_confirmed_raw": true, "supports": [ "resources", "inclusion_basis" ], "language": "en", "translation": "none" }, { "url": "https://pmc.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/articles/PMC11411434/", "title": "Massive water production from lunar ilmenite through reaction with endogenous hydrogen (Chen et al., The Innovation 2024)", "publisher": "The Innovation (via PubMed Central)", "source_class": "peer_reviewed", "published": "2024-08-22", "accessed": "2026-09-25", "quote": "Our findings suggest that the hydrogen retained in LR is a significant resource for obtaining", "quote_confirmed_raw": true, "supports": [ "inclusion_basis", "summary" ], "language": "en", "translation": "none" } ], "confidence": "high", "missing_evidence": [], "last_checked": "2026-09-25", "history": [], "review_state": "verified", "phase": "ended", "outcome": { "class": "success", "basis": "agency_statement", "statement": "China's Chang'e-5 probe retrieved about 1,731 grams of samples from the moon, according to the China National Space Administration (CNSA)." }, "participants": [ { "entity_id": "org-cnsa", "role": "operator" } ], "mission_unit": "spacecraft", "host_mission_id": null, "inclusion_basis": "resource_finding_published", "target_body": "moon", "target_site": "Northern Oceanus Procellarum, near Mons Ruemker", "mission_type": "sample_return", "objective": "Return lunar surface and drilled regolith samples; resource findings (water content and hydrogen-derived water production) come from later peer-reviewed analyses.", "resources": [ { "resource": "regolith", "evidence_level": "sampled" }, { "resource": "volatiles", "evidence_level": "detected" } ], "launch_vehicle": "Long March 5", "launch_date": { "value": "2020-11-24", "precision": "day", "basis": "actual" }, "review": { "author_model": "claude-opus-5-5", "reviewer_model": "claude-sonnet-5", "reviewer_run": "research/review/missions.json", "date": "2026-09-26", "sources_reopened": false, "edits_applied": 0 } }, { "stable_id": "msn-cnsa-change-6", "name": "Chang'e-6", "summary": "Chinese lunar far-side sample-return mission launched on 3 May 2024 that landed in the South Pole-Aitken basin on 2 June 2024 and returned 1,935.3 grams on 25 June 2024. A 2025 peer-reviewed study of impact glass beads in the returned soil measured solar-wind-derived water abundances of roughly 10 to 1,070 micrograms per gram.", "status_basis": "CNSA/Xinhua timeline (2024-06-26) and sample-mass release (2024-06-28).", "sources": [ { "url": "https://www.cnsa.gov.cn/english/n6465652/n6465653/c10573149/content.html", "title": "China's Chang'e-6 collects 1,935.3 grams of samples from moon's far side", "publisher": "CNSA (Xinhua)", "source_class": "government_primary", "published": "2024-06-28", "accessed": "2026-09-25", "quote": "China's Chang'e-6 mission collected 1,935.3 grams of samples from the far side of the moon, preliminary measurement by the China National Space Administration (CNSA) showed Friday.", "quote_confirmed_raw": true, "supports": [ "outcome", "resources" ], "language": "en", "translation": "none" }, { "url": "https://www.cnsa.gov.cn/english/n6465652/n6465653/c10573102/content.html", "title": "About China's lunar mission: Timeline of Chang'e-6 mission", "publisher": "CNSA (Xinhua)", "source_class": "government_primary", "published": "2024-06-26", "accessed": "2026-09-25", "quote": "The Chang'e-6 probe was launched by a Long March-5 rocket from the Wenchang Space Launch Site on May 3.", "quote_confirmed_raw": true, "supports": [ "launch_date", "launch_vehicle" ], "language": "en", "translation": "none" }, { "url": "https://www.cnsa.gov.cn/english/n6465652/n6465653/c10573102/content.html", "title": "About China's lunar mission: Timeline of Chang'e-6 mission", "publisher": "CNSA (Xinhua)", "source_class": "government_primary", "published": "2024-06-26", "accessed": "2026-09-25", "quote": "successfully landed at the designated landing area in the South Pole-Aitken (SPA) Basin on June 2", "quote_confirmed_raw": true, "supports": [ "target_site", "summary" ], "language": "en", "translation": "none" }, { "url": "https://pmc.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/articles/PMC12119804/", "title": "Lunar dichotomy in surface water storage of impact glass beads (Nature Communications 2025)", "publisher": "Nature Communications (via PubMed Central)", "source_class": "peer_reviewed", "published": "2025-05-29", "accessed": "2026-09-25", "quote": "Water is the one of most precious resources for planetary utilisation.", "quote_confirmed_raw": true, "supports": [ "inclusion_basis" ], "language": "en", "translation": "none" }, { "url": "https://pmc.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/articles/PMC12119804/", "title": "Lunar dichotomy in surface water storage of impact glass beads (Nature Communications 2025)", "publisher": "Nature Communications (via PubMed Central)", "source_class": "peer_reviewed", "published": "2025-05-29", "accessed": "2026-09-25", "quote": "we report the water abundances and hydrogen isotope compositions and their distribution in farside IGBs collected by the Chang'e-6 mission", "quote_confirmed_raw": true, "supports": [ "resources", "summary" ], "language": "en", "translation": "none" } ], "confidence": "high", "missing_evidence": [ "'Apollo basin' comes from peer-reviewed literature (PNAS 2025) rather than the CNSA timeline, which says only 'South Pole-Aitken (SPA) Basin'." ], "last_checked": "2026-09-25", "history": [], "review_state": "verified", "phase": "ended", "outcome": { "class": "success", "basis": "agency_statement", "statement": "China's Chang'e-6 mission collected 1,935.3 grams of samples from the far side of the moon, preliminary measurement by the China National Space Administration (CNSA) showed Friday." }, "participants": [ { "entity_id": "org-cnsa", "role": "operator" } ], "mission_unit": "spacecraft", "host_mission_id": null, "inclusion_basis": "resource_finding_published", "target_body": "moon", "target_site": "Apollo basin within the South Pole-Aitken basin, lunar far side", "mission_type": "sample_return", "objective": "Return samples from the lunar far side; the resource finding (water stored in impact glass beads) comes from later peer-reviewed analysis.", "resources": [ { "resource": "regolith", "evidence_level": "sampled" }, { "resource": "volatiles", "evidence_level": "detected" } ], "launch_vehicle": "Long March 5", "launch_date": { "value": "2024-05-03", "precision": "day", "basis": "actual" }, "review": { "author_model": "claude-opus-5-5", "reviewer_model": "claude-sonnet-5", "reviewer_run": "research/review/missions.json", "date": "2026-09-26", "sources_reopened": false, "edits_applied": 0 } }, { "stable_id": "msn-cnsa-change-7", "name": "Chang'e-7", "summary": "Chinese lunar south-pole mission with an orbiter, a lander and a flying probe intended to reach a nearby crater, designed to survey water ice, volatiles and other resources; it carries six international instruments. It was on the pad at Wenchang atop a Long March 5 for an August 2026 window, but on 23 August 2026 the China Manned Space Agency said the probe did not meet launch conditions and could not launch in the planned window that year; no new date had been announced as of the last check.", "status_basis": "Vehicle and probe rolled to Launch Complex 101 on 2026-08-19 (The Diplomat); CMSA statement via Xinhua/CGTN on 2026-08-23 that the launch cannot take place in the planned window this year. 'manifested' reflects an assigned Long March 5 with no confirmed new date.", "sources": [ { "url": "https://www.cnsa.gov.cn/english/n6465652/n6465653/c10517200/content.html", "title": "China's Chang'e-7 lunar mission to carry instruments developed through int'l cooperation", "publisher": "CNSA (Xinhua)", "source_class": "government_primary", "published": "2024-04-26", "accessed": "2026-09-25", "quote": "The Chang'e-7 mission, scheduled for launch around 2026, aims to survey the lunar surface environment, water, ice and volatile elements of lunar soil in the lunar south pole.", "quote_confirmed_raw": true, "supports": [ "objective", "inclusion_basis", "history" ], "language": "en", "translation": "none" }, { "url": "https://www.cnsa.gov.cn/english/n6465652/n6465653/c6813273/content.html", "title": "Chang'e 7 robotic mission to search for ice and survey south pole landforms", "publisher": "CNSA (China Daily)", "source_class": "government_primary", "published": "2022-03-11", "accessed": "2026-09-25", "quote": "It will also be tasked with detecting the natural resources beneath the south pole's surface.", "quote_confirmed_raw": true, "supports": [ "objective", "inclusion_basis" ], "language": "en", "translation": "none" }, { "url": "https://www.cnsa.gov.cn/english/n6465652/n6465653/c6813273/content.html", "title": "Chang'e 7 robotic mission to search for ice and survey south pole landforms", "publisher": "CNSA (China Daily)", "source_class": "government_primary", "published": "2022-03-11", "accessed": "2026-09-25", "quote": "Wu said Chinese engineers are developing a special craft able to fly from the landing site to a nearby crater to explore for traces of water.", "quote_confirmed_raw": true, "supports": [ "summary", "objective" ], "language": "en", "translation": "none" }, { "url": "https://news.cgtn.com/news/2026-08-23/China-s-Chang-e-7-launch-will-not-proceed-in-planned-window-this-year-1PQD1RsGs5a/p.html", "title": "China's Chang'e-7 launch will not proceed in planned window this year", "publisher": "CGTN (Xinhua)", "source_class": "reputable_press", "published": "2026-08-23", "accessed": "2026-09-25", "quote": "China's Chang'e-7 lunar probe does not meet launch conditions, and its launch therefore cannot take place during the planned window this year, the China Manned Space Agency said Sunday.", "quote_confirmed_raw": true, "supports": [ "phase", "launch_date", "history" ], "language": "en", "translation": "none" }, { "url": "http://www.china.org.cn/2026-08/24/content_118660979.shtml", "title": "China's Chang'e-7 launch will not proceed in planned window this year", "publisher": "China.org.cn (Xinhua)", "source_class": "reputable_press", "published": "2026-08-24", "accessed": "2026-09-25", "quote": "The assessment was conducted following the principle of prudence, reliability and absolute mission success, the agency said.", "quote_confirmed_raw": true, "supports": [ "phase" ], "language": "en", "translation": "none" }, { "url": "https://www.cnn.com/2026/08/23/science/change-7-china-moon-mission-launch-postponed", "title": "China delays launch of unprecedented water-hunting moon mission", "publisher": "CNN", "source_class": "reputable_press", "published": "2026-08-23", "accessed": "2026-09-25", "quote": "the mission is now expected to take place next year, potentially during one of two windows in spring or mid-summer", "quote_confirmed_raw": true, "supports": [ "launch_date" ], "language": "en", "translation": "none" }, { "url": "https://thediplomat.com/2026/09/china-postponed-its-change-7-lunar-mission-what-does-that-mean-for-its-space-program/", "title": "China Postponed Its Chang'e 7 Lunar Mission. What Does That Mean for Its Space Program?", "publisher": "The Diplomat", "source_class": "reputable_press", "published": "2026-09", "accessed": "2026-09-25", "quote": "the CMSA has not made any official announcement to that effect", "quote_confirmed_raw": true, "supports": [ "launch_date" ], "language": "en", "translation": "none" }, { "url": "https://thediplomat.com/2026/09/china-postponed-its-change-7-lunar-mission-what-does-that-mean-for-its-space-program/", "title": "China Postponed Its Chang'e 7 Lunar Mission. What Does That Mean for Its Space Program?", "publisher": "The Diplomat", "source_class": "reputable_press", "published": "2026-09", "accessed": "2026-09-25", "quote": "were moved to Launch Complex 101 at the Wenchang Space Launch Site in Hainan Province on August 19", "quote_confirmed_raw": true, "supports": [ "phase", "launch_vehicle" ], "language": "en", "translation": "none" } ], "confidence": "medium", "missing_evidence": [ "No official new launch date; 2027 appears only in press and a partner institute's statement to CNN.", "Official reason for the postponement not given (press speculate weather from Tropical Storm Narra)." ], "last_checked": "2026-09-25", "history": [ { "field": "launch_date", "old": "around 2026 (CNSA, April 2024)", "new": "2026-08 window (vehicle on pad 2026-08-19)", "changed_on": "2026-08-19", "reason": "source_update", "source_index": 7 }, { "field": "launch_date", "old": "2026-08 window", "new": "unannounced; not in the planned 2026 window", "changed_on": "2026-08-23", "reason": "schedule_slip", "source_index": 3 } ], "review_state": "verified", "phase": "manifested", "outcome": { "class": "not_applicable", "basis": null, "statement": null }, "participants": [ { "entity_id": "org-cnsa", "role": "operator" } ], "mission_unit": "spacecraft", "host_mission_id": null, "inclusion_basis": "resource_objective_stated", "target_body": "moon", "target_site": "Lunar south polar region", "mission_type": "prospecting", "objective": "Survey the south-polar surface environment and the water, ice and volatile content of lunar soil, and detect natural resources beneath the surface.", "resources": [ { "resource": "water_ice", "evidence_level": "targeted" }, { "resource": "volatiles", "evidence_level": "targeted" } ], "launch_vehicle": "Long March 5", "launch_date": null, "review": { "author_model": "claude-opus-5-5", "reviewer_model": "claude-sonnet-5", "reviewer_run": "research/review/missions.json", "date": "2026-09-26", "sources_reopened": true, "edits_applied": 0 } }, { "stable_id": "msn-cnsa-change-8", "name": "Chang'e-8", "summary": "Planned Chinese lunar mission to the Leibnitz-Beta Plateau near the lunar south pole that CNSA says will work with Chang'e-7 on scientific exploration and in-situ resource utilization experiments as groundwork for the International Lunar Research Station. CNSA announced on 24 April 2025 a launch around 2029 with payloads from 11 countries and regions and one international organization.", "status_basis": "CNSA/Xinhua release of 2025-04-24/25 on schedule and payload selection.", "sources": [ { "url": "https://www.cnsa.gov.cn/english/n6465652/n6465653/c10670293/content.html", "title": "China to launch Chang'e-8 lunar mission around 2029, collaborating with int'l partners", "publisher": "CNSA (Xinhua)", "source_class": "government_primary", "published": "2025-04-25", "accessed": "2026-09-25", "quote": "The Chang'e-8 mission will target the Leibnitz-Beta Plateau near the lunar south pole region, working with the earlier Chang'e-7 mission to conduct scientific exploration and in-situ resource utilization experiments.", "quote_confirmed_raw": true, "supports": [ "objective", "inclusion_basis", "target_site" ], "language": "en", "translation": "none" }, { "url": "https://www.cnsa.gov.cn/english/n6465652/n6465653/c10670293/content.html", "title": "China to launch Chang'e-8 lunar mission around 2029, collaborating with int'l partners", "publisher": "CNSA (Xinhua)", "source_class": "government_primary", "published": "2025-04-25", "accessed": "2026-09-25", "quote": "the Chang'e-8 lunar probe is scheduled for launch around 2029, and will carry payloads from 11 countries and regions and one international organization", "quote_confirmed_raw": true, "supports": [ "launch_date", "phase" ], "language": "en", "translation": "none" } ], "confidence": "medium", "missing_evidence": [ "Specific ISRU payload (press reports solar melting of regolith into bricks) not confirmed from a CNSA page.", "An earlier public target of around 2028 appears in press and is not cited on this record, so it is not listed as a dated schedule change." ], "last_checked": "2026-09-25", "history": [], "review_state": "verified", "phase": "in_development", "outcome": { "class": "not_applicable", "basis": null, "statement": null }, "participants": [ { "entity_id": "org-cnsa", "role": "operator" } ], "mission_unit": "spacecraft", "host_mission_id": null, "inclusion_basis": "resource_objective_stated", "target_body": "moon", "target_site": "Leibnitz-Beta Plateau, lunar south polar region", "mission_type": "isru_demo", "objective": "Conduct in-situ resource utilization experiments and scientific exploration jointly with Chang'e-7.", "resources": [ { "resource": "regolith", "evidence_level": "targeted" } ], "launch_vehicle": null, "launch_date": { "value": "2029", "precision": "year", "basis": "planned", "qualifier": "target" }, "review": { "author_model": "claude-opus-5-5", "reviewer_model": "claude-sonnet-5", "reviewer_run": "research/review/missions.json", "date": "2026-09-26", "sources_reopened": false, "edits_applied": 0 } }, { "last_checked": "2026-09-26", "review_state": "verified", "history": [ { "field": "launch_date", "old": "2025 (as Vestri on IM-3)", "new": "early 2026", "changed_on": "2025-08-11", "reason": "schedule_slip", "source_index": 7 }, { "field": "launch_date", "old": "early 2026", "new": "2026-Q4", "changed_on": "2026-06-03", "reason": "schedule_slip", "source_index": 2 }, { "field": "name", "old": "Vestri", "new": "DeepSpace-2", "changed_on": "2025-03-06", "reason": "reclassification", "source_index": 4 }, { "field": "objective", "old": "Land on or dock with the target asteroid to characterize its composition", "new": "Rendezvous with and image a near-Earth metallic asteroid", "changed_on": "2026-06-03", "reason": "source_update", "source_index": 0 }, { "field": "launch_date", "old": "2026-Q4", "new": "2027", "changed_on": "2026-09-26", "reason": "schedule_slip", "source_index": 13 } ], "missing_evidence": [ "Intuitive Machines or SpaceX manifest naming DeepSpace-2 (required before phase can be 'manifested').", "Explicit operator statement that the 'Vestri' mission was renamed DeepSpace-2 (inferred from matching mass, propulsion supplier, IM-3 ride and timeline).", "Operator pages conflict on launch timing: 'fourth quarter of 2026' versus 'LAUNCHING 2027' banners on the same site.", "Communications licence for DeepSpace-2.", "Host flight not confirmed: AstroForge describes a ride with Intuitive Machines' IM-3, but no manifest record names it." ], "host_mission_id": null, "stable_id": "msn-astroforge-deepspace-2", "name": "DeepSpace-2", "summary": "AstroForge's second deep-space spacecraft, a 200-kilogram vehicle with Hall-effect electric propulsion, intended to ride share on the Falcon 9 launch of Intuitive Machines' IM-3 and then rendezvous with and image a metallic near-Earth asteroid that has not yet been named. Flight hardware assembly was reported complete in June 2026 and integrated testing was under way; earlier descriptions of the same spacecraft as 'Vestri' said it would land on or dock with an asteroid, which current operator pages no longer state.", "participants": [ { "entity_id": "org-astroforge", "role": "operator" }, { "entity_id": "org-intuitive-machines", "role": "carrier" }, { "entity_id": "org-spacex", "role": "launch_provider" } ], "mission_unit": "spacecraft", "target_body": "near_earth_asteroid", "target_site": "Not selected; operator describes a near-Earth M-type (metallic) asteroid, and press reports about 28 candidates", "mission_type": "prospecting", "objective": "Rendezvous with a near-Earth metallic asteroid and capture high-resolution imagery of its shape, structure and clues to mineral composition (operator statement).", "resources": [ { "resource": "metals_general", "evidence_level": "targeted" } ], "inclusion_basis": "resource_objective_stated", "launch_vehicle": "Falcon 9 (rideshare with Intuitive Machines IM-3, per press)", "launch_date": { "value": "2027", "precision": "year", "basis": "planned", "qualifier": "target" }, "phase": "in_development", "outcome": { "class": "not_applicable", "basis": "inferred", "statement": null }, "status_basis": "AstroForge's DeepSpace-2 page (checked 2026-09-26) is headed 'LAUNCHING 2027', while its body text still says the fourth quarter of 2026. AstroForge ties the flight to Intuitive Machines' IM-3. On 2026-09-15, NASA's Moon Base manager said Intuitive Machines' next lander, Nova-C Trinity, is slated for 'the first part of 2027' (Aerospace America). No launch-provider manifest names DeepSpace-2, so the mission is listed as in development.", "confidence": "medium", "sources": [ { "url": "https://www.astroforge.com/deepspace-2", "title": "DeepSpace-2 - AstroForge", "publisher": "AstroForge", "source_class": "company_primary", "published": null, "accessed": "2026-09-25", "quote": "Launching in the fourth quarter of 2026, DeepSpace-2 will travel millions of kilometers to rendezvous with a near-Earth asteroid.", "quote_confirmed_raw": true, "supports": [ "objective", "phase" ], "language": "en", "translation": "none" }, { "url": "https://www.astroforge.com/deepspace-2", "title": "DeepSpace-2 - AstroForge", "publisher": "AstroForge", "source_class": "company_primary", "published": null, "accessed": "2026-09-25", "quote": "DeepSpace-2's payload is a high-resolution monochromatic camera.", "quote_confirmed_raw": true, "supports": [ "objective" ], "language": "en", "translation": "none" }, { "url": "https://www.astroforge.com/updates-collection/we-built-the-spacecraft", "title": "We Built the Spacecraft", "publisher": "AstroForge", "source_class": "company_primary", "published": "2026-06-03", "accessed": "2026-09-25", "quote": "Last month, we assembled the major flight hardware of DeepSpace-2 on our integration floor for the first time.", "quote_confirmed_raw": true, "supports": [ "phase", "launch_date" ], "language": "en", "translation": "none" }, { "url": "https://www.astroforge.com/updates-collection/spacecraft-structures", "title": "Spacecraft Structures", "publisher": "AstroForge", "source_class": "company_primary", "published": "2025-08-19", "accessed": "2026-09-25", "quote": "We have purchased a 200kg mass budget from IM.", "quote_confirmed_raw": true, "supports": [ "participants", "host_mission_id" ], "language": "en", "translation": "none" }, { "url": "https://www.astroforge.com/updates-collection/odint-mission-debrief", "title": "Odin't: A Complete Debrief of Our Deep Space Mission", "publisher": "AstroForge", "source_class": "company_primary", "published": "2025-03-06", "accessed": "2026-09-25", "quote": "DeepSpace-2 will be our second spacecraft and is scheduled to launch on the IM3 mission.", "quote_confirmed_raw": true, "supports": [ "host_mission_id", "history" ], "language": "en", "translation": "none" }, { "url": "https://www.astroforge.com/updates-collection/odint-mission-debrief", "title": "Odin't: A Complete Debrief of Our Deep Space Mission", "publisher": "AstroForge", "source_class": "company_primary", "published": "2025-03-06", "accessed": "2026-09-25", "quote": "Landing legs for its primary mission: landing on a metallic asteroid to measure platinum group metals on the surface", "quote_confirmed_raw": true, "supports": [ "history" ], "language": "en", "translation": "none" }, { "url": "https://payloadspace.com/astroforge-completes-its-deepspace-2-spacecraft/", "title": "AstroForge Completes its DeepSpace-2 Spacecraft", "publisher": "Payload", "source_class": "reputable_press", "published": "2026-06-05", "accessed": "2026-09-25", "quote": "The spacecraft is scheduled to fly onboard a SpaceX Falcon 9 rocket, which is also carrying Intuitive Machines' IM-3 lander to the lunar surface.", "quote_confirmed_raw": true, "supports": [ "launch_vehicle", "participants" ], "language": "en", "translation": "none" }, { "url": "https://www.prnewswire.com/news-releases/safran-dsi-to-supply-electric-propulsion-systems-for-astroforges-upcoming-vestri-asteroid-mission-302526390.html", "title": "Safran DSI to Supply Electric Propulsion Systems for AstroForge's Upcoming Vestri Asteroid Mission", "publisher": "Safran Defense & Space, Inc. (via PR Newswire)", "source_class": "company_primary", "published": "2025-08-11", "accessed": "2026-09-25", "quote": "for the company's upcoming Vestri asteroid mission, scheduled to launch in early 2026", "quote_confirmed_raw": true, "supports": [ "history" ], "language": "en", "translation": "none" }, { "url": "https://payloadspace.com/astroforge-raised-40m-to-race-for-an-asteroid/", "title": "AstroForge Raised $40M To Race For An Asteroid", "publisher": "Payload", "source_class": "reputable_press", "published": "2024-08-21", "accessed": "2026-09-25", "quote": "A 200-kg spacecraft called Vestri, which will land on the target asteroid to completely characterize its composition; it will fly on IM-3, expected to launch in 2025.", "quote_confirmed_raw": true, "supports": [ "history" ], "language": "en", "translation": "none" }, { "url": "https://aerospaceamerica.aiaa.org/astroforge-preps-for-second-attempt-at-reaching-an-asteroid/", "title": "AstroForge preps for second attempt at reaching an asteroid", "publisher": "Aerospace America (AIAA)", "source_class": "reputable_press", "published": "2026-06-15", "accessed": "2026-09-25", "quote": "AstroForge will choose among them closer to launch.", "quote_confirmed_raw": true, "supports": [ "target_site" ], "language": "en", "translation": "none" }, { "url": "https://aerospaceamerica.aiaa.org/astroforge-preps-for-second-attempt-at-reaching-an-asteroid/", "title": "AstroForge preps for second attempt at reaching an asteroid", "publisher": "Aerospace America (AIAA)", "source_class": "reputable_press", "published": "2026-06-15", "accessed": "2026-09-25", "quote": "AstroForge is self-funding DeepSpace-2, which Gialich said will cost around $10 million.", "quote_confirmed_raw": true, "supports": [ "summary" ], "language": "en", "translation": "none" }, { "url": "https://www.astroforge.com/deepspace-2", "title": "DeepSpace-2 - AstroForge", "publisher": "AstroForge", "source_class": "company_primary", "published": null, "accessed": "2026-09-25", "quote": "LAUNCHING 2027 DEEPSPACE-2 The first commercially viable path to deep space.", "quote_confirmed_raw": true, "supports": [ "launch_date" ], "language": "en", "translation": "none" }, { "url": "https://www.astroforge.com/updates-collection/introducing-autonomy-1-the-first-autonomous-space-mission-powered-by-solo", "title": "Introducing Autonomy-1: The First Autonomous Space Mission, Powered by Solo", "publisher": "AstroForge", "source_class": "company_primary", "published": "2026-09-21", "accessed": "2026-09-25", "quote": "Our next mission, DeepSpace-2, will fly Solo in shadow mode.", "quote_confirmed_raw": true, "supports": [ "phase" ], "language": "en", "translation": "none" }, { "url": "https://aerospaceamerica.aiaa.org/nasa-expects-one-lunar-launch-this-year-moon-base-manager-says/", "title": "NASA expects one lunar launch this year, Moon Base manager says", "publisher": "Aerospace America (AIAA)", "source_class": "reputable_press", "published": "2026-09-15", "accessed": "2026-09-26", "quote": "The next two — Blue Origin’s Mark 1 Endurance and Intuitive Machines’ Nova-C Trinity — are now slated to launch in “the first part of 2027,”", "quote_confirmed_raw": true, "supports": [ "launch_date" ], "language": "en", "translation": "none" } ], "review": { "author_model": "claude-opus-5-5", "reviewer_model": "grok-bot-executor", "reviewer_run": "research/review/polish-deepspace-2-20260926.json", "date": "2026-09-26", "sources_reopened": [ 0, 4, 11, 13 ], "edits_applied": 2, "base_record_sha256": "4f867ea7625c7d5b1fca9978535d084e766e3ca1ab122af50df0d764785c0304", "record_sha256": "f700e73df0ac306a00af3650e5b5c92717505340515d6c4b54aa9dfff456ea15" } }, { "stable_id": "msn-uae-space-agency-emirates-mission-asteroid-belt", "name": "Emirates Mission to the Asteroid Belt (EMA) / MBR Explorer", "summary": "UAE Space Agency mission whose MBR Explorer spacecraft is to fly past six main-belt asteroids and deploy a lander on a seventh in 2034; the agency's 2023 announcement lists preparing for possible future resource extraction and assessing the resource potential of water-rich asteroids among its aims. Assembly, integration and testing were under way in April 2026 ahead of a 2028 launch (launch period starting March 2028 per the 2023 announcement).", "status_basis": "The National (2026-04-27) reports assembly, integration and testing under way; UAE Space Agency announcement via Dubai Media Office (2023-05-29).", "sources": [ { "url": "https://mediaoffice.ae/en/news/2023/may/29-05/mohammed-bin-rashid", "title": "Mohammed bin Rashid: The Emirates Mission to the Asteroid Belt is a significant scientific mission", "publisher": "Government of Dubai Media Office", "source_class": "government_primary", "published": "2023-05-29", "accessed": "2026-09-25", "quote": "prepare the ground for possible future resource extraction from asteroids", "quote_confirmed_raw": true, "supports": [ "objective", "inclusion_basis", "summary" ], "language": "en", "translation": "none" }, { "url": "https://mediaoffice.ae/en/news/2023/may/29-05/mohammed-bin-rashid", "title": "Mohammed bin Rashid: The Emirates Mission to the Asteroid Belt is a significant scientific mission", "publisher": "Government of Dubai Media Office", "source_class": "government_primary", "published": "2023-05-29", "accessed": "2026-09-25", "quote": "assess the resource potential of asteroids and prepare the way for future asteroid resource utilisation", "quote_confirmed_raw": true, "supports": [ "objective", "resources" ], "language": "en", "translation": "none" }, { "url": "https://mediaoffice.ae/en/news/2023/may/29-05/mohammed-bin-rashid", "title": "Mohammed bin Rashid: The Emirates Mission to the Asteroid Belt is a significant scientific mission", "publisher": "Government of Dubai Media Office", "source_class": "government_primary", "published": "2023-05-29", "accessed": "2026-09-25", "quote": "the UAE Space Agency today announced the details and objectives of the EMA", "quote_confirmed_raw": true, "supports": [ "participants", "launch_date", "target_site" ], "language": "en", "translation": "none" }, { "url": "https://www.thenationalnews.com/news/uae/2026/04/27/uaes-mbr-explorer-mission-to-asteroid-belt-on-track-for-2028-launch-as-tests-begin/", "title": "UAE's MBR Explorer mission to asteroid belt on track for 2028 launch as tests begin", "publisher": "The National", "source_class": "reputable_press", "published": "2026-04-27", "accessed": "2026-09-25", "quote": "The MBR Explorer mission is progressing, with assembly, integration and testing under way ahead of its 2028 launch.", "quote_confirmed_raw": true, "supports": [ "phase", "launch_date" ], "language": "en", "translation": "none" } ], "confidence": "medium", "missing_evidence": [ "Launch vehicle (reported as H3) and landing target (reported as 269 Justitia) not confirmed from a primary page.", "Mission partners (MBRSC and LASP) are not recorded as organizations here." ], "last_checked": "2026-09-25", "history": [], "review_state": "verified", "phase": "in_development", "outcome": { "class": "not_applicable", "basis": null, "statement": null }, "participants": [ { "entity_id": "org-uae-space-agency", "role": "operator" } ], "mission_unit": "spacecraft", "host_mission_id": null, "inclusion_basis": "resource_objective_stated", "target_body": "main_belt_asteroid", "target_site": "Seven main-belt asteroids; landing on the seventh (2034)", "mission_type": "prospecting", "objective": "Characterize main-belt asteroids, including the resource potential of water-rich asteroids, to prepare for possible future resource extraction.", "resources": [ { "resource": "volatiles", "evidence_level": "targeted" } ], "launch_vehicle": null, "launch_date": { "value": "2028-03", "precision": "month", "basis": "planned", "qualifier": "window" }, "review": { "author_model": "claude-opus-5-5", "reviewer_model": "claude-sonnet-5", "reviewer_run": "research/review/missions.json", "date": "2026-09-26", "sources_reopened": false, "edits_applied": 0 } }, { "stable_id": "msn-firefly-blue-ghost-m1", "name": "Firefly Blue Ghost Mission 1 (Ghost Riders in the Sky)", "summary": "Firefly's Blue Ghost lander launched 2025-01-15, landed in Mare Crisium on 2025-03-02 and operated for more than 14 days; among its NASA payloads, Honeybee Robotics' Lunar PlanetVac collected, transferred and sorted lunar soil with pressurized gas. This was a sample-collection technology demonstration, not resource extraction or processing.", "mission_unit": "spacecraft", "host_mission_id": null, "participants": [ { "entity_id": "org-firefly-aerospace", "role": "operator" }, { "entity_id": "org-nasa", "role": "customer" }, { "entity_id": "org-honeybee-robotics", "role": "payload_builder" }, { "entity_id": "org-spacex", "role": "launch_provider" } ], "target_body": "moon", "target_site": "Mare Crisium (near Mons Latreille)", "mission_type": "technology_demo", "inclusion_basis": "resource_objective_stated", "objective": "Demonstrate pneumatic collection, transfer and sieving of lunar regolith (Lunar PlanetVac), a technology NASA says could benefit the search for water, helium and other resources.", "resources": [ { "resource": "regolith", "evidence_level": "sampled" } ], "launch_vehicle": "SpaceX Falcon 9", "launch_date": { "value": "2025-01-15", "precision": "day", "basis": "actual" }, "phase": "ended", "outcome": { "class": "success", "basis": "operator_statement", "statement": "Firefly met 100% of our mission objectives for Blue Ghost Mission 1 after performing the first fully successful commercial Moon landing on March 2, completing more than 14 days of surface operations (346 hours of daylight)" }, "status_basis": "Firefly's live-updates page (2025-03-17 entry) and NASA Flight Opportunities page on Lunar PlanetVac results.", "sources": [ { "url": "https://fireflyspace.com/news/blue-ghost-mission-1-live-updates/", "title": "Blue Ghost Mission 1: Live Updates", "publisher": "Firefly Aerospace", "source_class": "company_primary", "published": "2025-03", "accessed": "2026-09-25", "quote": "Firefly met 100% of our mission objectives for Blue Ghost Mission 1 after performing the first fully successful commercial Moon landing on March 2, completing more than 14 days of surface operations (346 hours of daylight)", "quote_confirmed_raw": true, "supports": [ "phase", "outcome" ], "language": "en", "translation": "none" }, { "url": "https://fireflyspace.com/news/blue-ghost-mission-1-live-updates/", "title": "Blue Ghost Mission 1: Live Updates", "publisher": "Firefly Aerospace", "source_class": "company_primary", "published": "2025-03", "accessed": "2026-09-25", "quote": "Lunar PlanetVac for example successfully collected, transferred, and sorted lunar soil from the Moon using pressurized nitrogen gas.", "quote_confirmed_raw": true, "supports": [ "resources", "outcome" ], "language": "en", "translation": "none" }, { "url": "https://fireflyspace.com/news/blue-ghost-mission-1-live-updates/", "title": "Blue Ghost Mission 1: Live Updates", "publisher": "Firefly Aerospace", "source_class": "company_primary", "published": "2025-03", "accessed": "2026-09-25", "quote": "SpaceX's Falcon 9 rocket lifted off from the Kennedy Space Center launch complex 39A at 1:11 am EST, and Blue Ghost is on its way to orbit!", "quote_confirmed_raw": true, "supports": [ "launch_date", "launch_vehicle" ], "language": "en", "translation": "none" }, { "url": "https://www.nasa.gov/missions/artemis/clps/nasa-lander-to-test-vacuum-cleaner-on-moon-for-sample-collection/", "title": "NASA Lander to Test Vacuum Cleaner on Moon for Sample Collection", "publisher": "NASA", "source_class": "government_primary", "published": "2025-01-08", "accessed": "2026-09-25", "quote": "The technology on this CLPS payload could benefit the search for water, helium, and other resources and provide a clearer picture of in situ materials available to NASA and its partners for fabricating lunar habitats and launch pads", "quote_confirmed_raw": true, "supports": [ "inclusion_basis", "objective" ], "language": "en", "translation": "none" }, { "url": "https://www.nasa.gov/missions/artemis/clps/nasa-lander-to-test-vacuum-cleaner-on-moon-for-sample-collection/", "title": "NASA Lander to Test Vacuum Cleaner on Moon for Sample Collection", "publisher": "NASA", "source_class": "government_primary", "published": "2025-01-08", "accessed": "2026-09-25", "quote": "It's designed to efficiently collect and transfer lunar soil from the surface to other science instruments or sample return containers without reliance on gravity.", "quote_confirmed_raw": true, "supports": [ "objective" ], "language": "en", "translation": "none" }, { "url": "https://www.nasa.gov/stmd-flight-opportunities/from-flight-test-to-the-moon-three-payloads/", "title": "From Flight Test to the Moon: Three Payloads", "publisher": "NASA Flight Opportunities", "source_class": "government_primary", "published": null, "accessed": "2026-09-25", "quote": "Lunar PlanetVac successfully collected, transferred, and sorted lunar soil from the Moon", "quote_confirmed_raw": true, "supports": [ "resources", "outcome" ], "language": "en", "translation": "none" }, { "url": "https://fireflyspace.com/missions/blue-ghost-mission-1/", "title": "Blue Ghost Mission 1 (mission page)", "publisher": "Firefly Aerospace", "source_class": "company_primary", "published": null, "accessed": "2026-09-25", "quote": "The Lunar PlanetVac will demonstrate pneumatic sample collection of lunar regolith by collecting and sorting regolith within its sample collection chamber.", "quote_confirmed_raw": true, "supports": [ "objective" ], "language": "en", "translation": "none" } ], "confidence": "high", "missing_evidence": [ "Peer-reviewed LPV results paper (Zacny et al., 2026, doi 10.1007/s44461-026-00012-z; Springer page bot-walled) not fetched." ], "history": [], "last_checked": "2026-09-25", "review_state": "verified", "review": { "author_model": "claude-opus-5-5", "reviewer_model": "claude-sonnet-5", "reviewer_run": "research/review/missions.json", "date": "2026-09-26", "sources_reopened": false, "edits_applied": 0 } }, { "stable_id": "msn-firefly-blue-ghost-m2", "name": "Firefly Blue Ghost Mission 2 (Riders 2 the Dark)", "summary": "Firefly's second lunar mission, a Blue Ghost lander stacked on an Elytra Dark orbiter bound for the lunar far side, is to deploy Fleet Space Technologies' SPIDER passive-seismic payload, which Firefly says will detect water ice deposits in the subsurface. Firefly now lists the launch as no earlier than 2027 (announced in 2023 for 2026).", "mission_unit": "spacecraft", "host_mission_id": null, "participants": [ { "entity_id": "org-firefly-aerospace", "role": "operator" }, { "entity_id": "org-nasa", "role": "customer" }, { "entity_id": "org-fleet-space", "role": "payload_owner" }, { "entity_id": "org-esa", "role": "payload_owner" } ], "target_body": "moon", "target_site": "Lunar far side (specific site not stated in sources reviewed)", "mission_type": "prospecting", "inclusion_basis": "resource_objective_stated", "objective": "Operate Fleet Space's SPIDER seismic (ambient-noise) payload from the lander for up to 14 days to image the subsurface and look for water-ice signatures; this is a seismic survey, not sampling or extraction.", "resources": [ { "resource": "water_ice", "evidence_level": "targeted" } ], "launch_vehicle": null, "launch_date": { "value": "2027", "precision": "year", "basis": "planned", "qualifier": "net" }, "phase": "in_development", "outcome": { "class": "not_applicable", "basis": "inferred", "statement": null }, "status_basis": "Firefly's Blue Ghost Mission 2 page (accessed 2026-09-25) lists it as an upcoming mission set to launch no earlier than 2027.", "sources": [ { "url": "https://fireflyspace.com/missions/blue-ghost-mission-2/", "title": "Blue Ghost + Elytra: Lunar Far Side (mission page)", "publisher": "Firefly Aerospace", "source_class": "company_primary", "published": null, "accessed": "2026-09-25", "quote": "Set to launch no earlier than 2027, the mission will deliver six international payloads", "quote_confirmed_raw": true, "supports": [ "launch_date", "phase" ], "language": "en", "translation": "none" }, { "url": "https://fireflyspace.com/missions/blue-ghost-mission-2/", "title": "Blue Ghost + Elytra: Lunar Far Side (mission page)", "publisher": "Firefly Aerospace", "source_class": "company_primary", "published": null, "accessed": "2026-09-25", "quote": "a seismic device from Fleet Space", "quote_confirmed_raw": true, "supports": [ "participants" ], "language": "en", "translation": "none" }, { "url": "https://fireflyspace.com/news/firefly-announces-agreement-with-fleet-space-to-deliver-payload-to-the-moon/", "title": "Firefly Aerospace Announces Agreement with Fleet Space to Deliver Seismic Payload to Far Side of the Moon", "publisher": "Firefly Aerospace", "source_class": "company_primary", "published": "2023-11-08", "accessed": "2026-09-25", "quote": "Firefly's Blue Ghost lunar lander will deploy Fleet Space's SPIDER payload to detect water ice deposits and examine the mineral profile of the lunar subsurface", "quote_confirmed_raw": true, "supports": [ "inclusion_basis", "objective", "resources" ], "language": "en", "translation": "none" }, { "url": "https://fireflyspace.com/news/firefly-announces-agreement-with-fleet-space-to-deliver-payload-to-the-moon/", "title": "Firefly Aerospace Announces Agreement with Fleet Space to Deliver Seismic Payload to Far Side of the Moon", "publisher": "Firefly Aerospace", "source_class": "company_primary", "published": "2023-11-08", "accessed": "2026-09-25", "quote": "the Australian-backed SPIDER payload will fly on Firefly's Blue Ghost lander as part of Firefly's second lunar mission in 2026", "quote_confirmed_raw": true, "supports": [ "launch_date" ], "language": "en", "translation": "none" }, { "url": "https://www.fleetspace.com/newsroom/fleets-lunar-seismic-technology-heads-to-the-moon-on-fireflys-blue-ghost-lander", "title": "Fleet's Lunar Seismic Technology Heads to the Moon on Firefly's Blue Ghost Lander", "publisher": "Fleet Space Technologies", "source_class": "company_primary", "published": "2023-11-09", "accessed": "2026-09-25", "quote": "develop a geophysical device that will deliver insight about the subsurface of the Moon's South Pole and search for water ice deposits", "quote_confirmed_raw": true, "supports": [ "objective" ], "language": "en", "translation": "none" }, { "url": "https://fireflyspace.com/news/firefly-announces-agreement-with-fleet-space-to-deliver-payload-to-the-moon/", "title": "Firefly Aerospace Announces Agreement with Fleet Space to Deliver Seismic Payload to Far Side of the Moon", "publisher": "Firefly Aerospace", "source_class": "company_primary", "published": "2023-11-08", "accessed": "2026-09-25", "quote": "This data will offer insights into the geological properties of the lunar subsurface and its mineral profile, such as water ice, that can support lunar infrastructure and further regolith exploration.", "quote_confirmed_raw": true, "supports": [ "objective" ], "language": "en", "translation": "none" } ], "confidence": "medium", "missing_evidence": [ "Launch vehicle not stated on the current mission page.", "Exact far-side landing site not stated.", "Date the launch moved from 2026 to NET 2027 not established." ], "history": [ { "field": "launch_date", "old": "2026", "new": "2027 (net)", "changed_on": "2026", "reason": "schedule_slip", "source_index": 3 } ], "last_checked": "2026-09-25", "review_state": "verified", "review": { "author_model": "claude-opus-5-5", "reviewer_model": "claude-sonnet-5", "reviewer_run": "research/review/missions.json", "date": "2026-09-26", "sources_reopened": false, "edits_applied": 0 } }, { "stable_id": "msn-astrobotic-griffin-1", "name": "Griffin Mission One (Griffin-1, NASA Moon Base II)", "summary": "First flight of Astrobotic's Griffin lander (Astrobotic now operates as Voyager Lunar Systems), a NASA CLPS delivery to the Nobile Crater area near the lunar south pole planned for late 2026. After NASA ended VIPER in 2024, its resource-relevant cargo is the NASA Ames/Interlune METAL investigation, which NASA says will study helium-3 abundance in the regolith.", "mission_unit": "spacecraft", "host_mission_id": null, "participants": [ { "entity_id": "org-astrobotic", "role": "operator" }, { "entity_id": "org-nasa", "role": "customer" }, { "entity_id": "org-interlune", "role": "payload_owner" } ], "target_body": "moon", "target_site": "Nobile Crater region, lunar south pole (per NASA)", "mission_type": "prospecting", "inclusion_basis": "resource_objective_stated", "objective": "Deliver NASA payloads including the METAL investigation (NASA Ames with Interlune), which NASA says will study helium-3 abundance in the lunar regolith to inform in-situ resource utilization.", "resources": [ { "resource": "helium_3", "evidence_level": "targeted" } ], "launch_vehicle": null, "launch_date": { "value": "2026-H2", "precision": "half", "basis": "planned", "qualifier": "target" }, "phase": "in_development", "outcome": { "class": "not_applicable", "basis": "inferred", "statement": null }, "status_basis": "NASA's Moon Base Phases page (last updated 2026-08-24) shows the lander being prepared for environmental testing at JPL ahead of a planned late-2026 launch.", "sources": [ { "url": "https://www.nasa.gov/moonbase-phases/", "title": "Moon Base Phases", "publisher": "NASA", "source_class": "government_primary", "published": "2026-08-24", "accessed": "2026-09-25", "quote": "The lander is being prepared for transport to NASA's Jet Propulsion Laboratory, where it will undergo environmental testing ahead of its planned launch to the Moon in late 2026.", "quote_confirmed_raw": true, "supports": [ "phase", "launch_date" ], "language": "en", "translation": "none" }, { "url": "https://www.nasa.gov/moonbase-phases/", "title": "Moon Base Phases", "publisher": "NASA", "source_class": "government_primary", "published": "2026-08-24", "accessed": "2026-09-25", "quote": "the Moon Exploration for Titanium with Active Lighting (METAL) investigation, developed by NASA's Ames Research Center in partnership with Interlune. METAL will study the abundance of helium-3 in the lunar regolith", "quote_confirmed_raw": true, "supports": [ "inclusion_basis", "objective", "resources", "participants" ], "language": "en", "translation": "none" }, { "url": "https://www.nasa.gov/news-release/nasa-provides-update-on-moon-base-rovers-landers-missions/", "title": "NASA Provides Update on Moon Base Rovers, Landers, Missions", "publisher": "NASA", "source_class": "government_primary", "published": "2026-05-26", "accessed": "2026-09-25", "quote": "Moon Base II: Planned for launch later this year, this mission will deliver more than 1,100 pounds of cargo on Astrobotic's Griffin lander, including Astrolab's FLIP rover", "quote_confirmed_raw": true, "supports": [ "participants", "history" ], "language": "en", "translation": "none" }, { "url": "https://www.nasa.gov/event/clps-flight-astrobotics-griffin-mission-one/", "title": "CLPS Flight: Astrobotic's Griffin Mission One", "publisher": "NASA", "source_class": "government_primary", "published": null, "accessed": "2026-09-25", "quote": "The Astrobotic Griffin-1 mission will deliver more than 1,100 pounds of cargo to the Nobile Crater at the lunar South Pole, including the Astrolab FLIP rover", "quote_confirmed_raw": true, "supports": [ "target_site" ], "language": "en", "translation": "none" }, { "url": "https://www.nasa.gov/news-release/nasa-ends-viper-project-continues-moon-exploration/", "title": "NASA Ends VIPER Project, Continues Moon Exploration", "publisher": "NASA", "source_class": "government_primary", "published": "2024-07-17", "accessed": "2026-09-25", "quote": "Astrobotic will continue its Griffin Mission One within its contract with NASA, working toward a launch scheduled for no earlier than fall 2025. The landing without VIPER will provide a flight demonstration of the Griffin lander and its engines.", "quote_confirmed_raw": true, "supports": [ "history" ], "language": "en", "translation": "none" }, { "url": "https://voyagertechnologies.com/press-releases/voyager-awarded-298m-nasa-contract-under-completed-astrobotic-acquisition/", "title": "Voyager awarded $298M NASA contract under completed Astrobotic acquisition", "publisher": "Voyager Technologies", "source_class": "company_primary", "published": "2026-07-13", "accessed": "2026-09-25", "quote": "Astrobotic now operates as Voyager Lunar Systems", "quote_confirmed_raw": true, "supports": [ "participants", "summary" ], "language": "en", "translation": "none" } ], "confidence": "medium", "missing_evidence": [ "Launch vehicle and a launch-provider manifest were not confirmed from a primary source (phase therefore in development, not manifested).", "Whether METAL is mounted on Astrolab's FLIP rover (Interlune/Astrolab 2025 release) or on the lander deck; msn-interlune-metal-camera points here directly, skipping FLIP." ], "last_checked": "2026-09-25", "history": [ { "field": "objective", "old": "Deliver NASA's VIPER water-ice prospecting rover (2020 CLPS award)", "new": "Griffin flight demonstration without VIPER", "changed_on": "2024-07-17", "reason": "reclassification", "source_index": 4 }, { "field": "launch_date", "old": "no earlier than fall 2025", "new": "late 2026 (2026-H2 target)", "changed_on": "2026-05-26", "reason": "schedule_slip", "source_index": 2 } ], "review_state": "verified", "review": { "author_model": "claude-opus-5-5", "reviewer_model": "claude-sonnet-5", "reviewer_run": "research/review/missions.json", "date": "2026-09-26", "sources_reopened": false, "edits_applied": 0 } }, { "stable_id": "msn-ispace-hakuto-r-m1", "name": "HAKUTO-R Mission 1 (ispace M1 lander)", "summary": "ispace's first lunar lander, launched 2022-12-11 on a Falcon 9, reached lunar orbit and began its landing sequence toward Atlas crater on 2023-04-25 UTC (2023-04-26 JST); ispace states it mis-estimated its altitude, exhausted its propellant about 5 km above the surface and free-fell. It was to collect regolith on a landing-gear footpad for an in-place ownership transfer to NASA under a USD 5,000 contract; no collection occurred.", "mission_unit": "spacecraft", "host_mission_id": null, "participants": [ { "entity_id": "org-ispace", "role": "operator" }, { "entity_id": "org-nasa", "role": "customer" }, { "entity_id": "org-spacex", "role": "launch_provider" } ], "target_body": "moon", "target_site": "Atlas crater, 47.5 N 44.4 E (southeastern outer edge of Mare Frigoris / Lacus Somniorum region)", "mission_type": "resource_purchase_demo", "inclusion_basis": "resource_transaction", "objective": "Collect regolith that accumulates on a landing-gear footpad at touchdown, photograph it, and transfer ownership in place to NASA under a December 2020 contract; the regolith was not to be returned to Earth.", "resources": [ { "resource": "regolith", "evidence_level": "targeted" } ], "launch_vehicle": "SpaceX Falcon 9", "launch_date": { "value": "2022-12-11", "precision": "day", "basis": "actual" }, "phase": "ended", "outcome": { "class": "failure", "basis": "operator_statement", "statement": "After reaching the scheduled landing time, the lander continued to descend at a low speed until the propulsion system ran out of fuel. At that time, the controlled descent of the lander ceased, and it is believed to have free-fallen to the Moon's surface." }, "status_basis": "ispace's 2023-05-26 flight-data analysis and 2023-04-26 status update; NASA LRO imaged the impact site on 2023-04-26.", "sources": [ { "url": "https://www.ispace-inc.com/2022/12/11/ispace-mission-1-lander-status-update/", "title": "ispace Mission 1 Lander Status Update", "publisher": "ispace, inc.", "source_class": "company_primary", "published": "2022-12-11", "accessed": "2026-09-25", "quote": "following a successful launch by a SpaceX Falcon 9 rocket from Cape Canaveral Space Force Station, Fla., on December 11, 2022.", "quote_confirmed_raw": true, "supports": [ "launch_date", "launch_vehicle" ], "language": "en", "translation": "official" }, { "url": "https://www.ispace-inc.com/2022/11/17/ispace-announces-mission-1-launch-date/", "title": "ispace Announces Mission 1 Launch Date", "publisher": "ispace, inc.", "source_class": "company_primary", "published": "2022-11-17", "accessed": "2026-09-25", "quote": "ispace announced its primary landing site, the Atlas Crater, located at 47.5°N, 44.4°E, on the southeastern outer edge of Mare Frigoris", "quote_confirmed_raw": true, "supports": [ "target_site" ], "language": "en", "translation": "official" }, { "url": "https://www.ispace-inc.com/2023/04/26/status-update-on-ispace-hakuto-r-mission-1-lunar-lander/", "title": "Status Update on ispace HAKUTO-R Mission 1 Lunar Lander", "publisher": "ispace, inc.", "source_class": "company_primary", "published": "2023-04-26", "accessed": "2026-09-25", "quote": "it has been determined that there is a high probability that the lander eventually made a hard landing on the Moon's surface.", "quote_confirmed_raw": true, "supports": [ "phase", "outcome" ], "language": "en", "translation": "official" }, { "url": "https://www.ispace-inc.com/2023/05/26/ispace-announces-results-of-the-hakuto-r-mission-1-lunar-landing/", "title": "ispace Announces Results of the \"HAKUTO-R\" Mission 1 Lunar Landing", "publisher": "ispace, inc.", "source_class": "company_primary", "published": "2023-05-26", "accessed": "2026-09-25", "quote": "After reaching the scheduled landing time, the lander continued to descend at a low speed until the propulsion system ran out of fuel. At that time, the controlled descent of the lander ceased, and it is believed to have free-fallen to the Moon's surface.", "quote_confirmed_raw": true, "supports": [ "outcome" ], "language": "en", "translation": "official" }, { "url": "https://www.ispace-inc.com/2023/05/26/ispace-announces-results-of-the-hakuto-r-mission-1-lunar-landing/", "title": "ispace Announces Results of the \"HAKUTO-R\" Mission 1 Lunar Landing", "publisher": "ispace, inc.", "source_class": "company_primary", "published": "2023-05-26", "accessed": "2026-09-25", "quote": "While the lander estimated its own altitude to be zero, or on the lunar surface, it was later determined to be at an altitude of approximately 5 kms above the lunar surface.", "quote_confirmed_raw": true, "supports": [ "outcome" ], "language": "en", "translation": "official" }, { "url": "https://www.ispace-inc.com/2023/05/26/ispace-announces-results-of-the-hakuto-r-mission-1-lunar-landing/", "title": "ispace Announces Results of the \"HAKUTO-R\" Mission 1 Lunar Landing", "publisher": "ispace, inc.", "source_class": "company_primary", "published": "2023-05-26", "accessed": "2026-09-25", "quote": "The analysis reveals that the cause of the lander's failure to make a soft landing was due to the software, especially in the phase just prior to landing.", "quote_confirmed_raw": true, "supports": [ "outcome" ], "language": "en", "translation": "official" }, { "url": "https://www.ispace-inc.com/2023/05/26/ispace-announces-results-of-the-hakuto-r-mission-1-lunar-landing/", "title": "ispace Announces Results of the \"HAKUTO-R\" Mission 1 Lunar Landing", "publisher": "ispace, inc.", "source_class": "company_primary", "published": "2023-05-26", "accessed": "2026-09-25", "quote": "announced today that it has reviewed and completed the analysis of the flight data from its HAKUTO-R Mission 1 landing sequence on April 26, 2023.", "quote_confirmed_raw": true, "supports": [ "phase" ], "language": "en", "translation": "official" }, { "url": "https://www.nasa.gov/centers-and-facilities/goddard/nasas-lro-views-impact-site-of-hakuto-r-mission-1-moon-lander/", "title": "NASA's LRO Views Impact Site of HAKUTO-R Mission 1 Moon Lander", "publisher": "NASA Goddard Space Flight Center", "source_class": "government_primary", "published": "2023-05-23", "accessed": "2026-09-25", "quote": "the spacecraft started a controlled descent to the surface to land near Atlas crater.", "quote_confirmed_raw": true, "supports": [ "phase", "target_site" ], "language": "en", "translation": "none" }, { "url": "https://www.nasa.gov/news-release/nasa-selects-companies-to-collect-lunar-resources-for-artemis-demonstrations/", "title": "NASA Selects Companies to Collect Lunar Resources for Artemis Demonstrations (Release 20-118)", "publisher": "NASA", "source_class": "government_primary", "published": "2020-12-03", "accessed": "2026-09-25", "quote": "ispace Japan proposed collection for $5,000 following arrival in 2022 of a lander to Lacus Somniorum on the Moon's northeastern near side.", "quote_confirmed_raw": true, "supports": [ "resources", "inclusion_basis" ], "language": "en", "translation": "none" }, { "url": "https://www.ispace-inc.com/2022/11/08/ispace-receives-license-to-conduct-business-activity-on-the-moon-from-japanese-government/", "title": "ispace Receives License to Conduct Business Activity on the Moon from Japanese Government", "publisher": "ispace, inc.", "source_class": "company_primary", "published": "2022-11-08", "accessed": "2026-09-25", "quote": "During M1, ispace is expected to collect regolith that accumulates on the footpad of the landing gear during the touchdown on the surface, photograph the collected regolith and conduct an \"in-place\" transfer of ownership of the lunar regolith to NASA.", "quote_confirmed_raw": true, "supports": [ "objective", "resources" ], "language": "en", "translation": "official" }, { "url": "https://www.ispace-inc.com/mission-1/", "title": "HAKUTO-R Mission 1 (mission page)", "publisher": "ispace, inc.", "source_class": "company_primary", "published": null, "accessed": "2026-09-25", "quote": "Achieved 8 out of 10 Success Milestones.", "quote_confirmed_raw": true, "supports": [ "outcome" ], "language": "en", "translation": "official" } ], "confidence": "high", "missing_evidence": [ "No record found of the formal close-out of the M1 regolith contract after the loss." ], "history": [ { "field": "target_site", "old": "Lacus Somniorum (NASA award, Dec 2020)", "new": "Atlas crater, 47.5 N 44.4 E (ispace, Nov 2022)", "changed_on": "2022-11-17", "reason": "source_update", "source_index": 1 } ], "last_checked": "2026-09-25", "review_state": "verified", "review": { "author_model": "claude-opus-5-5", "reviewer_model": "claude-sonnet-5", "reviewer_run": "research/review/missions.json", "date": "2026-09-26", "sources_reopened": true, "edits_applied": 0 } }, { "stable_id": "msn-intuitive-machines-clps-south-pole-2030", "name": "Intuitive Machines CLPS south-pole delivery (2026 award, 2030 target)", "summary": "NASA awarded Intuitive Machines $180.4 million on 2026-03-27 to deliver seven payloads, five of them NASA's, to the south polar region, targeted for 2030; they include the MSolo mass spectrometer, which NASA says measures volatiles that can be used as resources, and NIRVSS, designed to detect ices.", "mission_unit": "spacecraft", "host_mission_id": null, "participants": [ { "entity_id": "org-intuitive-machines", "role": "operator" }, { "entity_id": "org-nasa", "role": "customer" } ], "target_body": "moon", "target_site": "Lunar south pole region", "mission_type": "prospecting", "inclusion_basis": "resource_objective_stated", "objective": "Deliver NASA instruments including MSolo and NIRVSS to characterize volatiles and possible ices in south-polar regolith.", "resources": [ { "resource": "volatiles", "evidence_level": "targeted" }, { "resource": "water_ice", "evidence_level": "targeted" } ], "launch_vehicle": null, "launch_date": { "value": "2030", "precision": "year", "basis": "planned", "qualifier": "target" }, "phase": "announced", "outcome": { "class": "not_applicable", "basis": "inferred", "statement": null }, "status_basis": "NASA award announcement of 2026-03-27; no mission name or lander build status published in the source reviewed.", "sources": [ { "url": "https://www.nasa.gov/missions/artemis/clps/nasa-selects-intuitive-machines-to-deliver-artemis-science-tech-to-moon/", "title": "NASA Selects Intuitive Machines to Deliver Artemis Science, Tech to Moon", "publisher": "NASA", "source_class": "government_primary", "published": "2026-03-27", "accessed": "2026-09-25", "quote": "NASA has awarded Intuitive Machines of Houston, $180.4 million to deliver NASA-funded science and technology to the lunar surface", "quote_confirmed_raw": true, "supports": [ "phase", "participants" ], "language": "en", "translation": "none" }, { "url": "https://www.nasa.gov/missions/artemis/clps/nasa-selects-intuitive-machines-to-deliver-artemis-science-tech-to-moon/", "title": "NASA Selects Intuitive Machines to Deliver Artemis Science, Tech to Moon", "publisher": "NASA", "source_class": "government_primary", "published": "2026-03-27", "accessed": "2026-09-25", "quote": "Intuitive Machines is responsible for delivering end-to-end payload services to the lunar surface, targeted to land at the Moon's South Pole region in 2030.", "quote_confirmed_raw": true, "supports": [ "launch_date", "target_site" ], "language": "en", "translation": "none" }, { "url": "https://www.nasa.gov/missions/artemis/clps/nasa-selects-intuitive-machines-to-deliver-artemis-science-tech-to-moon/", "title": "NASA Selects Intuitive Machines to Deliver Artemis Science, Tech to Moon", "publisher": "NASA", "source_class": "government_primary", "published": "2026-03-27", "accessed": "2026-09-25", "quote": "MSolo measures low molecular weight volatiles, which can be used as resources on the lunar surface.", "quote_confirmed_raw": true, "supports": [ "inclusion_basis", "resources" ], "language": "en", "translation": "none" } ], "confidence": "medium", "missing_evidence": [ "Mission name/number (e.g. IM-5) and CLPS task-order designation not given in the NASA article reviewed." ], "history": [], "last_checked": "2026-09-25", "review_state": "verified", "review": { "author_model": "claude-opus-5-5", "reviewer_model": "claude-sonnet-5", "reviewer_run": "research/review/missions.json", "date": "2026-09-26", "sources_reopened": false, "edits_applied": 0 } }, { "stable_id": "msn-intuitive-machines-im-2", "name": "Intuitive Machines IM-2 (Athena lander)", "summary": "Intuitive Machines' second Nova-C lander, Athena, launched 2025-02-26 and touched down near Mons Mouton on 2025-03-06 inside a crater, on its side; the mission ended 2025-03-07. It carried NASA's PRIME-1 ice-drill and mass-spectrometer suite, Lunar Outpost's MAPP rover (with a NASA regolith-collection mechanism) and IM's Grace hopper.", "mission_unit": "spacecraft", "host_mission_id": null, "participants": [ { "entity_id": "org-intuitive-machines", "role": "operator" }, { "entity_id": "org-nasa", "role": "customer" }, { "entity_id": "org-lunar-outpost", "role": "payload_owner" }, { "entity_id": "org-spacex", "role": "launch_provider" } ], "target_body": "moon", "target_site": "Mons Mouton region, lunar south pole (landed inside a nearby crater)", "mission_type": "prospecting", "inclusion_basis": "isru_instrument_carried", "objective": "Deliver NASA's PRIME-1 drill and mass spectrometer to measure volatiles in south-polar regolith, plus a rover to collect regolith for NASA purchase and a hopper to demonstrate water-ice detection in a shadowed crater.", "resources": [ { "resource": "water_ice", "evidence_level": "targeted" }, { "resource": "volatiles", "evidence_level": "targeted" }, { "resource": "regolith", "evidence_level": "targeted" } ], "launch_vehicle": "SpaceX Falcon 9", "launch_date": { "value": "2025-02-26", "precision": "day", "basis": "actual" }, "phase": "ended", "outcome": { "class": "partial", "basis": "operator_statement", "statement": "Images downlinked from Athena on the lunar surface confirmed that Athena was on her side. ... With the direction of the sun, the orientation of the solar panels, and extreme cold temperatures in the crater, Intuitive Machines does not expect Athena to recharge. The mission has concluded and teams are continuing to assess the data collected throughout the mission." }, "status_basis": "IM release of 2025-03-07 and NASA release 25-025 (2025-03-07) state the lander landed on its side and the mission ended early.", "sources": [ { "url": "https://www.manilatimes.net/2025/03/07/tmt-newswire/globenewswire/intuitive-machines-executes-southernmost-lunar-landing-and-operates-payloads/2069351", "title": "Intuitive Machines Executes Southernmost Lunar Landing and Operates Payloads (verbatim GlobeNewswire syndication of the company release)", "publisher": "Intuitive Machines via GlobeNewswire (syndicated by The Manila Times)", "source_class": "company_primary", "published": "2025-03-07", "accessed": "2026-09-25", "quote": "Images downlinked from Athena on the lunar surface confirmed that Athena was on her side.", "quote_confirmed_raw": true, "supports": [ "phase", "outcome" ], "language": "en", "translation": "none" }, { "url": "https://www.manilatimes.net/2025/03/07/tmt-newswire/globenewswire/intuitive-machines-executes-southernmost-lunar-landing-and-operates-payloads/2069351", "title": "Intuitive Machines Executes Southernmost Lunar Landing and Operates Payloads (verbatim GlobeNewswire syndication of the company release)", "publisher": "Intuitive Machines via GlobeNewswire (syndicated by The Manila Times)", "source_class": "company_primary", "published": "2025-03-07", "accessed": "2026-09-25", "quote": "With the direction of the sun, the orientation of the solar panels, and extreme cold temperatures in the crater, Intuitive Machines does not expect Athena to recharge. The mission has concluded and teams are continuing to assess the data collected throughout the mission.", "quote_confirmed_raw": true, "supports": [ "phase", "outcome" ], "language": "en", "translation": "none" }, { "url": "https://www.manilatimes.net/2025/03/07/tmt-newswire/globenewswire/intuitive-machines-executes-southernmost-lunar-landing-and-operates-payloads/2069351", "title": "Intuitive Machines Executes Southernmost Lunar Landing and Operates Payloads (verbatim GlobeNewswire syndication of the company release)", "publisher": "Intuitive Machines via GlobeNewswire (syndicated by The Manila Times)", "source_class": "company_primary", "published": "2025-03-07", "accessed": "2026-09-25", "quote": "landed 250 meters from its intended landing site in the Mons Mouton region of the lunar south pole, inside of a crater", "quote_confirmed_raw": true, "supports": [ "target_site" ], "language": "en", "translation": "none" }, { "url": "https://investors.intuitivemachines.com/news-releases/news-release-details/intuitive-machines-executes-southernmost-lunar-landing-and", "title": "Intuitive Machines Executes Southernmost Lunar Landing and Operates Payloads (investor-relations original; returned HTTP 403 to raw fetch)", "publisher": "Intuitive Machines", "source_class": "company_primary", "published": "2025-03-07", "accessed": "2026-09-25", "quote": "The mission has concluded and teams are continuing to assess the data collected throughout the mission.", "quote_confirmed_raw": false, "supports": [ "phase", "outcome" ], "language": "en", "translation": "none" }, { "url": "https://www.nasa.gov/news-release/nasa-receives-some-data-before-intuitive-machines-ends-lunar-mission/", "title": "NASA Receives Some Data Before Intuitive Machines Ends Lunar Mission (release 25-025)", "publisher": "NASA", "source_class": "government_primary", "published": "2025-03-07", "accessed": "2026-09-25", "quote": "the IM-2 mission included a drill to bring lunar soil to the surface and a mass spectrometer to look for the presence of volatiles, or gases, that could one day help provide fuel or breathable oxygen to future Artemis explorers", "quote_confirmed_raw": true, "supports": [ "objective", "inclusion_basis", "resources" ], "language": "en", "translation": "none" }, { "url": "https://www.nasa.gov/news-release/nasa-receives-some-data-before-intuitive-machines-ends-lunar-mission/", "title": "NASA Receives Some Data Before Intuitive Machines Ends Lunar Mission (release 25-025)", "publisher": "NASA", "source_class": "government_primary", "published": "2025-03-07", "accessed": "2026-09-25", "quote": "Intuitive Machines' IM-2 mission launched at 6:16 p.m., Feb. 26, aboard a SpaceX Falcon 9 rocket from Launch Complex 39A at the agency's Kennedy Space Center in Florida.", "quote_confirmed_raw": true, "supports": [ "launch_date", "launch_vehicle" ], "language": "en", "translation": "none" }, { "url": "https://www.nasa.gov/news-release/nasa-receives-some-data-before-intuitive-machines-ends-lunar-mission/", "title": "NASA Receives Some Data Before Intuitive Machines Ends Lunar Mission (release 25-025)", "publisher": "NASA", "source_class": "government_primary", "published": "2025-03-07", "accessed": "2026-09-25", "quote": "IM-2 touched down at approximately 11:30 a.m. March 6, more than 1,300 feet (400 meters) from its intended landing site", "quote_confirmed_raw": true, "supports": [ "target_site" ], "language": "en", "translation": "none" }, { "url": "https://www.nasa.gov/news-release/nasa-receives-some-data-before-intuitive-machines-ends-lunar-mission/", "title": "NASA Receives Some Data Before Intuitive Machines Ends Lunar Mission (release 25-025)", "publisher": "NASA", "source_class": "government_primary", "published": "2025-03-07", "accessed": "2026-09-25", "quote": "Although Intuitive Machines' Nova-C Hopper and Nokia's 4G/LTE Tipping Point technologies, funded in part by NASA, were only able to complete some objectives", "quote_confirmed_raw": true, "supports": [ "outcome" ], "language": "en", "translation": "none" }, { "url": "https://www.lunaroutpost.com/post/lunar-voyage-1-update", "title": "Lunar Voyage 1 Update", "publisher": "Lunar Outpost", "source_class": "company_primary", "published": "2025-03-07", "accessed": "2026-09-25", "quote": "The Nova-C lander ended up on its side with MAPP's garage wedged upside down under the lander, preventing MAPP's deployment to the lunar surface.", "quote_confirmed_raw": true, "supports": [ "outcome" ], "language": "en", "translation": "none" }, { "url": "https://www.dlr.de/en/latest/news/2025/new-lunar-mission-to-demonstrate-search-for-water-ice-at-moon-s-south-pole", "title": "New lunar mission to demonstrate search for water ice at Moon's south pole", "publisher": "German Aerospace Center (DLR)", "source_class": "government_primary", "published": "2025-02-26", "accessed": "2026-09-25", "quote": "The Lunar Radiometer (LRAD) is integrated into Intuitive Machines' 70-centimetre-high propulsive hopping drone, Grace.", "quote_confirmed_raw": true, "supports": [ "objective" ], "language": "en", "translation": "none" }, { "url": "https://spacepolicyonline.com/news/im-2s-imperfect-landing-due-to-altimeter-interference-south-pole-lighting-conditions/", "title": "IM-2's Imperfect Landing Due to Altimeter Interference, South Pole Lighting Conditions", "publisher": "SpacePolicyOnline", "source_class": "reputable_press", "published": "2025-05-13", "accessed": "2026-09-25", "quote": "Altemus listed three primary contributors to IM-2's imperfect landing. Signal noise and distortion interference with the laser altimeter was one, but the other two were because of the terrain itself.", "quote_confirmed_raw": true, "supports": [ "outcome" ], "language": "en", "translation": "none" } ], "confidence": "high", "missing_evidence": [ "IM's own written root-cause statement (May 2025 earnings materials) not raw-fetched; press account used." ], "history": [], "last_checked": "2026-09-25", "review_state": "verified", "review": { "author_model": "claude-opus-5-5", "reviewer_model": "claude-sonnet-5", "reviewer_run": "research/review/missions.json", "date": "2026-09-26", "sources_reopened": true, "edits_applied": 0 } }, { "stable_id": "msn-ispace-m4", "name": "ispace Mission 4 (ULTRA lander; formerly Mission 6)", "summary": "Planned ispace ULTRA lunar lander mission (launch planned 2029) funded by a Japan Space Strategy Fund grant for high-precision landing near the lunar south pole; ESA's MAGPIE water-ice prospecting rover, led by ispace-EUROPE, is contracted to fly on it.", "mission_unit": "spacecraft", "host_mission_id": null, "participants": [ { "entity_id": "org-ispace", "role": "operator" }, { "entity_id": "org-jaxa", "role": "funder" }, { "entity_id": "org-esa", "role": "customer" }, { "entity_id": "org-ispace-europe", "role": "payload_owner" } ], "target_body": "moon", "target_site": "lunar south polar region (specific site not published)", "mission_type": "prospecting", "inclusion_basis": "resource_objective_stated", "objective": "Deliver ESA's MAGPIE rover to the lunar south polar region to investigate water ice and other volatiles.", "resources": [ { "resource": "water_ice", "evidence_level": "targeted" }, { "resource": "volatiles", "evidence_level": "targeted" } ], "launch_vehicle": null, "launch_date": { "value": "2029", "precision": "year", "basis": "planned", "qualifier": "target" }, "phase": "in_development", "outcome": { "class": "not_applicable", "basis": "inferred", "statement": null }, "status_basis": "ispace mission page and 2026-03-30 statement give a 2029 launch; development began after the January 2026 Space Strategy Fund selection, and an 11.6 billion yen grant was awarded (announced 2026-08-07).", "sources": [ { "url": "https://www.ispace-inc.com/mission-4/", "title": "ispace Mission 4 (mission page)", "publisher": "ispace, inc.", "source_class": "company_primary", "published": null, "accessed": "2026-09-25", "quote": "Mission 4 will be the second mission to feature ispace's new ULTRA lunar lander, a larger and more capable lander design. The mission is currently scheduled for 2029, and is planned to carry lunar surface and orbital payloads.", "quote_confirmed_raw": true, "supports": [ "phase", "launch_date" ], "language": "en", "translation": "official" }, { "url": "https://www.ispace-inc.com/2026/03/30/statement-regarding-certain-reports-in-domestic-media/", "title": "Statement Regarding Certain Reports in Domestic Media", "publisher": "ispace, inc.", "source_class": "company_primary", "published": "2026-03-30", "accessed": "2026-09-25", "quote": "Mission 4: Lunar Lander launch, 2029 (formerly Mission 6)", "quote_confirmed_raw": true, "supports": [ "launch_date", "name" ], "language": "en", "translation": "official" }, { "url": "https://www.ispace-inc.com/2026/01/16/ispace-selected-by-japans-space-strategy-fund-for-high-precision-landing-technology-in-lunar-polar-regions-2/", "title": "ispace Selected by Japan's Space Strategy Fund for \"High Precision Landing Technology in Lunar Polar Regions\"", "publisher": "ispace, inc.", "source_class": "company_primary", "published": "2026-01-16", "accessed": "2026-09-25", "quote": "The technology will be implemented in ispace's Mission 6, with development now underway.", "quote_confirmed_raw": true, "supports": [ "phase" ], "language": "en", "translation": "official" }, { "url": "https://www.ispace-inc.com/2026/01/16/ispace-selected-by-japans-space-strategy-fund-for-high-precision-landing-technology-in-lunar-polar-regions-2/", "title": "ispace Selected by Japan's Space Strategy Fund for \"High Precision Landing Technology in Lunar Polar Regions\"", "publisher": "ispace, inc.", "source_class": "company_primary", "published": "2026-01-16", "accessed": "2026-09-25", "quote": "Funding Limit Up to 20 billion yen", "quote_confirmed_raw": true, "supports": [ "participants" ], "language": "en", "translation": "official" }, { "url": "https://www.ispace-inc.com/2026/08/07/ispace-receives-grant-for-japans-space-strategy-fund-project-high-precision-landing-technology-in-the-lunar-poles-region/", "title": "ispace Receives Grant for Japan's Space Strategy Fund Project \"High-Precision Landing Technology in the Lunar Poles Region\"", "publisher": "ispace, inc.", "source_class": "company_primary", "published": "2026-08-07", "accessed": "2026-09-25", "quote": "Grant Amount: 11.6 billion yen The maximum grant amount remains 20 billion yen.", "quote_confirmed_raw": true, "supports": [ "phase", "participants" ], "language": "en", "translation": "official" }, { "url": "https://www.ispace-inc.com/2026/07/24/esa-awards-ispace-europe-contract-for-execution-of-magpie-esas-first-lunar-rover/", "title": "ESA Awards ispace-EUROPE Contract for Execution of MAGPIE, ESA's First Lunar Rover", "publisher": "ispace EUROPE S.A.", "source_class": "company_primary", "published": "2026-07-24", "accessed": "2026-09-25", "quote": "MAGPIE is scheduled to fly aboard ispace's Mission 4 lunar lander in 2029.", "quote_confirmed_raw": true, "supports": [ "objective", "participants" ], "language": "en", "translation": "none" } ], "confidence": "high", "missing_evidence": [ "Launch vehicle for Mission 4 not announced.", "Landing site not published." ], "history": [ { "field": "name", "old": "Mission 6", "new": "Mission 4", "changed_on": "2026-03-27", "reason": "reclassification", "source_index": 1 } ], "last_checked": "2026-09-25", "review_state": "verified", "review": { "author_model": "claude-opus-5-5", "reviewer_model": "claude-sonnet-5", "reviewer_run": "research/review/missions.json", "date": "2026-09-26", "sources_reopened": false, "edits_applied": 0 } }, { "stable_id": "msn-nasa-lcross", "name": "LCROSS (Lunar Crater Observation and Sensing Satellite)", "summary": "NASA spacecraft launched with the Lunar Reconnaissance Orbiter on 18 June 2009. On 9 October 2009 its spent Centaur upper stage struck the permanently shadowed floor of Cabeus crater near the lunar south pole and the shepherding spacecraft observed the plume before its own impact; NASA announced on 13 November 2009 that water was detected, and Colaprete et al. (2010) estimated water ice at 5.6 +/- 2.9% by mass in the regolith at the impact site.", "status_basis": "Mission ended with the planned impacts on 2009-10-09 (NASA LCROSS page).", "sources": [ { "url": "https://nssdc.gsfc.nasa.gov/planetary/text/lcross_pr_20091113.txt", "title": "LCROSS Impact Data Indicates Water on Moon (NASA press release)", "publisher": "NASA (NSSDC archive)", "source_class": "government_primary", "published": "2009-11-13", "accessed": "2026-09-25", "quote": "indicates that the mission successfully uncovered water during the Oct. 9, 2009 impacts into the permanently shadowed region of Cabeus cater near the moon's south pole", "quote_confirmed_raw": true, "supports": [ "outcome", "resources", "target_site" ], "language": "en", "translation": "none" }, { "url": "https://nssdc.gsfc.nasa.gov/planetary/text/lcross_pr_20091113.txt", "title": "LCROSS Impact Data Indicates Water on Moon (NASA press release)", "publisher": "NASA (NSSDC archive)", "source_class": "government_primary", "published": "2009-11-13", "accessed": "2026-09-25", "quote": "water, and other compounds represent potential resources that could sustain future lunar exploration", "quote_confirmed_raw": true, "supports": [ "inclusion_basis" ], "language": "en", "translation": "none" }, { "url": "https://science.nasa.gov/mission/lcross/", "title": "LCROSS", "publisher": "NASA Science", "source_class": "government_primary", "published": null, "accessed": "2026-09-25", "quote": "Launch June 18, 2009 Target Earth's Moon Objective Confirm the presence of water ice on the Moon", "quote_confirmed_raw": true, "supports": [ "launch_date", "objective" ], "language": "en", "translation": "none" }, { "url": "https://eutils.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/eutils/efetch.fcgi?db=pubmed&id=20966242&rettype=abstract&retmode=text", "title": "Detection of water in the LCROSS ejecta plume (Colaprete et al., Science 2010, doi:10.1126/science.1186986, PMID 20966242)", "publisher": "Science (PubMed abstract via NCBI E-utilities)", "source_class": "peer_reviewed", "published": "2010-10-22", "accessed": "2026-09-25", "quote": "the concentration of water ice in the regolith at the LCROSS impact site is estimated to be 5.6 ± 2.9% by mass", "quote_confirmed_raw": true, "supports": [ "resources", "inclusion_basis" ], "language": "en", "translation": "none" } ], "confidence": "high", "missing_evidence": [ "Launch vehicle not captured from a primary page." ], "last_checked": "2026-09-25", "history": [], "review_state": "verified", "phase": "ended", "outcome": { "class": "success", "basis": "agency_statement", "statement": "indicates that the mission successfully uncovered water during the Oct. 9, 2009 impacts into the permanently shadowed region of Cabeus cater near the moon's south pole" }, "participants": [ { "entity_id": "org-nasa", "role": "operator" } ], "mission_unit": "spacecraft", "host_mission_id": null, "inclusion_basis": "resource_finding_published", "target_body": "moon", "target_site": "Cabeus crater, lunar south pole", "mission_type": "prospecting", "objective": "Confirm the presence of water ice in a permanently shadowed crater at the lunar south pole by impact and plume observation.", "resources": [ { "resource": "water_ice", "evidence_level": "detected" }, { "resource": "volatiles", "evidence_level": "detected" } ], "launch_vehicle": null, "launch_date": { "value": "2009-06-18", "precision": "day", "basis": "actual" }, "review": { "author_model": "claude-opus-5-5", "reviewer_model": "claude-sonnet-5", "reviewer_run": "research/review/missions.json", "date": "2026-09-26", "sources_reopened": false, "edits_applied": 0 } }, { "stable_id": "msn-nasa-lunar-flashlight", "name": "Lunar Flashlight", "summary": "NASA/JPL CubeSat launched on 11 December 2022 to seek surface ice in permanently shadowed craters at the lunar south pole. Its propulsion system could not produce enough thrust to reach lunar orbit, likely because of debris in the thruster fuel lines, and NASA ended the mission in May 2023; NASA reports that several of its technology demonstrations met or exceeded goals.", "status_basis": "JPL release of 2023-05-12 announcing the end of the mission.", "sources": [ { "url": "https://www.jpl.nasa.gov/news/nasa-calls-end-to-lunar-flashlight-after-some-tech-successes/", "title": "NASA Calls End to Lunar Flashlight After Some Tech Successes", "publisher": "NASA Jet Propulsion Laboratory", "source_class": "government_primary", "published": "2023-05-12", "accessed": "2026-09-25", "quote": "Because the CubeSat cannot complete maneuvers to stay in the Earth-Moon system, NASA has called an end to the mission.", "quote_confirmed_raw": true, "supports": [ "phase", "outcome" ], "language": "en", "translation": "none" }, { "url": "https://www.jpl.nasa.gov/news/nasa-calls-end-to-lunar-flashlight-after-some-tech-successes/", "title": "NASA Calls End to Lunar Flashlight After Some Tech Successes", "publisher": "NASA Jet Propulsion Laboratory", "source_class": "government_primary", "published": "2023-05-12", "accessed": "2026-09-25", "quote": "NASA's Lunar Flashlight launched on Dec. 11, 2022, to demonstrate several new technologies, with an ultimate goal to seek out surface ice in the permanently shadowed craters of the Moon's South Pole.", "quote_confirmed_raw": true, "supports": [ "launch_date", "objective", "inclusion_basis" ], "language": "en", "translation": "none" } ], "confidence": "high", "missing_evidence": [ "Exact end-of-mission date not given in the JPL release (published 2023-05-12)." ], "last_checked": "2026-09-25", "history": [], "review_state": "verified", "phase": "ended", "outcome": { "class": "failure", "basis": "agency_statement", "statement": "Because the CubeSat cannot complete maneuvers to stay in the Earth-Moon system, NASA has called an end to the mission." }, "participants": [ { "entity_id": "org-nasa", "role": "operator" } ], "mission_unit": "spacecraft", "host_mission_id": null, "inclusion_basis": "resource_objective_stated", "target_body": "moon", "target_site": "Permanently shadowed craters, lunar south pole (never reached)", "mission_type": "prospecting", "objective": "Seek out surface ice in permanently shadowed craters of the lunar south pole while demonstrating new small-spacecraft technologies.", "resources": [ { "resource": "water_ice", "evidence_level": "targeted" } ], "launch_vehicle": null, "launch_date": { "value": "2022-12-11", "precision": "day", "basis": "actual" }, "review": { "author_model": "claude-opus-5-5", "reviewer_model": "claude-sonnet-5", "reviewer_run": "research/review/missions.json", "date": "2026-09-26", "sources_reopened": false, "edits_applied": 0 } }, { "stable_id": "msn-lunar-outpost-mapp-im2", "name": "Lunar Outpost Lunar Voyage 1 (MAPP rover on IM-2)", "summary": "Lunar Outpost's MAPP rover flew on Intuitive Machines' IM-2 lander to perform the regolith collection under its $1 NASA space-resources contract and carried a neutron spectrometer for water-signature prospecting; because the lander came to rest on its side, MAPP was never deployed and no regolith was collected.", "mission_unit": "payload", "host_mission_id": "msn-intuitive-machines-im-2", "participants": [ { "entity_id": "org-lunar-outpost", "role": "operator" }, { "entity_id": "org-nasa", "role": "customer" }, { "entity_id": "org-intuitive-machines", "role": "carrier" } ], "target_body": "moon", "target_site": "Lunar south pole region (IM-2 landing site near Mons Mouton)", "mission_type": "resource_purchase_demo", "inclusion_basis": "resource_transaction", "objective": "Collect a small quantity of lunar regolith with a wheel-mounted hopper and transfer ownership to NASA under a $1 contract, and take neutron-spectrometer measurements for water signatures.", "resources": [ { "resource": "regolith", "evidence_level": "targeted" }, { "resource": "water_ice", "evidence_level": "targeted" } ], "launch_vehicle": "SpaceX Falcon 9", "launch_date": { "value": "2025-02-26", "precision": "day", "basis": "actual" }, "phase": "ended", "outcome": { "class": "failure", "basis": "operator_statement", "statement": "The Nova-C lander ended up on its side with MAPP's garage wedged upside down under the lander, preventing MAPP's deployment to the lunar surface. Our data paints a clear picture that MAPP survived the landing, would have driven on the lunar surface and achieved our mission objectives had it been given the opportunity." }, "status_basis": "Lunar Outpost's 'Lunar Voyage 1 Update' (2025-03-07) states MAPP was not deployed.", "sources": [ { "url": "https://www.lunaroutpost.com/post/lunar-voyage-1-update", "title": "Lunar Voyage 1 Update", "publisher": "Lunar Outpost", "source_class": "company_primary", "published": "2025-03-07", "accessed": "2026-09-25", "quote": "The Nova-C lander ended up on its side with MAPP's garage wedged upside down under the lander, preventing MAPP's deployment to the lunar surface.", "quote_confirmed_raw": true, "supports": [ "phase", "outcome" ], "language": "en", "translation": "none" }, { "url": "https://www.lunaroutpost.com/post/lunar-voyage-1-update", "title": "Lunar Voyage 1 Update", "publisher": "Lunar Outpost", "source_class": "company_primary", "published": "2025-03-07", "accessed": "2026-09-25", "quote": "Our data paints a clear picture that MAPP survived the landing, would have driven on the lunar surface and achieved our mission objectives had it been given the opportunity.", "quote_confirmed_raw": true, "supports": [ "outcome" ], "language": "en", "translation": "none" }, { "url": "https://www.lunaroutpost.com/post/lunar-voyage-1-update", "title": "Lunar Voyage 1 Update", "publisher": "Lunar Outpost", "source_class": "company_primary", "published": "2025-03-07", "accessed": "2026-09-25", "quote": "Regolith Collection Mechanism for NASA Space Resources Contract", "quote_confirmed_raw": true, "supports": [ "objective", "inclusion_basis" ], "language": "en", "translation": "none" }, { "url": "https://www.lunaroutpost.com/post/lunar-voyage-1-update", "title": "Lunar Voyage 1 Update", "publisher": "Lunar Outpost", "source_class": "company_primary", "published": "2025-03-07", "accessed": "2026-09-25", "quote": "Neutron Spectrometer for water signature prospecting", "quote_confirmed_raw": true, "supports": [ "objective", "resources" ], "language": "en", "translation": "none" }, { "url": "https://www.lunaroutpost.com/post/lunar-outpost-becomes-first-company-to-receive-payment-for-space-resources", "title": "Lunar Outpost Becomes First Company to Receive Payment for Space Resources", "publisher": "Lunar Outpost", "source_class": "company_primary", "published": "2021-08", "accessed": "2026-09-25", "quote": "As part of this contract, Lunar Outpost will collect regolith from a region near the lunar South Pole using a wheel-mounted hopper onboard its MAPP rover.", "quote_confirmed_raw": true, "supports": [ "objective", "inclusion_basis" ], "language": "en", "translation": "none" }, { "url": "https://www.lunaroutpost.com/post/lunar-outpost-becomes-first-company-to-receive-payment-for-space-resources", "title": "Lunar Outpost Becomes First Company to Receive Payment for Space Resources", "publisher": "Lunar Outpost", "source_class": "company_primary", "published": "2021-08", "accessed": "2026-09-25", "quote": "The collection will take place during Lunar Outpost's Q4 2022 mission with Nokia and Intuitive Machines", "quote_confirmed_raw": true, "supports": [ "history" ], "language": "en", "translation": "none" }, { "url": "https://www.nasa.gov/news-release/nasa-selects-companies-to-collect-lunar-resources-for-artemis-demonstrations/", "title": "NASA Selects Companies to Collect Lunar Resources for Artemis Demonstrations (release 20-118)", "publisher": "NASA", "source_class": "government_primary", "published": "2020-12-03", "accessed": "2026-09-25", "quote": "Lunar Outpost proposed collection for $1 following arrival of a lander to the lunar South Pole in 2023.", "quote_confirmed_raw": true, "supports": [ "inclusion_basis" ], "language": "en", "translation": "none" }, { "url": "https://www.nasa.gov/news-release/nasa-receives-some-data-before-intuitive-machines-ends-lunar-mission/", "title": "NASA Receives Some Data Before Intuitive Machines Ends Lunar Mission (release 25-025)", "publisher": "NASA", "source_class": "government_primary", "published": "2025-03-07", "accessed": "2026-09-25", "quote": "Intuitive Machines' IM-2 mission launched at 6:16 p.m., Feb. 26, aboard a SpaceX Falcon 9 rocket from Launch Complex 39A at the agency's Kennedy Space Center in Florida.", "quote_confirmed_raw": true, "supports": [ "launch_date", "launch_vehicle" ], "language": "en", "translation": "none" } ], "confidence": "high", "missing_evidence": [ "Owner/builder of the MAPP neutron spectrometer not named in the sources reviewed." ], "history": [ { "field": "launch_date", "old": "2022-Q4", "new": "2025-02-26", "changed_on": "2025-02", "reason": "schedule_slip", "source_index": 5 } ], "last_checked": "2026-09-25", "review_state": "verified", "review": { "author_model": "claude-opus-5-5", "reviewer_model": "claude-sonnet-5", "reviewer_run": "research/review/missions.json", "date": "2026-09-26", "sources_reopened": false, "edits_applied": 0 } }, { "stable_id": "msn-nasa-lunar-trailblazer", "name": "Lunar Trailblazer", "summary": "NASA small lunar orbiter designed to map the abundance, form and time variation of water on the Moon's surface. It launched on 26 February 2025 as a rideshare on the IM-2 Falcon 9; contact was lost the next day because its solar arrays were not oriented toward the Sun, and NASA ended the mission on 31 July 2025.", "status_basis": "JPL release of 2025-08-04 states the mission ended on July 31 (2025).", "sources": [ { "url": "https://www.jpl.nasa.gov/news/nasas-lunar-trailblazer-moon-mission-ends/", "title": "NASA's Lunar Trailblazer Moon Mission Ends", "publisher": "NASA Jet Propulsion Laboratory", "source_class": "government_primary", "published": "2025-08-04", "accessed": "2026-09-25", "quote": "Despite extensive efforts, mission operators were unable to establish two-way communications after losing contact with the spacecraft the day following its Feb. 26 launch.", "quote_confirmed_raw": true, "supports": [ "phase", "outcome" ], "language": "en", "translation": "none" }, { "url": "https://www.jpl.nasa.gov/news/nasas-lunar-trailblazer-moon-mission-ends/", "title": "NASA's Lunar Trailblazer Moon Mission Ends", "publisher": "NASA Jet Propulsion Laboratory", "source_class": "government_primary", "published": "2025-08-04", "accessed": "2026-09-25", "quote": "The mission aimed to produce high-resolution maps of water on the Moon's surface and determine what form the water is in, how much is there, and how it changes over time.", "quote_confirmed_raw": true, "supports": [ "objective", "inclusion_basis", "resources" ], "language": "en", "translation": "none" }, { "url": "https://www.jpl.nasa.gov/news/nasas-lunar-trailblazer-moon-mission-ends/", "title": "NASA's Lunar Trailblazer Moon Mission Ends", "publisher": "NASA Jet Propulsion Laboratory", "source_class": "government_primary", "published": "2025-08-04", "accessed": "2026-09-25", "quote": "Lunar Trailblazer shared a ride on the second Intuitive Machines robotic lunar lander mission, IM-2, which lifted off at 7:16 p.m. EST on Feb. 26 aboard a SpaceX Falcon 9 rocket", "quote_confirmed_raw": true, "supports": [ "launch_date", "launch_vehicle" ], "language": "en", "translation": "none" }, { "url": "https://www.jpl.nasa.gov/news/nasas-lunar-trailblazer-moon-mission-ends/", "title": "NASA's Lunar Trailblazer Moon Mission Ends", "publisher": "NASA Jet Propulsion Laboratory", "source_class": "government_primary", "published": "2025-08-04", "accessed": "2026-09-25", "quote": "the spacecraft's solar arrays were not properly oriented toward the Sun, which caused its batteries to become depleted", "quote_confirmed_raw": true, "supports": [ "outcome" ], "language": "en", "translation": "none" } ], "confidence": "high", "missing_evidence": [], "last_checked": "2026-09-25", "history": [], "review_state": "verified", "phase": "ended", "outcome": { "class": "failure", "basis": "agency_statement", "statement": "Despite extensive efforts, mission operators were unable to establish two-way communications after losing contact with the spacecraft the day following its Feb. 26 launch." }, "participants": [ { "entity_id": "org-nasa", "role": "operator" } ], "mission_unit": "spacecraft", "host_mission_id": null, "inclusion_basis": "resource_objective_stated", "target_body": "moon", "target_site": "Lunar orbit (global mapping)", "mission_type": "prospecting", "objective": "Produce high-resolution maps of lunar surface water: its form, amount and change over time.", "resources": [ { "resource": "water_ice", "evidence_level": "targeted" }, { "resource": "volatiles", "evidence_level": "targeted" } ], "launch_vehicle": "SpaceX Falcon 9 (rideshare with IM-2)", "launch_date": { "value": "2025-02-26", "precision": "day", "basis": "actual" }, "review": { "author_model": "claude-opus-5-5", "reviewer_model": "claude-sonnet-5", "reviewer_run": "research/review/missions.json", "date": "2026-09-26", "sources_reopened": false, "edits_applied": 0 } }, { "stable_id": "msn-jaxa-isro-lupex", "name": "LUPEX / Chandrayaan-5 (Lunar Polar Exploration mission)", "summary": "Planned JAXA-ISRO lunar south-pole mission: JAXA provides the H3 launch and a rover (payload mass above 350 kg including the rover) and ISRO the lander, to obtain ground-truth data on the quantity, form and distribution of water at the lunar poles. JAXA lists launch no earlier than 2028; ISRO states the Indian government's financial sanction was received on 10 March 2025.", "status_basis": "JAXA LUPEX page (accessed 2026-09-25) gives launch 'No earlier than 2028'; ISRO statement quoted by ThePrint confirms Indian sanction.", "sources": [ { "url": "https://www.exploration.jaxa.jp/e/program/lunarpolar/", "title": "Lunar Polar Exploration Mission", "publisher": "JAXA Space Exploration Center", "source_class": "government_primary", "published": null, "accessed": "2026-09-25", "quote": "JAXA is working with ISRO to plan an international collaborative mission to obtain the data on the quantity and forms of the water resources present on the Moon", "quote_confirmed_raw": true, "supports": [ "objective", "inclusion_basis", "participants", "summary" ], "language": "en", "translation": "none" }, { "url": "https://www.exploration.jaxa.jp/e/program/lunarpolar/", "title": "Lunar Polar Exploration Mission", "publisher": "JAXA Space Exploration Center", "source_class": "government_primary", "published": null, "accessed": "2026-09-25", "quote": "Launch Year No earlier than 2028 Launch Vehicle H3 Rocket", "quote_confirmed_raw": true, "supports": [ "launch_date", "launch_vehicle" ], "language": "en", "translation": "none" }, { "url": "https://theprint.in/science/jaxa-isro-scientists-mission-interface-chandrayaan-5-partnership/3001095/", "title": "JAXA, ISRO scientists meet to finalise Chandrayaan-5 mission interface", "publisher": "ThePrint", "source_class": "reputable_press", "published": null, "accessed": "2026-09-25", "quote": "The approval for the Chandrayaan-5/LUPEX mission was received from the government of India on March 10, 2025, in the form of financial sanction", "quote_confirmed_raw": true, "supports": [ "phase", "history", "date" ], "language": "en", "translation": "none" }, { "url": "https://jatan.space/indian-space-issue-25/", "title": "Newly approved Chandrayaan 5 LUPEX mission will drill for water on the Moon and aid Artemis", "publisher": "Jatan Mehta (jatan.space)", "source_class": "reputable_press", "published": "2025-04-04", "accessed": "2026-09-25", "quote": "the Indian Government's Union Cabinet approved the Chandrayaan 5/LUPEX mission on March 13", "quote_confirmed_raw": true, "supports": [ "date" ], "language": "en", "translation": "none" } ], "confidence": "medium", "missing_evidence": [ "ISRO-JAXA implementing arrangement (reported August 2025) not confirmed from a primary source.", "Earlier reports (2022) of a 2024 LUPEX flight imply schedule slips not recorded as history items for lack of a dated primary source." ], "last_checked": "2026-09-25", "history": [], "review_state": "verified", "phase": "in_development", "outcome": { "class": "not_applicable", "basis": null, "statement": null }, "participants": [ { "entity_id": "org-jaxa", "role": "operator" }, { "entity_id": "org-isro", "role": "operator" } ], "mission_unit": "spacecraft", "host_mission_id": null, "inclusion_basis": "resource_objective_stated", "target_body": "moon", "target_site": "Lunar south polar region (landing site being coordinated)", "mission_type": "prospecting", "objective": "Obtain data on the quantity and forms of lunar polar water to assess whether it can be used for sustainable exploration.", "resources": [ { "resource": "water_ice", "evidence_level": "targeted" }, { "resource": "volatiles", "evidence_level": "targeted" } ], "launch_vehicle": "H3", "launch_date": { "value": "2028", "precision": "year", "basis": "planned", "qualifier": "net" }, "review": { "author_model": "claude-opus-5-5", "reviewer_model": "claude-sonnet-5", "reviewer_run": "research/review/missions.json", "date": "2026-09-26", "sources_reopened": true, "edits_applied": 0 } }, { "stable_id": "msn-magna-petra-halo", "name": "Magna Petra HALO (Helium Availability of Lunar Origin) reconnaissance payload", "summary": "Planned rover-borne measurement of lunar volatiles, including helium-3, with a NASA-developed MSOLO mass spectrometer that ispace-EUROPE contracted (Oct 2025, USD 22 million) to integrate on its micro-rover for Magna Petra. Not flown; its host mission is uncertain after ispace re-planned its missions in March 2026.", "mission_unit": "payload", "host_mission_id": null, "participants": [ { "entity_id": "org-magna-petra", "role": "customer" }, { "entity_id": "org-magna-petra", "role": "payload_owner" }, { "entity_id": "org-ispace-europe", "role": "operator" }, { "entity_id": "org-ispace-us", "role": "carrier" }, { "entity_id": "org-nasa", "role": "payload_builder" } ], "target_body": "moon", "target_site": null, "mission_type": "prospecting", "inclusion_basis": "resource_objective_stated", "objective": "Measure low-molecular-weight volatiles in lunar regolith from a rover in order to infer the presence and concentration of helium-3.", "resources": [ { "resource": "helium_3", "evidence_level": "targeted" }, { "resource": "volatiles", "evidence_level": "targeted" } ], "launch_vehicle": null, "launch_date": null, "phase": "in_development", "status_basis": "Payload service agreement executed Oct 2025 (ispace and Magna Petra releases; ispace results briefing). As announced it would fly on the 'Mission 3' rover aboard ispace-U.S.'s APEX 1.0 lander. On 2026-03-27 ispace merged APEX 1.0 into a new ULTRA lander, renumbered the former ispace-U.S. Mission 3 as Mission 5 (proposed 2030) and said transport contracts with other Mission 3 customers must be amended; ispace's current Mission 3 page (ULTRA, 2028) lists an ispace-EU 'M3P Rover' but does not mention MSOLO or Magna Petra. Launch year therefore left null.", "outcome": { "class": "not_applicable", "basis": "inferred", "statement": null }, "sources": [ { "url": "https://www.ispace-inc.com/2025/10/06/ispace-and-magna-petra-corp-sign-payload-service-agreement-to-deliver-nasas-msolo-instrument-to-the-moon/", "title": "ispace and Magna Petra Corp. sign Payload Service Agreement to deliver NASA's MSOLO instrument to the Moon", "publisher": "ispace, inc.", "source_class": "company_primary", "published": "2025-10-06", "accessed": "2026-09-25", "quote": "ispace-EUROPE and Magna Petra Corp. sign total amount of $22 million USD Payload Service Agreement (PSA) to carry NASA's MSOLO instrument to the lunar surface on the Mission 3 rover.", "quote_confirmed_raw": true, "supports": [ "participants", "phase", "mission_unit" ], "language": "en", "translation": "none" }, { "url": "https://www.ispace-inc.com/2025/10/06/ispace-and-magna-petra-corp-sign-payload-service-agreement-to-deliver-nasas-msolo-instrument-to-the-moon/", "title": "ispace and Magna Petra Corp. sign Payload Service Agreement to deliver NASA's MSOLO instrument to the Moon", "publisher": "ispace, inc.", "source_class": "company_primary", "published": "2025-10-06", "accessed": "2026-09-25", "quote": "The Mission 3 rover will fly on ispace technologies U.S.' (ispace-U.S.) APEX 1.0. lunar lander", "quote_confirmed_raw": true, "supports": [ "participants", "host_mission_id" ], "language": "en", "translation": "none" }, { "url": "https://www.nasa.gov/centers-and-facilities/kennedy/nasa-moon-observing-instrument-to-get-another-shot-at-lunar-ops", "title": "NASA Moon Observing Instrument to Get Another Shot at Lunar Ops", "publisher": "NASA", "source_class": "government_primary", "published": "2025-04-28", "accessed": "2026-09-25", "quote": "Under the new agreement, a second MSOLO, mounted on a commercial rover, will launch to the Moon no earlier than 2026.", "quote_confirmed_raw": true, "supports": [ "launch_date", "objective" ], "language": "en", "translation": "none" }, { "url": "https://www.nasa.gov/centers-and-facilities/kennedy/nasa-moon-observing-instrument-to-get-another-shot-at-lunar-ops", "title": "NASA Moon Observing Instrument to Get Another Shot at Lunar Ops", "publisher": "NASA", "source_class": "government_primary", "published": "2025-04-28", "accessed": "2026-09-25", "quote": "it will measure low molecular weight volatiles in hopes of inferring the presence of rare isotopes, such as Helium-3", "quote_confirmed_raw": true, "supports": [ "objective", "resources" ], "language": "en", "translation": "none" }, { "url": "https://d2xlcgjnpyakn4.cloudfront.net/wp-content/uploads/2026/06/Transcript-of-Financial-Results-Briefing-for-Q2-of-Fiscal-Year-Ending-March-2026.pdf", "title": "Transcript of Financial Results Briefing for Q2 of Fiscal Year Ending March 2026", "publisher": "ispace, inc.", "source_class": "company_primary", "published": "2025-11-17", "accessed": "2026-09-25", "quote": "will be allocated to Mission 3, scheduled for launch in 2027", "quote_confirmed_raw": true, "supports": [ "launch_date", "history" ], "language": "en", "translation": "none" }, { "url": "https://www.ispace-inc.com/2026/03/27/ispace-announces-new-ultra-lunar-lander-integrating-japanese-and-u-s-lander-models/", "title": "ispace Announces New \"ULTRA\" Lunar Lander Integrating Japanese and U.S. Lander Models", "publisher": "ispace, inc.", "source_class": "company_primary", "published": "2026-03-27", "accessed": "2026-09-25", "quote": "Amendments to the transport contracts with other Mission 3 customers are necessary and will also be revised and updated.", "quote_confirmed_raw": true, "supports": [ "phase", "launch_date", "status_basis" ], "language": "en", "translation": "none" }, { "url": "https://www.ispace-inc.com/2026/03/27/ispace-announces-new-ultra-lunar-lander-integrating-japanese-and-u-s-lander-models/", "title": "ispace Announces New \"ULTRA\" Lunar Lander Integrating Japanese and U.S. Lander Models", "publisher": "ispace, inc.", "source_class": "company_primary", "published": "2026-03-27", "accessed": "2026-09-25", "quote": "ispace-U.S. has updated its first U.S. mission to 2030", "quote_confirmed_raw": true, "supports": [ "launch_date", "history" ], "language": "en", "translation": "none" }, { "url": "https://www.ispace-inc.com/mission-3/", "title": "Mission 3 ULTRA", "publisher": "ispace, inc.", "source_class": "company_primary", "published": null, "accessed": "2026-09-25", "quote": "It will first be used for Mission 3, currently planned to launch in 2028.", "quote_confirmed_raw": true, "supports": [ "host_mission_id", "status_basis" ], "language": "en", "translation": "none" } ], "confidence": "medium", "missing_evidence": [ "Which ispace flight (current Mission 3 ULTRA 2028, or Mission 5, formerly ispace-U.S. Mission 3, proposed 2030) now carries the rover with MSOLO has not been stated by ispace or Magna Petra.", "No landing site published for HALO.", "Magna Petra's release is dated 'October 7th 2025' in its text while ispace's release is dated October 6, 2025." ], "history": [ { "field": "launch_date", "old": "no earlier than 2026 (NASA)", "new": "2027 (ispace Mission 3)", "changed_on": "2025-11-17", "reason": "schedule_slip", "source_index": 4 }, { "field": "launch_date", "old": "2027 (ispace Mission 3)", "new": "unknown: former ispace-U.S. Mission 3 renumbered Mission 5, proposed 2030; transport contracts to be amended", "changed_on": "2026-03-27", "reason": "schedule_slip", "source_index": 5 } ], "last_checked": "2026-09-25", "review_state": "verified", "review": { "author_model": "claude-opus-5-5", "reviewer_model": "claude-sonnet-5", "reviewer_run": "research/review/missions.json", "date": "2026-09-26", "sources_reopened": false, "edits_applied": 0 } }, { "stable_id": "msn-ispace-europe-magpie", "name": "MAGPIE (Mission for Advanced Geophysics and Polar Ice Exploration) rover", "summary": "ESA-funded lunar rover mission, with ispace-EUROPE as mission prime, to investigate water ice, other volatiles and regolith properties near the lunar south pole using an instrumented drill with volatile analyzer, a neutron spectrometer and ground-penetrating radar; launch is planned for 2029 on ispace Mission 4. ESA awarded the EUR 65 million Phase 2 contract in July 2026.", "mission_unit": "payload", "host_mission_id": "msn-ispace-m4", "participants": [ { "entity_id": "org-ispace-europe", "role": "operator" }, { "entity_id": "org-ispace-europe", "role": "payload_builder" }, { "entity_id": "org-esa", "role": "customer" }, { "entity_id": "org-esa", "role": "funder" }, { "entity_id": "org-ispace", "role": "carrier" } ], "target_body": "moon", "target_site": "lunar south polar region", "mission_type": "prospecting", "inclusion_basis": "resource_objective_stated", "objective": "Characterise the distribution and stability of water ice and other volatiles and map hydrogen in the lunar south polar region to assess their resource potential.", "resources": [ { "resource": "water_ice", "evidence_level": "targeted" }, { "resource": "volatiles", "evidence_level": "targeted" } ], "launch_vehicle": null, "launch_date": { "value": "2029", "precision": "year", "basis": "planned", "qualifier": "target" }, "phase": "in_development", "outcome": { "class": "not_applicable", "basis": "inferred", "statement": null }, "status_basis": "Phase 2 (full mission development) began 2026-07-01 under a EUR 65 million ESA contract announced 2026-07-24; signing ceremony 2026-09-01.", "sources": [ { "url": "https://www.ispace-inc.com/2026/07/24/esa-awards-ispace-europe-contract-for-execution-of-magpie-esas-first-lunar-rover/", "title": "ESA Awards ispace-EUROPE Contract for Execution of MAGPIE, ESA's First Lunar Rover", "publisher": "ispace EUROPE S.A.", "source_class": "company_primary", "published": "2026-07-24", "accessed": "2026-09-25", "quote": "The contract, valued at €65 million, funds the full remaining delivery of the MAGPIE mission, including rover and payload development, manufacture, testing, transportation to the lunar surface and lunar surface operations.", "quote_confirmed_raw": true, "supports": [ "phase", "participants" ], "language": "en", "translation": "none" }, { "url": "https://www.ispace-inc.com/2026/07/24/esa-awards-ispace-europe-contract-for-execution-of-magpie-esas-first-lunar-rover/", "title": "ESA Awards ispace-EUROPE Contract for Execution of MAGPIE, ESA's First Lunar Rover", "publisher": "ispace EUROPE S.A.", "source_class": "company_primary", "published": "2026-07-24", "accessed": "2026-09-25", "quote": "MAGPIE is scheduled to fly aboard ispace's Mission 4 lunar lander in 2029.", "quote_confirmed_raw": true, "supports": [ "host_mission_id", "launch_date" ], "language": "en", "translation": "none" }, { "url": "https://www.ispace-inc.com/2026/07/24/esa-awards-ispace-europe-contract-for-execution-of-magpie-esas-first-lunar-rover/", "title": "ESA Awards ispace-EUROPE Contract for Execution of MAGPIE, ESA's First Lunar Rover", "publisher": "ispace EUROPE S.A.", "source_class": "company_primary", "published": "2026-07-24", "accessed": "2026-09-25", "quote": "ESA has agreed to funding the development and flight of MAGPIE, Europe's first lunar polar ice exploration rover, led by ispace-EUROPE", "quote_confirmed_raw": true, "supports": [ "participants" ], "language": "en", "translation": "none" }, { "url": "https://www.ispace-inc.com/2026/09/02/esa-and-ispace-europe-mark-official-signing-of-europes-first-lunar-polar-ice-exploration-rover-mission/", "title": "ESA and ispace-EUROPE Mark Official Signing of Europe's First Lunar Polar Ice Exploration Rover Mission", "publisher": "ispace EUROPE S.A.", "source_class": "company_primary", "published": "2026-09-02", "accessed": "2026-09-25", "quote": "will investigate the Moon's south polar region - focusing on the distribution and stability of water ice and other lunar volatiles, as well as the properties of the regolith.", "quote_confirmed_raw": true, "supports": [ "objective", "resources" ], "language": "en", "translation": "none" }, { "url": "https://www.ispace-inc.com/2025/09/10/ispace-europe-completes-mission-definition-review-for-esa-backed-magpie-mission-advancing-europes-first-lunar-polar-resource-prospecting-rover/", "title": "ispace-EUROPE Completes Mission Definition Review for ESA-backed MAGPIE mission", "publisher": "ispace EUROPE S.A.", "source_class": "company_primary", "published": "2025-09-10", "accessed": "2026-09-25", "quote": "The mission will travel to the Moon's south polar region to investigate the presence of water ice, map the distribution of hydrogen, and study the geological history of this unique environment.", "quote_confirmed_raw": true, "supports": [ "objective", "resources" ], "language": "en", "translation": "none" }, { "url": "https://www.ispace-inc.com/2026/09/02/esa-and-ispace-europe-mark-official-signing-of-europes-first-lunar-polar-ice-exploration-rover-mission/", "title": "ESA and ispace-EUROPE Mark Official Signing of Europe's First Lunar Polar Ice Exploration Rover Mission", "publisher": "ispace EUROPE S.A.", "source_class": "company_primary", "published": "2026-09-02", "accessed": "2026-09-25", "quote": "The Open University, United Kingdom - providing an Ion Trap Mass Spectrometer Volatile Analyzer", "quote_confirmed_raw": true, "supports": [ "summary" ], "language": "en", "translation": "none" }, { "url": "https://www.ispace-inc.com/2025/06/03/ispace-europe-and-the-european-space-agency-sign-agreement-for-phase-1-of-lunar-exploration-rover-mission-magpie/", "title": "ispace-EUROPE and the European Space Agency Sign Agreement for Phase 1 of Lunar Exploration Rover Mission (MAGPIE)", "publisher": "ispace EUROPE S.A.", "source_class": "company_primary", "published": "2025-06-03", "accessed": "2026-09-25", "quote": "ispace's MAGPIE concept was selected and awarded a pre-phase A contract on Dec. 12, 2024. Under the Phase 1 extension agreement, ispace-EUROPE will collaborate with ESA on the implementation of the lunar exploration mission. In aggregate, the value of the contracts for the two phases is €2,695,000", "quote_confirmed_raw": true, "supports": [ "history" ], "language": "en", "translation": "none" } ], "confidence": "high", "missing_evidence": [ "ESA's own MAGPIE article (esa.int, 'ESA's first lunar rover rolls forward') returned HTTP 403 to raw fetch and WebFetch; ESA-side wording not quote-checked." ], "history": [], "last_checked": "2026-09-25", "review_state": "verified", "review": { "author_model": "claude-opus-5-5", "reviewer_model": "claude-sonnet-5", "reviewer_run": "research/review/missions.json", "date": "2026-09-26", "sources_reopened": false, "edits_applied": 0 } }, { "stable_id": "msn-nasa-mars-2020-perseverance", "name": "Mars 2020 Perseverance rover", "summary": "NASA Mars rover that launched on 30 July 2020 and landed in Jezero Crater on 18 February 2021. It is recorded here only as the host of the MOXIE oxygen-production experiment (msn-nasa-moxie); its primary objectives are astrobiology and sample caching.", "status_basis": "NASA mission page (accessed 2026-09-25) labels Perseverance an active mission.", "sources": [ { "url": "https://science.nasa.gov/mission/mars-2020-perseverance/", "title": "Mars 2020: Perseverance Rover", "publisher": "NASA Science", "source_class": "government_primary", "published": null, "accessed": "2026-09-25", "quote": "The Mars 2020 Perseverance Rover is searching for signs of ancient microbial life", "quote_confirmed_raw": true, "supports": [ "phase", "objective" ], "language": "en", "translation": "none" }, { "url": "https://science.nasa.gov/mission/mars-2020-perseverance/", "title": "Mars 2020: Perseverance Rover", "publisher": "NASA Science", "source_class": "government_primary", "published": null, "accessed": "2026-09-25", "quote": "Launch / Landing July 30, 2020 / Feb. 18, 2021", "quote_confirmed_raw": true, "supports": [ "launch_date" ], "language": "en", "translation": "none" }, { "url": "https://www.nasa.gov/news-release/nasas-perseverance-mars-rover-extracts-first-oxygen-from-red-planet/", "title": "NASA's Perseverance Mars Rover Extracts First Oxygen from Red Planet", "publisher": "NASA", "source_class": "government_primary", "published": "2021-04-21", "accessed": "2026-09-25", "quote": "The test took place April 20, the 60th Martian day, or sol, since the mission landed Feb. 18.", "quote_confirmed_raw": true, "supports": [ "history", "outcome" ], "language": "en", "translation": "none" } ], "confidence": "high", "missing_evidence": [ "This site's mission-type categories do not include a science category for the rover, so no mission type is shown.", "Launch vehicle not captured from a primary page." ], "last_checked": "2026-09-25", "history": [], "review_state": "verified", "phase": "surface_operations", "outcome": { "class": "not_applicable", "basis": null, "statement": null }, "participants": [ { "entity_id": "org-nasa", "role": "operator" } ], "mission_unit": "spacecraft", "host_mission_id": null, "inclusion_basis": "isru_instrument_carried", "target_body": "mars", "target_site": "Jezero Crater", "mission_type": "transport", "objective": "Seek signs of ancient microbial life and collect rock and regolith samples; resource relevance is limited to carrying MOXIE.", "resources": [], "launch_vehicle": null, "launch_date": { "value": "2020-07-30", "precision": "day", "basis": "actual" }, "review": { "author_model": "claude-opus-5-5", "reviewer_model": "claude-sonnet-5", "reviewer_run": "research/review/missions.json", "date": "2026-09-26", "sources_reopened": false, "edits_applied": 0 } }, { "stable_id": "msn-masten-mission-one", "name": "Masten Mission One (XL-1 lander, NASA CLPS task order TO19C)", "summary": "Planned Masten XL-1 lander flight to the lunar south pole carrying NASA instruments, several aimed at lunar volatiles and resources (MSolo, NIRVSS, the Neutron Spectrometer System on MoonRanger, L-CIRiS); it never launched. NASA's Inspector General reports the task order was terminated after Masten's 2022 bankruptcy, with USD 66.1 million already paid.", "mission_unit": "spacecraft", "host_mission_id": null, "participants": [ { "entity_id": "org-masten-space-systems", "role": "operator" }, { "entity_id": "org-nasa", "role": "customer" }, { "entity_id": "org-spacex", "role": "launch_provider" } ], "target_body": "moon", "target_site": "lunar south pole", "mission_type": "prospecting", "inclusion_basis": "isru_instrument_carried", "objective": "Deliver and operate NASA instruments to characterize south-polar surface composition and volatiles, including hydrogen as an indicator of buried water, and (separately contracted) collect a regolith sample for sale to NASA.", "resources": [ { "resource": "water_ice", "evidence_level": "targeted" }, { "resource": "volatiles", "evidence_level": "targeted" }, { "resource": "regolith", "evidence_level": "targeted" } ], "launch_vehicle": "SpaceX (vehicle not specified in retrieved sources)", "launch_date": { "value": "2023-11", "precision": "month", "basis": "planned" }, "phase": "cancelled", "status_basis": "NASA OIG report IG-24-013 (2024-06-06) states two CLPS task orders were terminated, one of which had been paid USD 66.1 million of USD 81.3 million (Masten's), and that Masten's payloads will be assigned to future CLPS or Artemis missions.", "outcome": { "class": "not_applicable", "basis": "agency_statement", "statement": "As a result of this bankruptcy, NASA lost the $66 million in milestone payments made to Masten and is in the process of settling recoveries." }, "sources": [ { "url": "https://www.nasa.gov/news-release/nasa-awards-contract-to-deliver-science-tech-to-moon-ahead-of-human-missions/", "title": "NASA Awards Contract to Deliver Science, Tech to Moon Ahead of Human Missions", "publisher": "NASA", "source_class": "government_primary", "published": "2020-04-08", "accessed": "2026-09-25", "quote": "NASA has selected Masten Space Systems of Mojave, California, to deliver and operate eight payloads - with nine science and technology instruments - to the Moon's South Pole in 2022", "quote_confirmed_raw": true, "supports": [ "participants", "target_site", "launch_date" ], "language": "en", "translation": "none" }, { "url": "https://www.nasa.gov/news-release/nasa-awards-contract-to-deliver-science-tech-to-moon-ahead-of-human-missions/", "title": "NASA Awards Contract to Deliver Science, Tech to Moon Ahead of Human Missions", "publisher": "NASA", "source_class": "government_primary", "published": "2020-04-08", "accessed": "2026-09-25", "quote": "Mass Spectrometer Observing Lunar Operations ( MSolo ) is a device to measure potentially accessible resources on the Moon's surface.", "quote_confirmed_raw": true, "supports": [ "inclusion_basis", "resources" ], "language": "en", "translation": "none" }, { "url": "https://www.nasa.gov/news-release/nasa-awards-contract-to-deliver-science-tech-to-moon-ahead-of-human-missions/", "title": "NASA Awards Contract to Deliver Science, Tech to Moon Ahead of Human Missions", "publisher": "NASA", "source_class": "government_primary", "published": "2020-04-08", "accessed": "2026-09-25", "quote": "The MoonRanger will carry the Neutron Spectrometer System , which will measure the concentration of hydrogen in the Moon's regolith - a possible indication of the existence of buried water.", "quote_confirmed_raw": true, "supports": [ "resources", "objective" ], "language": "en", "translation": "none" }, { "url": "https://oig.nasa.gov/wp-content/uploads/2024/06/final-report-ig-24-013-nasas-commercial-lunar-payload-services-initiative.pdf", "title": "NASA's Commercial Lunar Payload Services Initiative (IG-24-013)", "publisher": "NASA Office of Inspector General", "source_class": "government_primary", "published": "2024-06-06", "accessed": "2026-09-25", "quote": "Further, two task orders were terminated, one of which had already been paid $66.1 million of the $81.3 million task order value based on milestones performed.", "quote_confirmed_raw": true, "supports": [ "phase", "status_basis" ], "language": "en", "translation": "none" }, { "url": "https://oig.nasa.gov/wp-content/uploads/2024/06/final-report-ig-24-013-nasas-commercial-lunar-payload-services-initiative.pdf", "title": "NASA's Commercial Lunar Payload Services Initiative (IG-24-013)", "publisher": "NASA Office of Inspector General", "source_class": "government_primary", "published": "2024-06-06", "accessed": "2026-09-25", "quote": "As a result of this bankruptcy, NASA lost the $66 million in milestone payments made to Masten and is in the process of settling recoveries.", "quote_confirmed_raw": true, "supports": [ "outcome" ], "language": "en", "translation": "none" }, { "url": "https://spaceflightnow.com/2022/07/29/masten-space-systems-one-of-nasas-moon-landing-contractors-files-for-bankruptcy/", "title": "Masten Space Systems, a NASA moon landing contractor, files for bankruptcy", "publisher": "Spaceflight Now", "source_class": "reputable_press", "published": "2022-07-29", "accessed": "2026-09-25", "quote": "Masten last year announced the launch of its first lunar mission - called Masten Mission One - would be delayed nearly a year to November 2023.", "quote_confirmed_raw": true, "supports": [ "launch_date", "history" ], "language": "en", "translation": "none" }, { "url": "https://spaceflightnow.com/2022/07/29/masten-space-systems-one-of-nasas-moon-landing-contractors-files-for-bankruptcy/", "title": "Masten Space Systems, a NASA moon landing contractor, files for bankruptcy", "publisher": "Spaceflight Now", "source_class": "reputable_press", "published": "2022-07-29", "accessed": "2026-09-25", "quote": "Masten selected SpaceX to launch its XL-1 lunar lander mission, and owes the launch provider $4.6 million.", "quote_confirmed_raw": true, "supports": [ "launch_vehicle", "participants" ], "language": "en", "translation": "none" } ], "confidence": "high", "missing_evidence": [ "Exact date of NASA's termination of task order TO19C not found.", "Masten's own mission page (masten.aero) unreachable; specific landing site (reported elsewhere as near Haworth crater) not confirmed from a retrieved primary source.", "Status of the separate USD 15,000 NASA regolith-purchase contract after the bankruptcy not found." ], "history": [ { "field": "launch_date", "old": "2022 (NASA award; Dec 2022 per Masten)", "new": "2023-11", "changed_on": "2021", "reason": "schedule_slip", "source_index": 5 }, { "field": "phase", "old": "in_development", "new": "cancelled", "changed_on": "2022", "reason": "source_update", "source_index": 3 } ], "last_checked": "2026-09-25", "review_state": "verified", "review": { "author_model": "claude-opus-5-5", "reviewer_model": "claude-sonnet-5", "reviewer_run": "research/review/missions.json", "date": "2026-09-26", "sources_reopened": false, "edits_applied": 0 } }, { "stable_id": "msn-interlune-metal-camera", "name": "METAL multispectral camera (Interlune / NASA Ames) on Griffin-1", "summary": "Multispectral camera that Interlune says it built with NASA Ames to image lunar regolith and estimate helium-3 from titanium and regolith-maturity proxies. NASA lists it as the METAL investigation on the Griffin-1 lander; Interlune says it rides on Astrolab's FLIP rover. Launch is planned for late 2026.", "mission_unit": "instrument", "host_mission_id": "msn-astrobotic-griffin-1", "participants": [ { "entity_id": "org-interlune", "role": "operator" }, { "entity_id": "org-interlune", "role": "payload_owner" }, { "entity_id": "org-nasa", "role": "payload_builder" }, { "entity_id": "org-astrolab", "role": "carrier" }, { "entity_id": "org-astrobotic", "role": "carrier" } ], "target_body": "moon", "target_site": "Nobile Crater region, lunar South Pole (Griffin-1 landing site per NASA)", "mission_type": "prospecting", "inclusion_basis": "resource_objective_stated", "objective": "Image lunar regolith to map titanium (ilmenite) content and regolith maturity, which Interlune and NASA use as proxies to estimate helium-3 abundance.", "resources": [ { "resource": "helium_3", "evidence_level": "targeted" } ], "launch_vehicle": null, "launch_date": { "value": "2026-H2", "precision": "half", "basis": "planned", "qualifier": "target" }, "phase": "manifested", "outcome": { "class": "not_applicable", "basis": "inferred", "statement": null }, "status_basis": "Manifested: the 2025-08-05 joint Interlune/Astrolab release names the payload for Astrolab's FLIP rover (Astrolab operates the host rover), and NASA's Moon Base Phases page (updated 2026-08-24) lists METAL among Griffin-1 payloads with launch planned in late 2026. Not launched as of 2026-09-25.", "sources": [ { "url": "https://www.interlune.space/press-release/interlune-to-fly-multispectral-camera-on-astrolab-flip-rover-to-measure-helium-3-on-the-moon", "title": "Interlune to Fly Multispectral Camera on Astrolab FLIP Rover to Measure Helium-3 on the Moon", "publisher": "Interlune", "source_class": "company_primary", "published": "2025-08-05", "accessed": "2026-09-25", "quote": "The Interlune payload is a multispectral camera built, tested, and developed in partnership with NASA's Ames Research Center in California's Silicon Valley, whose images will be used to estimate helium-3 quantities and concentration in Moon dirt, or regolith.", "quote_confirmed_raw": true, "supports": [ "objective", "participants", "resources", "phase" ], "language": "en", "translation": "none" }, { "url": "https://www.nasa.gov/moonbase-phases/", "title": "Moon Base Phases (living page; last updated 2026-08-24)", "publisher": "NASA", "source_class": "government_primary", "published": null, "accessed": "2026-09-25", "quote": "the Moon Exploration for Titanium with Active Lighting (METAL) investigation, developed by NASA's Ames Research Center in partnership with Interlune. METAL will study the abundance of helium-3 in the lunar regolith", "quote_confirmed_raw": true, "supports": [ "name", "participants", "objective", "host_mission_id" ], "language": "en", "translation": "none" }, { "url": "https://www.nasa.gov/moonbase-phases/", "title": "Moon Base Phases (living page; last updated 2026-08-24)", "publisher": "NASA", "source_class": "government_primary", "published": null, "accessed": "2026-09-25", "quote": "The lander is being prepared for transport to NASA's Jet Propulsion Laboratory, where it will undergo environmental testing ahead of its planned launch to the Moon in late 2026.", "quote_confirmed_raw": true, "supports": [ "launch_date", "phase" ], "language": "en", "translation": "none" }, { "url": "https://www.astrobotic.com/griffin-1-lunar-lander-unveiled-ahead-of-environmental-testing/", "title": "Griffin-1 Lunar Lander Unveiled Ahead of Environmental Testing", "publisher": "Astrobotic", "source_class": "company_primary", "published": "2026-06-15", "accessed": "2026-09-25", "quote": "The spacecraft is completing final integration activities and is scheduled to launch in late 2026.", "quote_confirmed_raw": true, "supports": [ "launch_date", "history" ], "language": "en", "translation": "none" }, { "url": "https://www.astrobotic.com/griffin-1-mission-update/", "title": "Griffin-1 Mission Update", "publisher": "Astrobotic", "source_class": "company_primary", "published": "2025-10-24", "accessed": "2026-09-25", "quote": "The team is targeting the next viable launch window, which opens in July 2026.", "quote_confirmed_raw": true, "supports": [ "history" ], "language": "en", "translation": "none" }, { "url": "https://www.geekwire.com/2025/interlune-moon-mining-vermeer-maybell-quantum-doe/", "title": "Interlune announces deals for moon mining equipment - and for selling lunar helium-3", "publisher": "GeekWire", "source_class": "reputable_press", "published": "2025-05-07", "accessed": "2026-09-25", "quote": "Our first mission, Crescent Moon, is coming up at the end of this year, 2025", "quote_confirmed_raw": true, "supports": [ "history", "name" ], "language": "en", "translation": "none" }, { "url": "https://www.nasa.gov/event/clps-flight-astrobotics-griffin-mission-one/", "title": "Moon Base: Astrobotic Griffin-1 (event page; last updated 2026-09-01)", "publisher": "NASA", "source_class": "government_primary", "published": null, "accessed": "2026-09-25", "quote": "The Astrobotic Griffin-1 mission will deliver more than 1,100 pounds of cargo to the Nobile Crater at the lunar South Pole, including the Astrolab FLIP rover", "quote_confirmed_raw": true, "supports": [ "target_site", "host_mission_id" ], "language": "en", "translation": "none" }, { "url": "https://www.geekwire.com/2026/interlune-raises-5m-for-initiatives-that-go-beyond-mining-the-moon/", "title": "Interlune raises $5M for initiatives that go beyond mining the moon", "publisher": "GeekWire", "source_class": "reputable_press", "published": "2026-09-15", "accessed": "2026-09-25", "quote": "The company is planning to send its first payload - a mineralogical mapping instrument - to the moon later this year aboard Voyager Technologies' Griffin-1 lander", "quote_confirmed_raw": true, "supports": [ "phase", "launch_date" ], "language": "en", "translation": "none" } ], "confidence": "medium", "missing_evidence": [ "No single source states that NASA's METAL investigation and Interlune's FLIP multispectral camera are the same instrument; the match rests on identical description, partners, and host", "The mission name 'Crescent Moon' appears only in press quoting an Interlune employee", "Launch vehicle for Griffin-1 not confirmed from a primary source" ], "last_checked": "2026-09-25", "review_state": "verified", "history": [ { "field": "launch_date", "old": "2025 (end of year, per Interlune staff quoted by GeekWire)", "new": "2026-07 (NET, Astrobotic)", "changed_on": "2025-10-24", "reason": "schedule_slip", "source_index": 4 }, { "field": "launch_date", "old": "2026-07 (NET)", "new": "2026-H2 (late 2026)", "changed_on": "2026-06-15", "reason": "schedule_slip", "source_index": 3 } ], "review": { "author_model": "claude-opus-5-5", "reviewer_model": "claude-sonnet-5", "reviewer_run": "research/review/missions.json", "date": "2026-09-26", "sources_reopened": false, "edits_applied": 0 } }, { "stable_id": "msn-moon-express-mx-1e", "name": "Moon Express MX-1E first lunar mission (Google Lunar XPRIZE attempt)", "summary": "Planned single-engine robotic lander, contracted in 2015 to launch on Rocket Lab's Electron and covered by a favorable FAA payload review in 2016; it never flew. Its flight plan was a technology demonstration (landing and hop) with no stated resource-measurement objective.", "mission_unit": "spacecraft", "host_mission_id": null, "participants": [ { "entity_id": "org-moon-express", "role": "operator" } ], "target_body": "moon", "target_site": null, "mission_type": "technology_demo", "inclusion_basis": "cited_by_authorization", "objective": "Land a small commercial lander, hop 500 m and return imagery to meet Google Lunar XPRIZE rules, as the first step of a company plan aimed at lunar resources; no resource instrument was part of the announced flight.", "resources": [], "launch_vehicle": "Rocket Lab Electron", "launch_date": null, "phase": "stalled", "status_basis": "Last evidenced phase. No primary source states that MX-1E was cancelled. Moon Express said on 9 Feb 2020 (as quoted on Wikipedia) 'There is no upcoming launch with RocketLab', i.e. the Electron manifest lapsed; Wikipedia states the launch 'has been cancelled' but cites only those posts. No dated activity has been recorded since, so the phase is stalled rather than cancelled.", "outcome": { "class": "not_applicable", "basis": "operator_statement", "statement": "There is no upcoming launch with RocketLab. We contracted with RocketLab back in 2015 for a GLXP attempt. We are currently focused on efforts supporting NASA under our Commercial Lunar Payload Services (CLPS) contract" }, "sources": [ { "url": "https://www.prnewswire.com/news-releases/moon-express-signs-historic-launch-agreement-for-private-missions-to-the-moon-300152825.html", "title": "Moon Express signs historic launch agreement for private missions to the Moon", "publisher": "Moon Express, Inc. (via PR Newswire)", "source_class": "company_primary", "published": "2015-10-01", "accessed": "2026-09-25", "quote": "Under the launch services contract, Rocket Lab will use its Electron rocket system to launch three missions of Moon Express' MX-1 lunar lander spacecraft.", "quote_confirmed_raw": true, "supports": [ "launch_vehicle", "participants" ], "language": "en", "translation": "none" }, { "url": "https://www.prnewswire.com/news-releases/moon-express-signs-historic-launch-agreement-for-private-missions-to-the-moon-300152825.html", "title": "Moon Express signs historic launch agreement for private missions to the Moon", "publisher": "Moon Express, Inc. (via PR Newswire)", "source_class": "company_primary", "published": "2015-10-01", "accessed": "2026-09-25", "quote": "Two launches of MX-1 have been manifested with Rocket Lab for 2017", "quote_confirmed_raw": true, "supports": [ "launch_date", "history" ], "language": "en", "translation": "none" }, { "url": "https://www.prnewswire.com/news-releases/us-government-approves-plan-for-moon-express-to-become-first-private-company-to-venture-beyond-earths-orbit-300308628.html", "title": "US Government Approves Plan For Moon Express To Become First Private Company To Venture Beyond Earth's Orbit", "publisher": "Moon Express, Inc. (via PR Newswire)", "source_class": "company_primary", "published": "2016-08-03", "accessed": "2026-09-25", "quote": "The company submitted its historic application for a 2017 commercial lunar mission to the Federal Aviation Administration (FAA)", "quote_confirmed_raw": true, "supports": [ "inclusion_basis" ], "language": "en", "translation": "none" }, { "url": "https://www.geekwire.com/2017/moon-express-unveils-roadmap-giant-leaps-lunar-surface-back/", "title": "Moon Express unveils its roadmap for giant leaps to the lunar surface ... and back again", "publisher": "GeekWire", "source_class": "reputable_press", "published": "2017-07-12", "accessed": "2026-09-25", "quote": "For the XPRIZE mission, the MX-1E would be sent into low Earth orbit aboard an Electron, and then make its way to the moon during a four- to five-day cruise.", "quote_confirmed_raw": true, "supports": [ "objective", "mission_type" ], "language": "en", "translation": "none" }, { "url": "https://www.cnbc.com/2017/11/30/moon-express-says-first-launch-happening-in-2018.html", "title": "Moon Express says first launch is 'definitely' happening in 2018", "publisher": "CNBC", "source_class": "reputable_press", "published": "2017-11-30", "accessed": "2026-09-25", "quote": "In January, the company said that it was targeting a date in late 2017 to send its lander to the moon. But that has been pushed back until 2018.", "quote_confirmed_raw": true, "supports": [ "launch_date", "history" ], "language": "en", "translation": "none" }, { "url": "https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Moon_Express", "title": "Moon Express (quoting @MoonEx posts of 9 February 2020)", "publisher": "Wikipedia", "source_class": "directory_or_aggregator", "published": null, "accessed": "2026-09-25", "quote": "There is no upcoming launch with RocketLab. We contracted with RocketLab back in 2015 for a GLXP attempt.", "quote_confirmed_raw": true, "supports": [ "phase", "outcome", "history" ], "language": "en", "translation": "none" } ], "confidence": "low", "missing_evidence": [ "No primary statement of cancellation or termination of the MX-1E program or the Rocket Lab contract.", "Original @MoonEx posts (9 Feb 2020) not retrieved; quoted via Wikipedia.", "Target site changed over time: GeekWire (2017) reported a landing near the lunar equator with the site not yet chosen; later plans (per Wikipedia/MoonLIGHT, aggregator) named Malapert Mountain. Not resolved from primary sources." ], "history": [ { "field": "launch_date", "old": "2017", "new": "2018", "changed_on": "2017-11-30", "reason": "schedule_slip", "source_index": 4 }, { "field": "phase", "old": "manifested", "new": "in_development", "changed_on": "2020-02-09", "reason": "source_update", "source_index": 5 }, { "field": "launch_date", "old": "2018 (later reported as July 2020 by aggregators)", "new": "none (no launch planned)", "changed_on": "2020-02-09", "reason": "source_update", "source_index": 5 }, { "field": "phase", "old": "in_development", "new": "stalled", "changed_on": "2026-09-26", "reason": "reclassification" } ], "last_checked": "2026-09-25", "review_state": "verified", "review": { "author_model": "claude-opus-5-5", "reviewer_model": "claude-sonnet-5", "reviewer_run": "research/review/missions.json", "date": "2026-09-26", "sources_reopened": false, "edits_applied": 1 } }, { "stable_id": "msn-nasa-moxie", "name": "MOXIE (Mars Oxygen In-Situ Resource Utilization Experiment)", "summary": "NASA instrument on the Perseverance rover that produced oxygen from Martian atmospheric carbon dioxide by solid oxide electrolysis. First production was on 20 April 2021 (about 5 grams); by its 16th and final run on 7 August 2023 it had produced 122 grams in total, with a peak rate of 12 grams per hour at 98% purity or better, per NASA. Hoffman et al. (2022) describe it as \"the first demonstration of ISRU on another planet\".", "status_basis": "NASA/JPL release of 2023-09-06 reports the 16th and final run and the end of operations.", "sources": [ { "url": "https://www.nasa.gov/missions/mars-2020-perseverance/perseverance-rover/nasas-oxygen-generating-experiment-moxie-completes-mars-mission/", "title": "NASA's Oxygen-Generating Experiment MOXIE Completes Mars Mission", "publisher": "NASA Jet Propulsion Laboratory", "source_class": "government_primary", "published": "2023-09-06", "accessed": "2026-09-25", "quote": "Since Perseverance landed on Mars in 2021, MOXIE has generated a total of 122 grams of oxygen", "quote_confirmed_raw": true, "supports": [ "outcome", "resources", "phase" ], "language": "en", "translation": "none" }, { "url": "https://www.nasa.gov/missions/mars-2020-perseverance/perseverance-rover/nasas-oxygen-generating-experiment-moxie-completes-mars-mission/", "title": "NASA's Oxygen-Generating Experiment MOXIE Completes Mars Mission", "publisher": "NASA Jet Propulsion Laboratory", "source_class": "government_primary", "published": "2023-09-06", "accessed": "2026-09-25", "quote": "On its 16th run, on Aug. 7, the instrument made 9.8 grams of oxygen.", "quote_confirmed_raw": true, "supports": [ "outcome", "phase" ], "language": "en", "translation": "none" }, { "url": "https://www.nasa.gov/news-release/nasas-perseverance-mars-rover-extracts-first-oxygen-from-red-planet/", "title": "NASA's Perseverance Mars Rover Extracts First Oxygen from Red Planet", "publisher": "NASA", "source_class": "government_primary", "published": "2021-04-21", "accessed": "2026-09-25", "quote": "The test took place April 20, the 60th Martian day, or sol, since the mission landed Feb. 18.", "quote_confirmed_raw": true, "supports": [ "history", "outcome" ], "language": "en", "translation": "none" }, { "url": "https://pmc.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/articles/PMC9432831/", "title": "Mars Oxygen ISRU Experiment (MOXIE)-Preparing for human Mars exploration (Hoffman et al., Science Advances 2022)", "publisher": "Science Advances (via PubMed Central)", "source_class": "peer_reviewed", "published": "2022-08-31", "accessed": "2026-09-25", "quote": "producing oxygen by solid oxide electrolysis of carbon dioxide in the martian atmosphere", "quote_confirmed_raw": true, "supports": [ "objective", "mission_type", "resources" ], "language": "en", "translation": "none" } ], "confidence": "high", "missing_evidence": [ "The instrument builder (MIT and partners) is not recorded as a participating organization." ], "last_checked": "2026-09-25", "history": [], "review_state": "verified", "phase": "ended", "outcome": { "class": "success", "basis": "agency_statement", "statement": "MOXIE successfully completed all of its technical requirements and was operated at a variety of conditions throughout a full Mars year" }, "participants": [ { "entity_id": "org-nasa", "role": "payload_owner" } ], "mission_unit": "instrument", "host_mission_id": "msn-nasa-mars-2020-perseverance", "inclusion_basis": "isru_instrument_carried", "target_body": "mars", "target_site": "Jezero Crater", "mission_type": "isru_demo", "objective": "Demonstrate production of oxygen from the carbon dioxide of the Martian atmosphere as a technology precursor for propellant and life-support oxygen.", "resources": [ { "resource": "oxygen", "evidence_level": "processed_demo" } ], "launch_vehicle": null, "launch_date": { "value": "2020-07-30", "precision": "day", "basis": "actual" }, "review": { "author_model": "claude-opus-5-5", "reviewer_model": "claude-sonnet-5", "reviewer_run": "research/review/missions.json", "date": "2026-09-26", "sources_reopened": true, "edits_applied": 0 } }, { "last_checked": "2026-09-25", "review_state": "verified", "history": [], "missing_evidence": [ "Operator final root-cause determination: the March 2025 debrief gives leading theories only, while Payload (June 2026) states the solar array deployment system failed.", "FCC license record for Odin's deep-space communications (Space.com reports an FCC grant on 18 Oct 2024); no authorization record for that reported grant is included.", "Consistent spacecraft mass: operator pages give 100 kg, 105 kg and 120 kg.", "UTC launch date: operator gives 26 February 2025 (US time); secondary sources give 27 February 2025 (UTC)." ], "host_mission_id": null, "stable_id": "msn-astroforge-odin", "name": "Odin", "summary": "AstroForge's roughly 100-kilogram deep-space spacecraft, launched on 26 February 2025 (US time) as a secondary payload on the Falcon 9 that carried Intuitive Machines' IM-2 lunar lander, intended to fly by and image the suspected metallic near-Earth asteroid 2022 OB5. The operator received only faint early signals (partly via an amateur radio operator), could not establish reliable two-way command, and on 6 March 2025 stated that the chance of further contact was minimal; the operator had defined reaching deep space past the Moon as its main objective and the asteroid flyby as a secondary objective, which was not achieved.", "participants": [ { "entity_id": "org-astroforge", "role": "operator" }, { "entity_id": "org-spacex", "role": "launch_provider" } ], "mission_unit": "spacecraft", "target_body": "near_earth_asteroid", "target_site": "2022 OB5", "mission_type": "flyby", "objective": "Fly by near-Earth asteroid 2022 OB5 and capture images to help determine whether it is metallic (operator statement).", "resources": [ { "resource": "platinum_group_metals", "evidence_level": "targeted" } ], "inclusion_basis": "resource_objective_stated", "launch_vehicle": "Falcon 9 (Intuitive Machines IM-2 launch)", "launch_date": { "value": "2025-02-26", "precision": "day", "basis": "actual" }, "phase": "ended", "outcome": { "class": "failure", "basis": "operator_statement", "statement": "The chance of talking with Odin is minimal, as at this point, the accuracy of its position is becoming an issue." }, "status_basis": "Operator debrief dated 6 March 2025; operator mission page lists Odin as launched 2025 with no later contact reported.", "confidence": "high", "sources": [ { "url": "https://www.astroforge.com/updates-collection/odint-mission-debrief", "title": "Odin't: A Complete Debrief of Our Deep Space Mission", "publisher": "AstroForge", "source_class": "company_primary", "published": "2025-03-06", "accessed": "2026-09-25", "quote": "Odin launched successfully as a secondary payload on the Intuitive Machines IM-2 mission, riding a SpaceX Falcon 9 to deep space.", "quote_confirmed_raw": true, "supports": [ "launch_vehicle", "participants", "host_mission_id" ], "language": "en", "translation": "none" }, { "url": "https://www.astroforge.com/updates-collection/odint-mission-debrief", "title": "Odin't: A Complete Debrief of Our Deep Space Mission", "publisher": "AstroForge", "source_class": "company_primary", "published": "2025-03-06", "accessed": "2026-09-25", "quote": "The chance of talking with Odin is minimal, as at this point, the accuracy of its position is becoming an issue.", "quote_confirmed_raw": true, "supports": [ "outcome", "phase" ], "language": "en", "translation": "none" }, { "url": "https://www.astroforge.com/updates-collection/odint-mission-debrief", "title": "Odin't: A Complete Debrief of Our Deep Space Mission", "publisher": "AstroForge", "source_class": "company_primary", "published": "2025-03-06", "accessed": "2026-09-25", "quote": "Our leading theory involves potential complications with solar panel deployment.", "quote_confirmed_raw": true, "supports": [ "summary" ], "language": "en", "translation": "none" }, { "url": "https://www.astroforge.com/odin-mission", "title": "Odin Mission - AstroForge", "publisher": "AstroForge", "source_class": "company_primary", "published": null, "accessed": "2026-09-25", "quote": "Odin launched on February 26, 2025 with the goal of capturing critical images of asteroid 2022 OB5", "quote_confirmed_raw": true, "supports": [ "launch_date", "target_site", "objective" ], "language": "en", "translation": "none" }, { "url": "https://www.astroforge.com/updates-collection/mission-2-preview", "title": "Mission 2 Preview: Moving at Unprecedented Speed", "publisher": "AstroForge", "source_class": "company_primary", "published": "2025-02-24", "accessed": "2026-09-25", "quote": "So our main objective for this mission is to make it past the moon and into Deep Space.", "quote_confirmed_raw": true, "supports": [ "summary" ], "language": "en", "translation": "none" }, { "url": "https://www.astroforge.com/updates-collection/mission-2-preview", "title": "Mission 2 Preview: Moving at Unprecedented Speed", "publisher": "AstroForge", "source_class": "company_primary", "published": "2025-02-24", "accessed": "2026-09-25", "quote": "The second objective is to do a fly-by of our target asteroid, 2022 OB5.", "quote_confirmed_raw": true, "supports": [ "objective", "target_site" ], "language": "en", "translation": "none" }, { "url": "https://payloadspace.com/astroforge-completes-its-deepspace-2-spacecraft/", "title": "AstroForge Completes its DeepSpace-2 Spacecraft", "publisher": "Payload", "source_class": "reputable_press", "published": "2026-06-05", "accessed": "2026-09-25", "quote": "had its mission cut short 530,000 miles from Earth after its solar array deployment system failed, leaving Odin powerless", "quote_confirmed_raw": true, "supports": [ "summary" ], "language": "en", "translation": "none" } ], "review": { "author_model": "claude-opus-5-5", "reviewer_model": "claude-sonnet-5", "reviewer_run": "research/review/missions.json", "date": "2026-09-26", "sources_reopened": true, "edits_applied": 0 } }, { "stable_id": "msn-nasa-osiris-rex", "name": "OSIRIS-REx (Origins, Spectral Interpretation, Resource Identification, and Security-Regolith Explorer)", "summary": "NASA spacecraft launched on 8 September 2016 that collected material from near-Earth asteroid Bennu and delivered 121.6 grams to Earth on 24 September 2023. NASA's initial analysis reported high carbon content and water-bearing clay minerals; the spacecraft continues as OSIRIS-APEX toward asteroid Apophis (2029).", "status_basis": "Sample delivered 2023-09-24; the spacecraft's follow-on OSIRIS-APEX mission is out of scope here.", "sources": [ { "url": "https://science.nasa.gov/mission/osiris-rex/", "title": "OSIRIS-REx", "publisher": "NASA Science", "source_class": "government_primary", "published": null, "accessed": "2026-09-25", "quote": "Launched on Sept. 8, 2016, the Origins, Spectral Interpretation, Resource Identification, and Security-Regolith Explorer", "quote_confirmed_raw": true, "supports": [ "launch_date" ], "language": "en", "translation": "none" }, { "url": "https://science.nasa.gov/blogs/osiris-rex/2016/09/08/whats-in-a-name-new-mission-age-old-questions/", "title": "What's in a Name? New Mission, Age-old Questions", "publisher": "NASA Science", "source_class": "government_primary", "published": "2016-09-08", "accessed": "2026-09-25", "quote": "Resource Identification - Map the chemistry and mineralogy of a primitive, carbon-rich asteroid.", "quote_confirmed_raw": true, "supports": [ "objective", "inclusion_basis" ], "language": "en", "translation": "none" }, { "url": "https://science.nasa.gov/blogs/osiris-rex/2024/02/15/nasa-announces-osiris-rex-bulk-sample-mass/", "title": "NASA Announces OSIRIS-REx Bulk Sample Mass", "publisher": "NASA Science", "source_class": "government_primary", "published": "2024-02-15", "accessed": "2026-09-25", "quote": "NASA's OSIRIS-REx spacecraft delivered 4.29 ounces (121.6 grams) of material from asteroid Bennu when it returned to Earth on Sep. 24, 2023", "quote_confirmed_raw": true, "supports": [ "outcome", "resources" ], "language": "en", "translation": "none" }, { "url": "https://www.nasa.gov/news-release/nasas-bennu-asteroid-sample-contains-carbon-water/", "title": "NASA's Bennu Asteroid Sample Contains Carbon, Water", "publisher": "NASA", "source_class": "government_primary", "published": "2023-10-11", "accessed": "2026-09-25", "quote": "The bounty of carbon-rich material and the abundant presence of water-bearing clay minerals are just the tip of the cosmic iceberg.", "quote_confirmed_raw": true, "supports": [ "summary" ], "language": "en", "translation": "none" }, { "url": "https://science.nasa.gov/mission/osiris-rex/", "title": "OSIRIS-REx", "publisher": "NASA Science", "source_class": "government_primary", "published": null, "accessed": "2026-09-25", "quote": "the spacecraft was renamed OSIRIS-APEX and sent on a new mission to explore asteroid Apophis in 2029", "quote_confirmed_raw": true, "supports": [ "phase" ], "language": "en", "translation": "none" } ], "confidence": "high", "missing_evidence": [ "Inclusion rests on NASA's named 'Resource Identification' objective; no peer-reviewed resource-framed finding is cited on this record." ], "last_checked": "2026-09-25", "history": [], "review_state": "verified", "phase": "ended", "outcome": { "class": "success", "basis": "agency_statement", "statement": "NASA's OSIRIS-REx spacecraft delivered 4.29 ounces (121.6 grams) of material from asteroid Bennu when it returned to Earth on Sep. 24, 2023" }, "participants": [ { "entity_id": "org-nasa", "role": "operator" } ], "mission_unit": "spacecraft", "host_mission_id": null, "inclusion_basis": "resource_objective_stated", "target_body": "near_earth_asteroid", "target_site": "Asteroid (101955) Bennu", "mission_type": "sample_return", "objective": "Return a sample of carbon-rich asteroid Bennu; NASA lists 'Resource Identification' (mapping the chemistry and mineralogy of a primitive, carbon-rich asteroid) among the mission's objectives.", "resources": [ { "resource": "regolith", "evidence_level": "sampled" } ], "launch_vehicle": null, "launch_date": { "value": "2016-09-08", "precision": "day", "basis": "actual" }, "review": { "author_model": "claude-opus-5-5", "reviewer_model": "claude-sonnet-5", "reviewer_run": "research/review/missions.json", "date": "2026-09-26", "sources_reopened": false, "edits_applied": 0 } }, { "stable_id": "msn-nasa-prime-1", "name": "PRIME-1 (Polar Resources Ice Mining Experiment-1)", "summary": "NASA payload combining the TRIDENT drill (built by Honeybee Robotics) and the MSOLO mass spectrometer, flown on Intuitive Machines' IM-2 Athena lander, which landed on its side in a crater near Mons Mouton on 6 March 2025 and ended operations after roughly half a day. NASA reports the drill's auger, full extension, percussion and core heater were exercised and that MSOLO recorded scans in which the detected gases were attributed to the lander and Earth; NASA does not report a drilled regolith sample or any detection of lunar water.", "status_basis": "NASA release 25-025 (2025-03-07) and NASA article updated 2025-04-29; launch date is NASA's Eastern-time date (NTRS slides give 27 Feb 2025 00:16 UTC).", "sources": [ { "url": "https://www.nasa.gov/news-release/nasa-receives-some-data-before-intuitive-machines-ends-lunar-mission/", "title": "NASA Receives Some Data Before Intuitive Machines Ends Lunar Mission", "publisher": "NASA", "source_class": "government_primary", "published": "2025-03-07", "accessed": "2026-09-25", "quote": "detected elements likely due to the gases emitted from the lander's propulsion system", "quote_confirmed_raw": true, "supports": [ "outcome", "phase" ], "language": "en", "translation": "none" }, { "url": "https://www.nasa.gov/news-release/nasa-receives-some-data-before-intuitive-machines-ends-lunar-mission/", "title": "NASA Receives Some Data Before Intuitive Machines Ends Lunar Mission", "publisher": "NASA", "source_class": "government_primary", "published": "2025-03-07", "accessed": "2026-09-25", "quote": "While this mission didn't achieve all of its objectives for NASA, the work that went into the payload development is already informing other agency and commercial efforts", "quote_confirmed_raw": true, "supports": [ "outcome" ], "language": "en", "translation": "none" }, { "url": "https://www.nasa.gov/missions/artemis/nasas-lunar-drill-technology-passes-tests-on-the-moon/", "title": "NASA's Lunar Drill Technology Passes Tests on the Moon", "publisher": "NASA", "source_class": "government_primary", "published": "2025-04-29", "accessed": "2026-09-25", "quote": "researchers believe from the initial data that the gases detected were all anthropogenic", "quote_confirmed_raw": true, "supports": [ "outcome", "resources" ], "language": "en", "translation": "none" }, { "url": "https://www.nasa.gov/missions/artemis/nasas-lunar-drill-technology-passes-tests-on-the-moon/", "title": "NASA's Lunar Drill Technology Passes Tests on the Moon", "publisher": "NASA", "source_class": "government_primary", "published": "2025-04-29", "accessed": "2026-09-25", "quote": "The lightweight, low-power augering drill built by Honeybee Robotics, known as TRIDENT, is 1 meter long", "quote_confirmed_raw": true, "supports": [ "participants" ], "language": "en", "translation": "none" }, { "url": "https://www.nasa.gov/missions/artemis/nasas-lunar-drill-technology-passes-tests-on-the-moon/", "title": "NASA's Lunar Drill Technology Passes Tests on the Moon", "publisher": "NASA", "source_class": "government_primary", "published": "2025-04-29", "accessed": "2026-09-25", "quote": "Intuitive Machines' IM-2 mission launched to the Moon on Feb. 26, 2025, from NASA Kennedy's Launch Complex 39A", "quote_confirmed_raw": true, "supports": [ "launch_date", "host_mission_id" ], "language": "en", "translation": "none" }, { "url": "https://www.nasa.gov/centers-and-facilities/kennedy/nasas-polar-ice-experiment-paves-way-for-future-moon-missions/", "title": "NASA's Polar Ice Experiment Paves Way for Future Moon Missions", "publisher": "NASA Kennedy Space Center", "source_class": "government_primary", "published": "2025-02-12", "accessed": "2026-09-25", "quote": "will drill into the Moon's surface to collect samples", "quote_confirmed_raw": true, "supports": [ "objective", "inclusion_basis" ], "language": "en", "translation": "none" }, { "url": "https://ntrs.nasa.gov/api/citations/20260003150/downloads/MSolo%20PRIME-1%20overview%20and%20results%20-%20LSSW.pdf", "title": "PRIME-1: MSolo Overview and Results (MSolo Science Team, LSSW presentation)", "publisher": "NASA Technical Reports Server", "source_class": "mission_data", "published": "2026-04", "accessed": "2026-09-25", "quote": "We captured 43 scans, 40 complete scans, 3 partial scans.", "quote_confirmed_raw": true, "supports": [ "outcome", "target_site" ], "language": "en", "translation": "none" } ], "confidence": "high", "missing_evidence": [ "No peer-reviewed PRIME-1 results paper located; NASA said results would be published." ], "last_checked": "2026-09-25", "history": [], "review_state": "verified", "phase": "ended", "outcome": { "class": "partial", "basis": "agency_statement", "statement": "While this mission didn't achieve all of its objectives for NASA, the work that went into the payload development is already informing other agency and commercial efforts" }, "participants": [ { "entity_id": "org-nasa", "role": "payload_owner" }, { "entity_id": "org-honeybee-robotics", "role": "payload_builder" }, { "entity_id": "org-intuitive-machines", "role": "carrier" } ], "mission_unit": "payload", "host_mission_id": "msn-intuitive-machines-im-2", "inclusion_basis": "resource_objective_stated", "target_body": "moon", "target_site": "Mons Mouton region, lunar south pole; landed in a crater off target (NASA text says about 400 m, NASA caption about 820 ft, NTRS slides about 500 m)", "mission_type": "technology_demo", "objective": "Demonstrate drilling into the lunar south polar surface with on-site mass-spectrometer analysis of gases released from the cuttings, to characterize subsurface volatiles such as water ice.", "resources": [ { "resource": "water_ice", "evidence_level": "targeted" }, { "resource": "volatiles", "evidence_level": "targeted" } ], "launch_vehicle": null, "launch_date": { "value": "2025-02-26", "precision": "day", "basis": "actual" }, "review": { "author_model": "claude-opus-5-5", "reviewer_model": "claude-sonnet-5", "reviewer_run": "research/review/missions.json", "date": "2026-09-26", "sources_reopened": true, "edits_applied": 0 } }, { "stable_id": "msn-esa-prospect", "name": "PROSPECT (Package for Resource Observation, in-Situ Prospecting for Exploration, Characterisation & Testing)", "summary": "ESA drill (ProSEED) and miniature laboratory (ProSPA) package designed to drill beneath the lunar polar surface, extract samples, measure cold-trapped volatiles such as water ice and test oxygen extraction from regolith. It was built for Russia's Luna-27 lander until ESA ended lunar cooperation with Roscosmos in April 2022, when ESA expected a 2025 CLPS flight; it is now assigned to Intuitive Machines' IM-4 flight to Mons Mouton (NASA task order CP-22), which NASA lists for 2027.", "status_basis": "ESA video page (2026-06) and NASA CP-22 page name PROSPECT on IM-4; NASA IM-4 launch listing shows 2027.", "sources": [ { "url": "https://www.esa.int/ESA_Multimedia/Videos/2026/06/Prospect_mission_animation", "title": "Prospect mission animation", "publisher": "European Space Agency", "source_class": "government_primary", "published": "2026-06", "accessed": "2026-09-25", "quote": "Prospect will reach the lunar surface with the Intuitive Machines' Nova-C lunar lander on the IM-4 mission", "quote_confirmed_raw": true, "supports": [ "phase", "host_mission_id", "participants" ], "language": "en", "translation": "none" }, { "url": "https://www.esa.int/ESA_Multimedia/Videos/2026/06/Prospect_mission_animation", "title": "Prospect mission animation", "publisher": "European Space Agency", "source_class": "government_primary", "published": "2026-06", "accessed": "2026-09-25", "quote": "The mini lab will also test in-situ resource utilisation, such as oxygen extraction from lunar regolith", "quote_confirmed_raw": true, "supports": [ "objective", "resources", "inclusion_basis" ], "language": "en", "translation": "none" }, { "url": "https://science.nasa.gov/lunar-science/clps-deliveries/cp-22-science/", "title": "CLPS CP-22 Science", "publisher": "NASA Science", "source_class": "government_primary", "published": null, "accessed": "2026-09-25", "quote": "We will use PROSPECT and L-CIRiS to help locate nearby chemical compounds that could provide water, oxygen, fuel, and building materials", "quote_confirmed_raw": true, "supports": [ "phase", "objective", "participants" ], "language": "en", "translation": "none" }, { "url": "https://www.nasa.gov/event/clps-flight-intuitive-machines-im-4-2/", "title": "CLPS Flight: Intuitive Machines IM-4", "publisher": "NASA", "source_class": "government_primary", "published": null, "accessed": "2026-09-25", "quote": "Intuitive Machines' IM-4 will deliver science and technology to Mons Mouton near the Moon's South Pole", "quote_confirmed_raw": true, "supports": [ "target_site", "launch_date", "host_mission_id" ], "language": "en", "translation": "none" }, { "url": "https://spacepolicyonline.com/news/esa-ends-lunar-cooperation-with-russia-turns-to-nasa-commercial-partners/", "title": "ESA Ends Lunar Cooperation with Russia, Turns to NASA, Commercial Partners", "publisher": "SpacePolicyOnline.com", "source_class": "reputable_press", "published": "2022-04-13", "accessed": "2026-09-25", "quote": "Luna-27 is another lander that was to use the PILOT precision navigation and landing system and deliver the PROSPECT drill and mass spectrometer to find and analyze subsurface water ice and other chemicals.", "quote_confirmed_raw": true, "supports": [ "history" ], "language": "en", "translation": "none" }, { "url": "https://spacepolicyonline.com/news/esa-ends-lunar-cooperation-with-russia-turns-to-nasa-commercial-partners/", "title": "ESA Ends Lunar Cooperation with Russia, Turns to NASA, Commercial Partners", "publisher": "SpacePolicyOnline.com", "source_class": "reputable_press", "published": "2022-04-13", "accessed": "2026-09-25", "quote": "The drill, being built by Leonardo, will fly on the 2025 CLPS mission", "quote_confirmed_raw": true, "supports": [ "history" ], "language": "en", "translation": "none" }, { "url": "https://sci.esa.int/documents/34161/35992/1567260390250-ESA_Space_Resources_Strategy.pdf", "title": "ESA Space Resources Strategy", "publisher": "European Space Agency", "source_class": "government_primary", "published": "2019-05", "accessed": "2026-09-25", "quote": "The first utilisation of space resources will be on the Moon; a source of water, oxygen, metals and other materials.", "quote_confirmed_raw": true, "supports": [ "summary" ], "language": "en", "translation": "none" } ], "confidence": "high", "missing_evidence": [ "ESA's own PROSPECT articles (esa.int) returned HTTP 403; flight assignment confirmed via the 2026 ESA video page and NASA pages.", "Name expansion differs: NASA's CP-22 page uses '... Exploration, Commercial exploitation and Transportation'; ESA's 2026 page uses '... Exploration, Characterisation & Testing'.", "Host flight record not created: NASA lists PROSPECT on Intuitive Machines IM-4." ], "last_checked": "2026-09-25", "history": [ { "field": "host_mission_id", "old": "Luna-27 (Roscosmos lander)", "new": "NASA CLPS delivery (2025 expected)", "changed_on": "2022-04-13", "reason": "source_update", "source_index": 5 } ], "review_state": "verified", "phase": "manifested", "outcome": { "class": "not_applicable", "basis": null, "statement": null }, "participants": [ { "entity_id": "org-esa", "role": "payload_owner" }, { "entity_id": "org-intuitive-machines", "role": "carrier" }, { "entity_id": "org-nasa", "role": "customer" } ], "mission_unit": "payload", "host_mission_id": null, "inclusion_basis": "isru_instrument_carried", "target_body": "moon", "target_site": "Mons Mouton, lunar south pole region", "mission_type": "prospecting", "objective": "Drill into polar regolith, extract samples and determine the origin and abundance of cold-trapped volatiles; test oxygen extraction from regolith.", "resources": [ { "resource": "water_ice", "evidence_level": "targeted" }, { "resource": "volatiles", "evidence_level": "targeted" }, { "resource": "oxygen", "evidence_level": "targeted" } ], "launch_vehicle": null, "launch_date": { "value": "2027", "precision": "year", "basis": "planned", "qualifier": "target" }, "review": { "author_model": "claude-opus-5-5", "reviewer_model": "claude-sonnet-5", "reviewer_run": "research/review/missions.json", "date": "2026-09-26", "sources_reopened": false, "edits_applied": 0 } }, { "stable_id": "msn-interlune-prospect-moon", "name": "Prospect Moon (Interlune payload suite)", "summary": "Interlune payload suite funded by a NASA SBIR Phase III contract (about $6.9 million, signed 2026-02-24). It would collect and size-sort regolith, release solar-wind volatiles, and measure helium-3 and other gases with a mass spectrometer. Interlune says it will be ready for launch in 2028 on a CLPS lander not yet named.", "mission_unit": "payload", "host_mission_id": null, "participants": [ { "entity_id": "org-interlune", "role": "operator" }, { "entity_id": "org-interlune", "role": "payload_owner" }, { "entity_id": "org-nasa", "role": "funder" } ], "target_body": "moon", "target_site": "Nearside equatorial mare site (per Interlune's 2025 LPSC abstract; not restated in 2026 sources)", "mission_type": "prospecting", "inclusion_basis": "resource_objective_stated", "objective": "Measure solar-wind volatiles, including helium-3 and hydrogen, released from lunar regolith on the surface, and test the sample-handling and gas-release steps of Interlune's planned harvester.", "resources": [ { "resource": "helium_3", "evidence_level": "targeted" }, { "resource": "volatiles", "evidence_level": "targeted" }, { "resource": "regolith", "evidence_level": "targeted" } ], "launch_vehicle": null, "launch_date": null, "phase": "in_development", "outcome": { "class": "not_applicable", "basis": "inferred", "statement": null }, "status_basis": "In development: NASA SBIR Phase III contract 80NSSC26C0002 ($6,893,204, signed 2026-02-24, period to 2027-09-01) per USAspending; NASA and Interlune describe engineering-unit and flight-hardware build.", "sources": [ { "url": "https://api.usaspending.gov/api/v2/awards/CONT_AWD_80NSSC26C0002_8000_-NONE-_-NONE-/", "title": "USAspending.gov award record 80NSSC26C0002 (API)", "publisher": "U.S. Department of the Treasury, USAspending.gov", "source_class": "government_primary", "published": "2026-02-24", "accessed": "2026-09-25", "quote": "PROSPECT MOON: A LUNAR RESOURCE TECHNOLOGY DEMONSTRATION AND PROSPECTING MISSION", "quote_confirmed_raw": true, "supports": [ "name", "phase", "participants" ], "language": "en", "translation": "none" }, { "url": "https://www.nasa.gov/technology/nasa-fosters-development-of-lunar-resource-seeking-technologies/", "title": "NASA Fosters Development of Lunar Resource-Seeking Technologies", "publisher": "NASA", "source_class": "government_primary", "published": "2026-05-04", "accessed": "2026-09-25", "quote": "The payload is designed to collect lunar regolith samples, sort particles by size, extract solar wind volatile gases, and measure their quantities.", "quote_confirmed_raw": true, "supports": [ "objective", "resources", "mission_type" ], "language": "en", "translation": "none" }, { "url": "https://www.interlune.space/press-release/interlune-awarded-6-9-million-contract-from-nasa-for-lunar-resource-development", "title": "Interlune Awarded $6.9 Million Contract from NASA for Lunar Resource Development", "publisher": "Interlune", "source_class": "company_primary", "published": "2026-05-04", "accessed": "2026-09-25", "quote": "The Interlune payload, which will be ready for launch in 2028, builds on prior work with NASA's Flight Opportunities program and the National Science Foundation (NSF)", "quote_confirmed_raw": true, "supports": [ "launch_date", "history" ], "language": "en", "translation": "none" }, { "url": "https://www.interlune.space/press-release/interlune-awarded-6-9-million-contract-from-nasa-for-lunar-resource-development", "title": "Interlune Awarded $6.9 Million Contract from NASA for Lunar Resource Development", "publisher": "Interlune", "source_class": "company_primary", "published": "2026-05-04", "accessed": "2026-09-25", "quote": "It has been designed to fly on one of the commercial robotic landers developed for NASA's Commercial Lunar Payload Services (CLPS) program.", "quote_confirmed_raw": true, "supports": [ "host_mission_id" ], "language": "en", "translation": "none" }, { "url": "https://www.hou.usra.edu/meetings/lpsc2025/pdf/1185.pdf", "title": "Prospect Moon: Interlune's Commercial Mission to the Lunar Surface (LPSC 2025 abstract 1185, E. A. Frank)", "publisher": "Lunar and Planetary Institute / USRA (abstract authored by Interlune)", "source_class": "company_primary", "published": "2025-03", "accessed": "2026-09-25", "quote": "Prospect Moon is Interlune's upcoming prospecting mission. It will launch in 2027 and land on the lunar surface at a nearside, equatorial mare site.", "quote_confirmed_raw": true, "supports": [ "target_site", "history" ], "language": "en", "translation": "none" } ], "confidence": "high", "missing_evidence": [ "No lander, CLPS task order, or launch vehicle assigned", "Interlune's X post (not raw-checked) says the payload will be ready for lander integration in fall 2027; the release says ready for launch in 2028" ], "last_checked": "2026-09-26", "review_state": "verified", "history": [ { "field": "launch_date", "old": "2027", "new": "2028", "changed_on": "2026-05-04", "reason": "schedule_slip", "source_index": 2 } ], "review": { "author_model": "claude-opus-5-5", "reviewer_model": "gpt-6-astra", "reviewer_run": "research/review/astra-hard-area-corrections-20260926.json", "date": "2026-09-26", "sources_reopened": [ 2, 3 ], "edits_applied": 1, "base_record_sha256": "dcc1fe331073579e3ba7cd1ce9984962246dfec01893d7a905eb05dd4c1ad79f" } }, { "stable_id": "msn-ispace-m2-resilience", "name": "SMBC x HAKUTO-R Venture Moon (ispace Mission 2, RESILIENCE lander)", "summary": "ispace's second lunar lander, RESILIENCE, launched 2025-01-15 on a Falcon 9 and attempted to land in Mare Frigoris; NASA reports a hard landing on 2025-06-05 UTC (2025-06-06 JST), which ispace attributes to a laser rangefinder hardware anomaly. It carried ispace-EUROPE's Tenacious rover (regolith scoop for a NASA ownership transfer) and a Takasago water-electrolysis payload using Earth-supplied water; neither operated on the surface.", "mission_unit": "spacecraft", "host_mission_id": null, "participants": [ { "entity_id": "org-ispace", "role": "operator" }, { "entity_id": "org-ispace-europe", "role": "payload_owner" }, { "entity_id": "org-nasa", "role": "customer" }, { "entity_id": "org-spacex", "role": "launch_provider" } ], "target_body": "moon", "target_site": "Mare Frigoris, primary site near 60.5 N 4.6 W", "mission_type": "resource_purchase_demo", "inclusion_basis": "resource_transaction", "objective": "Collect regolith on a lander footpad (to be photographed by the Tenacious rover) and a separate scoop sample via Tenacious, each for in-place ownership transfer to NASA under the two December 2020 contracts.", "resources": [ { "resource": "regolith", "evidence_level": "targeted" } ], "launch_vehicle": "SpaceX Falcon 9", "launch_date": { "value": "2025-01-15", "precision": "day", "basis": "actual" }, "phase": "ended", "outcome": { "class": "failure", "basis": "operator_statement", "statement": "As of 8:00 a.m. on June 6, 2025, mission controllers have determined that it is unlikely that communication with the lander will be restored and therefore completing Success 9, is not achievable. It has been decided to conclude the mission." }, "status_basis": "ispace status update of 2025-06-06 and technical cause analysis of 2025-06-24; NASA LRO imaged the impact site on 2025-06-11.", "sources": [ { "url": "https://www.ispace-inc.com/2025/01/15/ispace-completes-success-2-of-mission-2-milestones/", "title": "ispace Completes Success 2 of Mission 2 Milestones", "publisher": "ispace, inc.", "source_class": "company_primary", "published": "2025-01-15", "accessed": "2026-09-25", "quote": "its RESILIENCE lunar lander has successfully deployed from a SpaceX Falcon 9 rocket following its launch at 1:11 a.m., Wednesday, Jan. 15, 2025 (U.S. Eastern Time).", "quote_confirmed_raw": true, "supports": [ "launch_date", "launch_vehicle" ], "language": "en", "translation": "official" }, { "url": "https://www.ispace-inc.com/2024/09/12/ispace-announces-launch-timing-resilience-lander-progress-and-planned-lunar-landing-zone-during-mission-2-update-press-conference/", "title": "ispace Announces Launch Timing, RESILIENCE Lander Progress and Planned Lunar Landing Zone During Mission 2 Update Press Conference", "publisher": "ispace, inc.", "source_class": "company_primary", "published": "2024-09-12", "accessed": "2026-09-25", "quote": "its primary landing site for Mission 2 will be near the center of Mare Frigoris (Sea of Cold), 60.5 degrees north latitude and 4.6 degrees west longitude", "quote_confirmed_raw": true, "supports": [ "target_site" ], "language": "en", "translation": "official" }, { "url": "https://www.ispace-inc.com/2025/06/06/status-update-on-ispace-mission-2-smbc-x-hakuto-r-venture-moon/", "title": "Status Update on ispace Mission 2 SMBC x HAKUTO-R Venture Moon", "publisher": "ispace, inc.", "source_class": "company_primary", "published": "2025-06-06", "accessed": "2026-09-25", "quote": "As of 8:00 a.m. on June 6, 2025, mission controllers have determined that it is unlikely that communication with the lander will be restored and therefore completing Success 9, is not achievable. It has been decided to conclude the mission.", "quote_confirmed_raw": true, "supports": [ "phase", "outcome" ], "language": "en", "translation": "official" }, { "url": "https://www.ispace-inc.com/2025/06/06/status-update-on-ispace-mission-2-smbc-x-hakuto-r-venture-moon/", "title": "Status Update on ispace Mission 2 SMBC x HAKUTO-R Venture Moon", "publisher": "ispace, inc.", "source_class": "company_primary", "published": "2025-06-06", "accessed": "2026-09-25", "quote": "The laser rangefinder used to measure the distance to the lunar surface experienced delays in obtaining valid measurement values. As a result, the lander was unable to decelerate sufficiently to reach the required speed for the planned lunar landing.", "quote_confirmed_raw": true, "supports": [ "outcome" ], "language": "en", "translation": "official" }, { "url": "https://www.ispace-inc.com/2025/06/24/ispace-releases-technical-cause-analysis-for-hakuto-r-mission-2/", "title": "ispace Releases Technical Cause Analysis for HAKUTO-R Mission 2", "publisher": "ispace, inc.", "source_class": "company_primary", "published": "2025-06-24", "accessed": "2026-09-25", "quote": "Through subsequent and further analysis of telemetry data acquired from the lander confirmed that the technical cause of the hard landing was an anomaly in the LRF hardware.", "quote_confirmed_raw": true, "supports": [ "outcome" ], "language": "en", "translation": "official" }, { "url": "https://www.nasa.gov/missions/lro/nasas-lro-views-ispace-hakuto-r-mission-2-moon-lander-impact-site/", "title": "NASA's LRO Views ispace HAKUTO-R Mission 2 Moon Lander Impact Site", "publisher": "NASA Goddard Space Flight Center", "source_class": "government_primary", "published": "2025-06-20", "accessed": "2026-09-25", "quote": "captured photos of the site where the ispace Mission 2 SMBC x HAKUTO-R Venture Moon (RESILIENCE) lunar lander experienced a hard landing on June 5, 2025, UTC.", "quote_confirmed_raw": true, "supports": [ "phase", "outcome" ], "language": "en", "translation": "none" }, { "url": "https://www.ispace-inc.com/2024/12/17/ispace-obtains-license-to-conduct-lunar-surface-operations-from-japanese-government-for-second-mission/", "title": "ispace Obtains License to Conduct Lunar Surface Operations from Japanese Government for Second Mission", "publisher": "ispace, inc.", "source_class": "company_primary", "published": "2024-12-17", "accessed": "2026-09-25", "quote": "the micro rover will use a scoop to pick up regolith from the lunar surface, photograph the regolith in the scoop and conduct an \"in-place\" transfer of ownership of the lunar regolith to NASA.", "quote_confirmed_raw": true, "supports": [ "objective", "resources" ], "language": "en", "translation": "official" }, { "url": "https://www.ispace-inc.com/2024/12/17/ispace-obtains-license-to-conduct-lunar-surface-operations-from-japanese-government-for-second-mission/", "title": "ispace Obtains License to Conduct Lunar Surface Operations from Japanese Government for Second Mission", "publisher": "ispace, inc.", "source_class": "company_primary", "published": "2024-12-17", "accessed": "2026-09-25", "quote": "The license, granted under Japan's Act on the Promotion of Business Activities for the Exploration and Development of Space Resources (Space Resources Act), was provided by the Cabinet Office in advance of ispace's planned Mission 2", "quote_confirmed_raw": true, "supports": [ "objective" ], "language": "en", "translation": "official" }, { "url": "https://www.ispace-inc.com/2025/01/15/ispace-completes-success-2-of-mission-2-milestones/", "title": "ispace Completes Success 2 of Mission 2 Milestones", "publisher": "ispace, inc.", "source_class": "company_primary", "published": "2025-01-15", "accessed": "2026-09-25", "quote": "Water electrolyzer equipment : From Takasago Thermal Engineering Co.", "quote_confirmed_raw": true, "supports": [ "summary" ], "language": "en", "translation": "official" }, { "url": "https://www.ispace-inc.com/2025/05/09/ispace-and-takasago-thermal-engineering-co-ltd-agree-to-explore-thermal-mining-technology-for-water-extraction-on-the-moon/", "title": "ispace and Takasago Thermal Engineering Co., Ltd. Agree to Explore Thermal Mining Technology for Water Extraction on the Moon", "publisher": "ispace, inc.", "source_class": "company_primary", "published": "2025-05-09", "accessed": "2026-09-25", "quote": "On ispace's Mission 2, \"SMBC x HAKUTO-R VENTURE MOON\" Takasago developed the main payload, water electrolysis equipment, to attempt to split water into molecules on the Moon.", "quote_confirmed_raw": true, "supports": [ "summary" ], "language": "en", "translation": "official" }, { "url": "https://www.ispace-inc.com/2025/10/06/ispace-announces-third-party-allotment-of-new-shares-to-kurita-water-industries/", "title": "ispace Announces Third-Party Allotment of New Shares to Kurita Water Industries", "publisher": "ispace, inc.", "source_class": "company_primary", "published": "2025-10-06", "accessed": "2026-09-25", "quote": "Kurita Water Industries provided ultra-pure water used in the water electrolysis device developed by Takasago Thermal Engineering Co., Ltd. that flew as a payload on ispace's Mission 2.", "quote_confirmed_raw": true, "supports": [ "summary" ], "language": "en", "translation": "official" }, { "url": "https://www.ispace-inc.com/2022/09/22/ispace-receives-interim-payment-on-lunar-regolith-transfer-contract-from-nasa/", "title": "ispace Receives Interim Payment on Lunar Regolith Transfer Contract from NASA", "publisher": "ispace, inc.", "source_class": "company_primary", "published": "2022-09-22", "accessed": "2026-09-25", "quote": "currently planned for launch as early as November 2022 and 2024.", "quote_confirmed_raw": true, "supports": [ "launch_date" ], "language": "en", "translation": "official" }, { "url": "https://www.ispace-inc.com/2024/12/17/ispace-obtains-license-to-conduct-lunar-surface-operations-from-japanese-government-for-second-mission/", "title": "ispace Obtains License to Conduct Lunar Surface Operations from Japanese Government for Second Mission", "publisher": "ispace, inc.", "source_class": "company_primary", "published": "2024-12-17", "accessed": "2026-09-25", "quote": "in advance of ispace's planned Mission 2 set to launch on a SpaceX Falcon 9 rocket from Cape Canaveral, Fla., no earlier than January 2025.", "quote_confirmed_raw": true, "supports": [ "launch_date" ], "language": "en", "translation": "official" }, { "url": "https://www.ispace-inc.com/2026/03/27/external-review-task-force-delivers-report-following-conclusion-of-hakuto-r-mission-2/", "title": "External Review Task Force Delivers Report Following Conclusion of HAKUTO-R Mission 2", "publisher": "ispace, inc.", "source_class": "company_primary", "published": "2026-03-27", "accessed": "2026-09-25", "quote": "The External Review Task Force was commissioned following a technical cause analysis of the hard landing suffered by ispace's RESILIENCE lunar lander as part of HAKUTO-R Mission 2 on June 6, 2025.", "quote_confirmed_raw": true, "supports": [ "outcome" ], "language": "en", "translation": "official" } ], "confidence": "high", "missing_evidence": [ "No record found of the formal close-out of the two NASA regolith contracts after the Mission 2 loss." ], "history": [ { "field": "launch_date", "old": "2023 (planned arrival, NASA award Dec 2020)", "new": "2024 (planned, ispace Sept 2022)", "changed_on": "2022-09-22", "reason": "schedule_slip", "source_index": 11 }, { "field": "launch_date", "old": "2024 (planned)", "new": "no earlier than January 2025", "changed_on": "2024-12-17", "reason": "schedule_slip", "source_index": 12 } ], "last_checked": "2026-09-25", "review_state": "verified", "review": { "author_model": "claude-opus-5-5", "reviewer_model": "claude-sonnet-5", "reviewer_run": "research/review/missions.json", "date": "2026-09-26", "sources_reopened": true, "edits_applied": 0 } }, { "stable_id": "msn-ispace-europe-tenacious", "name": "TENACIOUS micro-rover (ispace-EUROPE)", "summary": "Micro-rover of about 5 kg built by ispace-EUROPE, with an Epiroc-developed shovel, to scoop and photograph lunar regolith for an in-place ownership transfer to NASA; it was authorized under Luxembourg's 2017 space resources law but was lost aboard the RESILIENCE lander before deployment.", "mission_unit": "payload", "host_mission_id": "msn-ispace-m2-resilience", "participants": [ { "entity_id": "org-ispace-europe", "role": "operator" }, { "entity_id": "org-ispace-europe", "role": "payload_builder" }, { "entity_id": "org-nasa", "role": "customer" }, { "entity_id": "org-luxembourg-space-agency", "role": "funder" }, { "entity_id": "org-ispace", "role": "carrier" } ], "target_body": "moon", "target_site": "Mare Frigoris (RESILIENCE landing site)", "mission_type": "resource_purchase_demo", "inclusion_basis": "resource_transaction", "objective": "Use a front-mounted shovel to pick up lunar regolith, photograph it in the scoop, and transfer ownership in place to NASA under ispace-EUROPE's December 2020 USD 5,000 contract.", "resources": [ { "resource": "regolith", "evidence_level": "targeted" } ], "launch_vehicle": "SpaceX Falcon 9", "launch_date": { "value": "2025-01-15", "precision": "day", "basis": "actual" }, "phase": "ended", "outcome": { "class": "failure", "basis": "inferred", "statement": "As of 8:00 a.m. on June 6, 2025, mission controllers have determined that it is unlikely that communication with the lander will be restored and therefore completing Success 9, is not achievable. It has been decided to conclude the mission." }, "status_basis": "Rover was stowed on the RESILIENCE lander, which ispace declared lost on 2025-06-06 (JST); no rover-specific post-mission statement was found.", "sources": [ { "url": "https://www.ispace-inc.com/2025/01/08/ispace-europe-secures-first-ever-mission-authorization-under-luxembourgs-space-resources-law/", "title": "ispace-EUROPE Secures First-Ever Mission Authorization Under Luxembourg's Space Resources Law", "publisher": "ispace EUROPE S.A.", "source_class": "company_primary", "published": "2025-01-08", "accessed": "2026-09-25", "quote": "has obtained a mission authorization under the 2017 Luxembourg Space Resources Law to operate the TENACIOUS Micro Rover during the upcoming ispace, inc. (ispace), Mission 2.", "quote_confirmed_raw": true, "supports": [ "inclusion_basis" ], "language": "en", "translation": "none" }, { "url": "https://www.ispace-inc.com/2025/01/08/ispace-europe-secures-first-ever-mission-authorization-under-luxembourgs-space-resources-law/", "title": "ispace-EUROPE Secures First-Ever Mission Authorization Under Luxembourg's Space Resources Law", "publisher": "ispace EUROPE S.A.", "source_class": "company_primary", "published": "2025-01-08", "accessed": "2026-09-25", "quote": "The TENACIOUS Micro Rover, designed for lunar exploration and resource utilization, will execute key operations, including the collection and transfer of ownership of lunar regolith for ispace-EUROPE to execute a 2020 regolith contract signed with NASA.", "quote_confirmed_raw": true, "supports": [ "objective", "resources" ], "language": "en", "translation": "none" }, { "url": "https://www.ispace-inc.com/2024/12/17/ispace-obtains-license-to-conduct-lunar-surface-operations-from-japanese-government-for-second-mission/", "title": "ispace Obtains License to Conduct Lunar Surface Operations from Japanese Government for Second Mission", "publisher": "ispace, inc.", "source_class": "company_primary", "published": "2024-12-17", "accessed": "2026-09-25", "quote": "the micro rover will use a scoop to pick up regolith from the lunar surface, photograph the regolith in the scoop and conduct an \"in-place\" transfer of ownership of the lunar regolith to NASA.", "quote_confirmed_raw": true, "supports": [ "objective" ], "language": "en", "translation": "official" }, { "url": "https://www.ispace-inc.com/2023/11/16/ispace-announces-mission-2-with-unveiling-of-micro-rover-design/", "title": "ispace Announces Mission 2 with Unveiling of Micro Rover Design", "publisher": "ispace, inc.", "source_class": "company_primary", "published": "2023-11-16", "accessed": "2026-09-25", "quote": "Once on the lunar surface, operators plan to use the shovel to collect a sample of lunar regolith and photograph the collection with the camera mounted on the rover.", "quote_confirmed_raw": true, "supports": [ "objective" ], "language": "en", "translation": "official" }, { "url": "https://www.ispace-inc.com/2023/11/16/ispace-announces-mission-2-with-unveiling-of-micro-rover-design/", "title": "ispace Announces Mission 2 with Unveiling of Micro Rover Design", "publisher": "ispace, inc.", "source_class": "company_primary", "published": "2023-11-16", "accessed": "2026-09-25", "quote": "The micro rover is being developed with co-funding from the Luxembourg Space Agency through a European Space Agency contract with the Luxembourg National Space Programme, LuxIMPULSE.", "quote_confirmed_raw": true, "supports": [ "participants" ], "language": "en", "translation": "official" }, { "url": "https://www.ispace-inc.com/2025/01/08/ispace-europe-secures-first-ever-mission-authorization-under-luxembourgs-space-resources-law/", "title": "ispace-EUROPE Secures First-Ever Mission Authorization Under Luxembourg's Space Resources Law", "publisher": "ispace EUROPE S.A.", "source_class": "company_primary", "published": "2025-01-08", "accessed": "2026-09-25", "quote": "The TENACIOUS micro rover is 26 cm tall, 31.5 cm wide, 54 cm long, and weighs approximately 5 kg.", "quote_confirmed_raw": true, "supports": [ "summary" ], "language": "en", "translation": "none" }, { "url": "https://www.nasa.gov/news-release/nasa-selects-companies-to-collect-lunar-resources-for-artemis-demonstrations/", "title": "NASA Selects Companies to Collect Lunar Resources for Artemis Demonstrations (Release 20-118)", "publisher": "NASA", "source_class": "government_primary", "published": "2020-12-03", "accessed": "2026-09-25", "quote": "ispace Europe proposed collection for $5,000 following arrival in 2023 of a lander to the lunar South Pole.", "quote_confirmed_raw": true, "supports": [ "resources", "inclusion_basis" ], "language": "en", "translation": "none" }, { "url": "https://www.ispace-inc.com/2025/01/15/ispace-completes-success-2-of-mission-2-milestones/", "title": "ispace Completes Success 2 of Mission 2 Milestones", "publisher": "ispace, inc.", "source_class": "company_primary", "published": "2025-01-15", "accessed": "2026-09-25", "quote": "TENACIOUS micro rover : Developed by ispace-EUROPE, this rover will explore the landing site, collect lunar regolith, and relay data back to the lander.", "quote_confirmed_raw": true, "supports": [ "launch_date" ], "language": "en", "translation": "official" }, { "url": "https://www.ispace-inc.com/2025/06/06/status-update-on-ispace-mission-2-smbc-x-hakuto-r-venture-moon/", "title": "Status Update on ispace Mission 2 SMBC x HAKUTO-R Venture Moon", "publisher": "ispace, inc.", "source_class": "company_primary", "published": "2025-06-06", "accessed": "2026-09-25", "quote": "As of 8:00 a.m. on June 6, 2025, mission controllers have determined that it is unlikely that communication with the lander will be restored and therefore completing Success 9, is not achievable. It has been decided to conclude the mission.", "quote_confirmed_raw": true, "supports": [ "phase", "outcome" ], "language": "en", "translation": "official" } ], "confidence": "high", "missing_evidence": [ "No ispace-EUROPE statement specific to the rover's fate; outcome inferred from the host lander's loss." ], "history": [], "last_checked": "2026-09-25", "review_state": "verified", "review": { "author_model": "claude-opus-5-5", "reviewer_model": "claude-sonnet-5", "reviewer_run": "research/review/missions.json", "date": "2026-09-26", "sources_reopened": false, "edits_applied": 0 } }, { "last_checked": "2026-09-25", "review_state": "verified", "history": [], "missing_evidence": [ "NASA, ISS National Lab or Voyager Space confirmation of the demonstration.", "Cargo vehicle and exact delivery date.", "The ISS and Bishop airlock have no mission record here, so no host mission is linked.", "The 23 Sept 2025 release described testing 'in the vacuum of space in an airlock on the exterior of the ISS', while the 2 Oct 2025 release describes evaluation inside the Bishop airlock simulating orbital conditions." ], "host_mission_id": null, "stable_id": "msn-transastra-capture-bag-iss-demo", "name": "TransAstra 1-meter Capture Bag ISS demonstration", "summary": "A 1-meter inflatable Capture Bag delivered to the International Space Station in September 2025 and deployed inside Voyager Space's Bishop airlock, where astronauts evaluated it under simulated orbital conditions; TransAstra reported the demonstration complete on 2 October 2025. The bag is intended for capturing orbital debris and, in larger versions, small asteroids; no asteroid material was involved.", "participants": [ { "entity_id": "org-transastra", "role": "operator" }, { "entity_id": "org-nasa", "role": "funder" } ], "mission_unit": "payload", "target_body": "other", "target_site": "International Space Station (Bishop airlock)", "mission_type": "technology_demo", "objective": "Validate design features of an inflatable capture structure intended to envelop orbital debris and, at larger scale, small asteroids for resource use (operator statement).", "resources": [], "inclusion_basis": "resource_objective_stated", "launch_vehicle": null, "launch_date": { "value": "2025-09", "precision": "month", "basis": "actual" }, "phase": "ended", "outcome": { "class": "success", "basis": "operator_statement", "statement": "TransAstra completed a successful demonstration of its Capture Bag technology on the ISS on Oct. 2, 2025." }, "status_basis": "Operator press release dated 2 October 2025.", "confidence": "medium", "sources": [ { "url": "https://www.newswire.com/news/transastra-demonstrates-asteroid-capture-and-orbital-debris-cleanup-22651131", "title": "TransAstra Demonstrates Asteroid Capture and Orbital Debris Cleanup Technology", "publisher": "Trans Astronautica Corporation (via Newswire)", "source_class": "company_primary", "published": "2025-10-02", "accessed": "2026-09-25", "quote": "TransAstra completed a successful demonstration of its Capture Bag technology on the ISS on Oct. 2, 2025.", "quote_confirmed_raw": true, "supports": [ "outcome", "phase" ], "language": "en", "translation": "none" }, { "url": "https://www.newswire.com/news/transastra-demonstrates-asteroid-capture-and-orbital-debris-cleanup-22651131", "title": "TransAstra Demonstrates Asteroid Capture and Orbital Debris Cleanup Technology", "publisher": "Trans Astronautica Corporation (via Newswire)", "source_class": "company_primary", "published": "2025-10-02", "accessed": "2026-09-25", "quote": "The Capture Bag was deployed in Voyager Space's Bishop airlock, where astronauts conducted evaluations simulating orbital conditions.", "quote_confirmed_raw": true, "supports": [ "target_site", "summary" ], "language": "en", "translation": "none" }, { "url": "https://www.newswire.com/news/transastra-demonstrates-asteroid-capture-and-orbital-debris-cleanup-22651131", "title": "TransAstra Demonstrates Asteroid Capture and Orbital Debris Cleanup Technology", "publisher": "Trans Astronautica Corporation (via Newswire)", "source_class": "company_primary", "published": "2025-10-02", "accessed": "2026-09-25", "quote": "The Capture Bag was built and flight-qualified through NASA and Space Force SBIR funding.", "quote_confirmed_raw": true, "supports": [ "participants" ], "language": "en", "translation": "none" }, { "url": "https://www.newswire.com/news/transastra-secures-5m-to-scale-asteroid-capture-technology-with-nasa-22644719", "title": "TransAstra Secures $5M to Scale Asteroid Capture Technology With NASA and Private Investment", "publisher": "Trans Astronautica Corporation (via Newswire)", "source_class": "company_primary", "published": "2025-09-23", "accessed": "2026-09-25", "quote": "TransAstra's 1-meter Capture Bag was delivered to the International Space Station (ISS)", "quote_confirmed_raw": true, "supports": [ "launch_date" ], "language": "en", "translation": "none" }, { "url": "https://www.newswire.com/news/transastra-secures-5m-to-scale-asteroid-capture-technology-with-nasa-22644719", "title": "TransAstra Secures $5M to Scale Asteroid Capture Technology With NASA and Private Investment", "publisher": "Trans Astronautica Corporation (via Newswire)", "source_class": "company_primary", "published": "2025-09-23", "accessed": "2026-09-25", "quote": "The 10-meter bag is also big enough to capture small asteroids for enclosure to enable mining operations in space.", "quote_confirmed_raw": true, "supports": [ "objective", "inclusion_basis" ], "language": "en", "translation": "none" } ], "review": { "author_model": "claude-opus-5-5", "reviewer_model": "claude-sonnet-5", "reviewer_run": "research/review/missions.json", "date": "2026-09-26", "sources_reopened": false, "edits_applied": 0 } }, { "stable_id": "msn-nasa-viper", "name": "VIPER (Volatiles Investigating Polar Exploration Rover)", "summary": "NASA ice-prospecting rover built for a 100-day mission at the lunar south pole. NASA announced on 17 July 2024 that it would discontinue the project over cost growth and launch delays, then on 19 September 2025 awarded Blue Origin CLPS task order CS-7 (potential value $190 million) with an option to deliver VIPER on a second Blue Moon MK1 lander targeting late 2027; NASA will decide on that option after Blue Origin's first MK1 flight, which had not flown as of the last check.", "status_basis": "NASA release 25-064 (2025-09-19): the award base covers accommodation design and an offload demonstration, with delivery subject to a separate option. The late-2027 target is for landing; no primary launch date is established. Whether the delivery option has subsequently been exercised was not established in this review.", "sources": [ { "url": "https://www.nasa.gov/news-release/nasa-ends-viper-project-continues-moon-exploration/", "title": "NASA Ends VIPER Project, Continues Moon Exploration", "publisher": "NASA", "source_class": "government_primary", "published": "2024-07-17", "accessed": "2026-09-25", "quote": "NASA stated cost increases, delays to the launch date, and the risks of future cost growth as the reasons to stand down on the mission.", "quote_confirmed_raw": true, "supports": [ "history" ], "language": "en", "translation": "none" }, { "url": "https://www.nasa.gov/news-release/nasa-selects-blue-origin-to-deliver-viper-rover-to-moons-south-pole/", "title": "NASA Selects Blue Origin to Deliver VIPER Rover to Moon's South Pole", "publisher": "NASA", "source_class": "government_primary", "published": "2025-09-19", "accessed": "2026-09-25", "quote": "Blue Origin will deliver VIPER to the lunar surface in late 2027, using a second Blue Moon MK1 lander, which is in production.", "quote_confirmed_raw": true, "supports": [ "phase", "launch_date", "participants", "host_mission_id", "history" ], "language": "en", "translation": "none" }, { "url": "https://www.nasa.gov/news-release/nasa-selects-blue-origin-to-deliver-viper-rover-to-moons-south-pole/", "title": "NASA Selects Blue Origin to Deliver VIPER Rover to Moon's South Pole", "publisher": "NASA", "source_class": "government_primary", "published": "2025-09-19", "accessed": "2026-09-25", "quote": "NASA will make the decision to exercise that option after the execution and review of the base task and of Blue Origin's first flight of the Blue Moon MK1 lander.", "quote_confirmed_raw": true, "supports": [ "phase", "status_basis" ], "language": "en", "translation": "none" }, { "url": "https://science.nasa.gov/mission/viper/", "title": "VIPER", "publisher": "NASA Science", "source_class": "government_primary", "published": null, "accessed": "2026-09-25", "quote": "On September 19, 2025, NASA announced that VIPER and its instruments will be delivered to Mons Mouton by a Blue Origin Blue Moon MK-1 lander as part of task order CS-7.", "quote_confirmed_raw": true, "supports": [ "target_site", "participants", "phase" ], "language": "en", "translation": "none" }, { "url": "https://spacepolicyonline.com/news/nasa-awards-initial-moon-base-rover-and-lander-contracts/", "title": "NASA Awards Initial Moon Base Rover and Lander Contracts", "publisher": "SpacePolicyOnline.com", "source_class": "reputable_press", "published": "2026-05-26", "accessed": "2026-09-25", "quote": "It's now expected to launch on Blue Origin's second MK1 mission next year.", "quote_confirmed_raw": true, "supports": [ "launch_date", "phase" ], "language": "en", "translation": "none" }, { "url": "https://www.nasa.gov/news-release/nasa-ends-viper-project-continues-moon-exploration/", "title": "NASA Ends VIPER Project, Continues Moon Exploration", "publisher": "NASA", "source_class": "government_primary", "published": "2024-07-17", "accessed": "2026-09-25", "quote": "additional schedule and supply chain delays pushed VIPER's readiness date to September 2025", "quote_confirmed_raw": true, "supports": [ "history" ], "language": "en", "translation": "none" } ], "confidence": "medium", "missing_evidence": [ "Whether NASA has exercised the delivery option under task order CS-7 after its September 2025 announcement has not been established from the primary pages reviewed." ], "last_checked": "2026-09-26", "history": [ { "field": "launch_date", "old": "2023 (late)", "new": "2024 (late)", "changed_on": "2022", "reason": "schedule_slip", "source_index": 0 }, { "field": "launch_date", "old": "2024 (late)", "new": "2025-09 (rover readiness)", "changed_on": "2024", "reason": "schedule_slip", "source_index": 5 }, { "field": "phase", "old": "in_development", "new": "cancelled", "changed_on": "2024-07-17", "reason": "source_update", "source_index": 0 }, { "field": "phase", "old": "cancelled", "new": "in_development", "changed_on": "2025-09-19", "reason": "source_update", "source_index": 1 }, { "field": "participants.carrier", "old": "org-astrobotic (Griffin lander, CLPS)", "new": "org-blue-origin (Blue Moon MK1, task order CS-7)", "changed_on": "2025-09-19", "reason": "source_update", "source_index": 1 } ], "review_state": "verified", "phase": "in_development", "outcome": { "class": "not_applicable", "basis": null, "statement": null }, "participants": [ { "entity_id": "org-nasa", "role": "operator" }, { "entity_id": "org-blue-origin", "role": "carrier" } ], "mission_unit": "payload", "host_mission_id": "msn-blue-origin-blue-moon-mk1-viper", "inclusion_basis": "resource_objective_stated", "target_body": "moon", "target_site": "Mons Mouton, lunar south pole region", "mission_type": "prospecting", "objective": "Search for and map volatile resources such as water ice at the lunar south pole during a 100-day surface mission.", "resources": [ { "resource": "water_ice", "evidence_level": "targeted" }, { "resource": "volatiles", "evidence_level": "targeted" } ], "launch_vehicle": null, "launch_date": null, "review": { "author_model": "claude-opus-5-5", "reviewer_model": "gpt-6-astra", "reviewer_run": "research/review/astra-mission-date-fixes-20260926.json", "date": "2026-09-26", "sources_reopened": [ 1, 2, 3 ], "edits_applied": 3, "base_record_sha256": "9cf4ae01a7ad28dc628313ebd53211c1adfb1f49217b28795d97c03d2bd5cc8f" } } ] }